Exit als Folge von Ungerechtigkeit im Profifußball? Gerechtigkeitstheoretische Ansätze zur systematischen Begründung einer möglichen Abwendung von Fußballfans

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (2-2020) ◽  
pp. 201-220
Author(s):  
Sebastian Björn Bauers ◽  
Axel Faix ◽  
Christoph Wolf
Keyword(s):  
Exit Option

Im Zuge der stetig voranschreitenden Kommerzialisierung des Profifußballs ergibt sich folgende zentrale Frage: Beeinträchtigt die (Über-)Kommerzialisierung des Fußballs die von Fans wahrgenommene Gerechtigkeit und begünstigt damit einen Exit von Fußballfans? Entsprechend der Exit-Voice-Theorie von Hirschman wählen Fußballfans aufgrund ihrer Loyalität zum Klub in der Regel die sogenannte Voice-Option (beispielsweise in Form der Mitbestimmung). Nicht-loyale Kunden_innen, beispielsweise von Unternehmen, ergreifen hingegen eher die Exit- Option. Vor diesem Hintergrund wurde ein Exit von Fußballfans in der Literatur bislang vernachlässigt. Es liegen jedoch wesentliche Indizien vor, dass die Schließung dieser Forschungslücke für Wissenschaft und Praxis in Zukunft von hoher Bedeutung sein wird. Um ein besseres Verständnis für das neuartige Phänomen sowie eine Grundlage zukünftiger Forschungen zu schaffen, erarbeitet der vorliegende Beitrag – basierend auf der Tauschgerechtigkeit, der Leistungsgerechtigkeit sowie der sozialen Gerechtigkeit – systematisch die Gründe für einen Exit. Um die gesellschaftliche und ökonomische Relevanz der Thematik zu verdeutlichen, werden ebenfalls potenzielle Folgeprobleme dargestellt.

Exit Option Can Make Cooperation Easier

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Takako Fujiwara-Greve ◽  
Yosuke Yasuda
Keyword(s):  
Exit Option

The exit option: mediation and the termination of negotiations in the Northern Ireland conflict

2013 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 40-55 ◽  
Author(s):  
Niall O´ Dochartaigh ◽  
Isak Svensson
Keyword(s):  
Northern Ireland ◽  
Third Party ◽  
British Government ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Irish Republican Army ◽  
Northern Ireland Conflict ◽  
Exit Option ◽  
Information Advantage ◽  
The Uk

PurposeThe purpose of this study is to examine the mediation exit option, which is one of the most important tactics available to any third party mediator.Design/methodology/approachThe paper analyzes a crucial intermediary channel between the Irish Republican Army (hereafter IRA) and the British Government utilizing unique material from the private papers of the intermediary, Brendan Duddy, including diaries that cover periods of intensive communication, extensive interviews with the intermediary and with participants in this communication on both the British Government and Irish Republican sides as well as recently released official papers from the UK National Archives relating to this communication.FindingsThe study reveals how the intermediary channel was used in order to get information, how the third party and the primary parties traded in asymmetries of information, and how the intermediary utilized the information advantage to increase the credibility of his threats of termination.Research limitations/implicationsThe study outlines an avenue for further research on the termination dynamics of mediation.Practical implicationsUnderstanding the conditions for successfully using the exit‐option is vital for policy‐makers, in particular for peace diplomacy efforts in other contexts than the Northern Ireland one.Originality/valueThe paper challenges previous explanations for why threats by mediators to call off further mediation attempts are successful and argues that a mediator can use the parties' informational dependency on him in order to increase his leverage and push the parties towards settlement.

Culture Conflict and its Consequences for the Legitimation Crisis

Res Publica ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 237-253
Author(s):  
Mark Elchardus ◽  
Anton Derks
Keyword(s):  
New Left ◽  
New Right ◽  
Political Protest ◽  
Extreme Right ◽  
Value Conflict ◽  
Culture Conflict ◽  
Political Debate ◽  
Legitimation Crisis ◽  
Exit Option ◽  
The Difference

Our analysis indicates that it is correct to interpret non-participation and a vote for the Extreme Right as at least partly due to a legitimation crisis which seems to be the expression of a new alignment of values. This alignment describes a deep cultural cleavage that divides the higher from the less educated. People who hold pronounced positions on this alignment are more likely than others to turn away from the established, "traditional" parties. People with the values and attitudes typical of the "progressive" or "new left'' side of the cleavage, vote disproportionately for the Greens. People with the values and attitudes typical of the "conservative" or "new right" side of the cleavage, opt disproportionately for non-participation and for the Extreme Right.  In the recent political debate in Flanders, both non-participation and the Extreme Right have been regarded as symptoms of a legitimation crisis, and ofpolitical protest. The difference between the two expressions of cultural opposition or political protest can be understood as a choice for either an "exit" or a "voice" option. People select the "exit" option when they feel especially politically powerless. The "voice"-option is chosen by people for which the value conflict over the position of"migrants" is the most salient issue.The long term causes of the symptoms of a legitimation crisis seem to be the growing economic and cultural gap between the higher and less educated, and the ensuing growth of a conflict in which cultural and social-economic differences are strongly linked.

Iterated Prisoners' Dilemma Game with an Exit Option

2006 ◽  
Author(s):  
Darryl A. Seale ◽  
Richard J. Arend ◽  
Steven Phelan
Keyword(s):  
Prisoners Dilemma ◽  
Exit Option

Liberalism and the Family

Family Values ◽  
2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harry Brighouse ◽  
Adam Swift
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Parental Rights ◽  
Moral Concern ◽  
The Core ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The Family ◽  
Exit Option ◽  
The One ◽  
Parent Child Relationships ◽  
Parent Child

This chapter sets out the ways in which the family might be thought to pose problems for the liberal framework, and defends the adoption of that framework from the objection that it simply cannot do justice to—or, perhaps, fails adequately to care about—the ethically significant phenomena attending parent–child relationships. On the one hand, liberalism takes individuals to be the fundamental objects of moral concern, and the rights it claims people have are primarily rights of individuals over their own lives: the core liberal idea is that it is important for individuals to exercise their own judgment about how they are to live. On the other hand, parental rights are rights over others, they are rights over others who have no realistic exit option, and they are rights over others whose capacity to make their own judgments about how they are to live their lives is no less important than that of the adults raising them.

Separated at Birth?

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Baldwin
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Death Penalty ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
The United States ◽  
Unexpected Death ◽  
The World ◽  
Exit Option ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Fathers And Sons

To Return To The Bulk of our material in this book, what absolute differences separate the United States from Europe? The United States is a nation where proportionately more people are murdered each year, more are jailed, and more own guns than anywhere in Europe. The death penalty is still law. Religious belief is more fervent and widespread. A smaller percentage of citizens vote. Collective bargaining covers relatively fewer workers, and the state’s tax take is lower. Inequality is somewhat more pronounced. That is about it. In almost every other respect, differences are ones of degree, rather than kind. Oft en, they do not exist, or if they do, no more so than the same disparities hold true within Western Europe itself. At the very least, this suggests that farreaching claims to radical differences across the Atlantic have been overstated. Even on violence—a salient difference that leaps unprompted from the evidence, both statistical and anecdotal—the contrast depends on how it is framed. Without question, murder rates are dramatically different across the Atlantic. And, of course, murder is the most shocking form of sudden, unexpected death, unsettling communities, leaving survivors bereaved and mourning. But consider a wider definition of unanticipated, immediate, and profoundly disrupting death. Suicide is oft en thought of as the exit option for old, sick men anticipating the inevitable, and therefore not something that changes the world around them. But, in fact, the distribution of suicide over the lifespan is broadly uniform. In Iceland, Ireland, the UK, and the United States, more young men (below forty-five) than old do themselves in. In Finland, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, and Norway, the figures are almost equal. Elsewhere, the older have a slight edge. But overall, the ratio between young and old suicides approximates 1:1. Broadly speaking, and sticking with the sex that most oft en kills itself, men do away with themselves as oft en when they are younger and possibly still husbands, fathers, and sons as they do when they are older and when their actions are perhaps fraught with less consequence for others. Suicide is as unsettling, and oft en even more so, for survivors as murder.

scholarly journals Exit strategy or exit trap? Basic income and the ‘power to say no’ in the age of precarious employment

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simon Birnbaum ◽  
Jurgen De Wispelaere
Keyword(s):  
Labor Markets ◽  
Effective Strategy ◽  
Basic Income ◽  
Exit Strategy ◽  
Precarious Employment ◽  
Exit Option ◽  
Exit Trap

Abstract An increasingly influential claim is that exit-based empowerment through an unconditional basic income offers the cornerstone of an effective strategy for supporting precarious workers in contemporary labor markets. However, it is plausible to assume that supporting the ‘power to say no’—to avoid or leave unattractive jobs—will empower precarious workers only to the extent that it offers the basis of a credible exit threat. In this article, we argue that a basic income-induced exit strategy amounts to a hollow threat. In light of a realistic understanding of how labor markets operate and how the opportunities of disadvantaged workers are presently structured, we show that the basic income-centered exit option can easily become an exit trap rather than an empowered fallback position.

scholarly journals The politics of monastic life: opportunities for exit and voice in a voluntary total institution

2020 ◽  
Vol 61 (1) ◽  
pp. 103-127
Author(s):  
Mikaela Sundberg
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Total Institution ◽  
Monastic Life ◽  
Cistercian Order ◽  
Total Institutions ◽  
Monastic Communities ◽  
Exit Option ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Initial Entry

AbstractTotal institutions are by definition totalitarian, but not necessarily authoritarian. Voluntary total institutions consist of members who have chosen to enter, but what opportunities do they have to leave? This article addresses opportunities for exit and voice in Catholic monasteries within the Cistercian Order of Strict Observance. Monasteries have institutionalized important democratic processes regarding membership and leadership. Members are involved in decision-making through community bodies and discussions, but in many practical concerns, superiors may wrest control by neglecting to ask the community for alternative opinions. The superior’s decision-making style therefore crucially affects the range of democratic decision-making in individual monastic communities. Complete exits are common during the initial entry process. The cost of leaving is higher for full members, and the internal exit option to other monastic communities in the Order is therefore of great importance. It means that monastic communities cease to operate as monopolies.

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