scholarly journals Between the 3rd and 2nd Millennia BC: Exploring Cultural Diversity and Change in Late Prehistoric Communities

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susana Soares Lopes ◽  
◽  
Sérgio Alexandre Gomes
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Diversity ◽  
Bronze Age ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Late Prehistoric ◽  
Late Neolithic ◽  
Monumental Architecture ◽  
Multiple Points ◽  
Key Aspects ◽  
The University

'Between the 3rd and 2nd Millennia BC: Exploring Cultural Diversity and Change in Late Prehistoric Communities' is a collection of studies on the cultural reconfigurations that occurred in western Europe between the 3rd and 2nd millennia BC. It brings together seven texts focusing on the evidence from the West of the Iberian Peninsula, and one on the South of England. The texts have their origin in a landmark meeting held at the University of Coimbra in November 2018, where scholars explored the grand narratives explaining the differences between what are traditionally considered Chalcolithic (or Late Neolithic) and Bronze Age communities. The contributions look at key aspects of these grand narratives through regional perspectives, asking the following questions: is there clear data to support the idea of an intensification of social complexity towards the emergence of the Bronze Age chiefdoms? What is the role of monumental architecture within this process? How do we best discuss the different levels of architectural visibility during this period? How can we interpret collective and individual burials in relation to the emergence of individual/territorial powers? In answering these questions, the papers explore regional diversity and argue that regional specificities resist a general interpretation of the historical process at stake. In light of this resistance, the book emphasizes that cultural singularities only become visible through contextual, medium, or low-scale approaches. The recognition of singularities challenges grand narratives, but also carries the potential to expand our understanding of the changes that occurred during this key moment of Late Prehistory. The book thus offers readers the opportunity to think about the diversity of archaeological evidence in combination with an exploration of the available range of approaches and narratives. The critical intertwining of multiple points of view is necessary, because it gets us closer to how elusive the cultural differences of prehistoric communities can be. This elusive dimension is precisely what can force us to constantly rethink what we see and what questions we ask.

The Emergence of Cremations in Eastern Fennoscandia: Changing Uses of Fire in Ritual Contexts

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jarkko Saipio
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Northern Europe ◽  
Northern Eurasia ◽  
Archaeological Research ◽  
Late Neolithic ◽  
Mortuary Ritual ◽  
Cultural Layers ◽  
Germanic Languages ◽  
Neolithic Cultures

Since the 1980s, a rapid increase in the number of Mesolithic and Neolithic cremation burials discovered has prompted a substantial re-evaluation of the position of cremation as a prehistoric mortuary ritual in northern Eurasia. Sporadic but persistent appearances of cremation in a wide variety of cultural contexts from early Mesolithic to late Neolithic have undermined the traditional models seeing cremation and inhumation as two radically different ways to treat the deceased. In studies of north-western Europe, from British Isles to southern Scandinavia, it is now widely recognized that inhumation and cremation co-existed in many Mesolithic and Neolithic cultures traditionally treated as textbook cases of mortuary practices emphasizing the corporeal integrity of the deceased. Importantly, the unexpected appearances of cremation are only one part of a wider challenge to the traditional assumption of dominance of primary burial in Mesolithic and non-megalithic Neolithic cultures of northern Europe. One important aspect of this challenge are finds of scattered burnt and unburned human bones in Mesolithic and Neolithic cultural layers, suggesting that articulated pit inhumations may actually represent exceptional cases (e.g. Hallgren 2008; Larsson 2009). North-eastern Europe still remains a white area in regional studies of pre- Bronze Age appearances of cremation in northern Europe. This border generally coincides with the language barrier between Germanic languages and various ‘eastern’ languages in terms of local archaeological research traditions. On the other hand, the border also roughly coincides with many genuine differences in archaeological record. Therefore, there is an obvious danger that differences in archaeological research histories and differences in archaeological phenomena become intermingled, creating ill-founded generalizations and assumptions. This chapter examines the earliest known cases of cremation in Eastern Fennoscandia, the area consisting of Finland, the Kola Peninsula, and Russian Karelia (Fig. 11.1). It is currently the easternmost part of northern Europe where confirmed cases of Mesolithic and Neolithic cremation have appeared so far. Such cases are currently few and little studied but they have a potential to redefine the whole study of prehistoric mortuary rituals in the area. In most of Eastern Fennoscandia acidic soil usually does not preserve any unburned bone material older than about a thousand years.

The Neolithic in The Cambridgeshire Fens

Antiquity ◽  
1962 ◽  
Vol 36 (141) ◽  
pp. 10-23 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. G. D. Clark ◽  
H. Godwin
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Age Determination ◽  
Radiocarbon Dates ◽  
Cambridge University ◽  
Radiocarbon Age ◽  
Neolithic Culture ◽  
University Department ◽  
The University ◽  
North Western

By common consent the spread of Neolithic culture has been one of the first objectives of radiocarbon dating in north-western Europe. This is due primarily to the intrinsic historical importance of this process, but the fact that the inception of husbandry has left clear indicators in the palaeobotanical record means that decisive samples are readily available. In the present paper an account will first be given of the reinvestigation of the site on Peacock’s Farm, Shippea Hill, Cambridgeshire, a locality where in 1934 Neolithic pottery had been found stratified in a vertical sequence between Mesolithic and Early Bronze Age remains, each in deposits with fossil pollen. In view of the stratigraphical importance of the site it may be appropriate in this same context to review the radiocarbon dates for the inception of Neolithic culture in the British Isles as a whole. The excavations were undertaken during June, 1960, by the Cambridge University Department of Archaeology and Anthropology with the support of the Crowther-Beynon Fund. Samples were collected for pollen analysis and radiocarbon age determination and the laboratory work was carried out in the University Sub-department of Quaternary Research at Cambridge.

The Enormous Room

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Bradley
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Recent Analysis ◽  
Monumental Architecture ◽  
Radiocarbon Dates ◽  
Domestic Interiors ◽  
The North ◽  
Geographical Scale ◽  
Eastern Usa ◽  
Source Of Information

It is ironic that anyone studying the domestic architecture of Copper Age Sardinia must turn to underground tombs as a source of information, whilst the monumental ‘houses’ of the Bronze Age are among the most conspicuous structures anywhere in Europe. The contrast between these two periods introduces a new theme. The first part of this chapter will study stone towers and related structures in the West Mediterranean. In every case they were associated with settlement sites and some may have been domestic buildings in their own right. Over time, they came to favour a circular plan. This section considers monuments in Sardinia, Corsica, and the Balearics and compares them with sites in Spain. It also asks whether they represent a single phenomenon. The second part considers three groups of timber buildings in Britain and Ireland and the enclosures with which they are associated. In this case they date from different periods. Although they resemble one another on the ground, there were few direct connections between them and, in at least two instances, they are thought to have been ceremonial centres. These sites in the Mediterranean and the North Atlantic are considered together in the light of a recent analysis of monumental architecture in the eastern USA. Both sections are designed to complement one another. The first considers the development of Great Houses in a series of well-populated landscapes. The second works at a larger geographical scale and studies the ways in which such buildings, and the earthworks associated with them, were related to a still more extensive area, until the most elaborate of all could be considered as microcosms of the wider world. Chapter Four discussed the domus de janas of Sardinia, the surprisingly realistic copies of domestic interiors provided for the dead during the Ozieri Culture. They were lavishly decorated and have produced radiocarbon dates which suggest that they were contemporary with the later phases of megalithic art in Western Europe. At the same time, most of the Sardinian structures were roughly square or rectangular and only a minority were designed as depictions of roundhouses. That reflects the results of excavation at the comparatively few surviving settlements of the same date.

scholarly journals PERANAN KEBERAGAMAN BUDAYA MAHASISWA JURUSAN AKUNTANSI UNIVERSITAS SURABAYA DALAM MEMAHAMI ETIKA PROFESI AKUNTAN PUBLIK

CALYPTRA ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 144
Author(s):  
Eveline Suryani
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Diversity ◽  
Service Provider ◽  
Free Market ◽  
Market Competition ◽  
Cultural Influence ◽  
Accounting Ethics ◽  
Dominant Culture ◽  
The University ◽  
Ethics Audit

Abstrak - Dalam persaingan pasar bebas, bukan hanya di butuhkan tenaga kerja yang memiliki segudang ilmu pengetahuan akan tetapi juga memiliki etika yang baik, terutama bagi seorang auditor. Selain kemahiran dalam mengaudit, etika seorang auditor juga menjadi hal yang penting, sebab auditor merupakan penyedia jasa. Etika seseorang dapat dipupuk sejak dalam bangku perkuliahan, baik melalui pengajaran dan juga praktek. Universitas Surabaya bukan hanya mengajari teori bagaimana menjadi seorang auditor, tetapi juga praktek melalui tugas-tugas yang diberikan. Etika dalam diri seorang dapat dipengaruhi oleh budaya. Budaya merupakan hal yang dapat dipelajari sehingga seseorang dapat berubah karena pengaruh budaya. Di Universitas Surabaya terdapat dua budaya yang dominan, yaitu Jawa dan Tionghoa. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui bagaimana keberagaman budaya Jawa dan Tionghoa berperang dalam pemahaman etika profesi mahasiswa akuntansi Universitas Surabaya. Kata kunci: Budaya dan Akuntansi, Peranan Budaya dalam Etika Akuntansi, Etika Akuntansi Abstract -  In free-market competition, not just in need of Labro which has a myriad of science but also has good ethics, especially dor an auditor. In additon to proficiency in an ethics audit, the auditor also becomes and important thing, because the auditor is the service provider. Ethics can one nurtured since in bench lectures, wheter through teaching and also practice. University of Surabaya is not just to teach the theory of how to become an auditor, but also practice through the task-the task given. Ethics in a can be influenced by culture. Culture is a thing that can be learned so that one can change due to cultural influence. At the University of Surabaya, there are two dominant culture; namely Chinese and Javanese. This research aims to find out how gender and cultural diversity and the Chinese role in the understanding of the ethics of the profession of accountancy student University of Surabaya. Keyword: Culture and Accounting, Role of Culture in Accounting Ethics, Ethics of Accounting

scholarly journals GIS-based landscape analysis of megalithic graves in the Island of Sardinia (Italy)

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 119-141
Author(s):  
Riccardo Cicilloni ◽  
Marco Cabras
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Task ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Direct Relationship ◽  
Simple Type ◽  
Late Neolithic ◽  
Landscape Elements ◽  
Cost Surface ◽  
Close Relationship ◽  
Significant Area

One of the most important megalithic groups in Western Europe in terms of number and characteristics is the group of over 200 monuments of various types in Sardinia. It now seems to be confirmed that the rise of the megalithic phenomenon was during the culture of San Michele of Ozieri (Late Neolithic, 4000-3300 B.C.E.). The Sardinian dolmen graves, however, had a maximum distribution during the Chalcolithic, as evidenced by most of the finds from excavations. The phenomenon also shows a close relationship beyond Sardinia and especially with the monuments of Catalonia, Pyrenees, non-coastal departments of French-midi, Corsica and Puglia.About 90 dolmen graves of various types have been investigated, namely the simple type, “corridor” type, “allée couverte” type, and others of uncertain attribution, located in central-western Sardinia, and particularly in a significant area of ca. 3500 km2 coinciding with the historical regions of Marghine-Planargia, Middle Valley of Tirso and Montiferru. This includes some 40% of all Sardinian dolmens. Locational trends and relationships with regard to landscape elements were studied with the aid of GIS methodologies such as viewshed and cost surface analysis. This allowed an evaluation of the role of visual dominance on the surroundings in relation to waterways and natural access routes.These dolmens enjoy an isolated positional character, being found more often in high plateaus, but also on low plateaus and hills. Although different concentrations are found in dolmenic graves, these do not seem to have any direct relationship among them, but their influence is apparently directed towards travel routes and sensitive elements of the landscape that have capabilities of territorial demarcation.The particular location emphasizes the significance of these monuments as territorial markers for segmentary societies. It seems that a dolmen was constructed according to the territory immediately surrounding it. This reinforces the hypothesis of there being a secondary task, in addition to that of burial, to symbolize a message or landmark for those who moved towards "another" territory: a sign of belonging.

scholarly journals Circles, Cycles and Ancestral Connotations. The Long-term History and Perception of Late Prehistoric Barrows and Urnfields in Flanders (Belgium)

2014 ◽  
Vol 80 ◽  
pp. 299-326 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roy Van Beek ◽  
Guy De Mulder
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Late Prehistoric ◽  
Low Countries ◽  
High Resolution Data ◽  
The Past ◽  
History Of ◽  
Southern Netherlands

The perception of and interaction with ancient relics in past societies has been intensively debated in the archaeology of north-western Europe. This paper aims to make a contribution to this debate by reconstructing the long-term history of late prehistoric barrows and urnfields in Flanders (Belgium). The period between the Late Bronze Age and High Middle Ages (c. 1100 calbc–ad1300) is centred on. Contrary to Germany, Scandinavia and especially Britain, data from the Low Countries (Belgium and the Netherlands) have so far barely played a role in wider international and theoretical discussions on the role of the past in the past. Previous studies on reuse practices in the Low Countries mainly focused on the Meuse-Demer-Scheldt region of the southern Netherlands and north-eastern Belgium, which partly overlaps Flanders. These studies are combined and summarised. Their main outcomes are tested by means of a detailed inventory of reused late prehistoric cemeteries in Flanders. This study differs methodologically from most others in that it both offers an evidence-based overview of regional diachronic trends (documented at 62 barrow cemeteries and 13 urnfields) and discusses the developments at six sites yielding high resolution data. The observed reuse practices and site biographies appear to be remarkably dynamic and more diverse than previously suggested.

Towards the Garden of the Hesperides, 1000 BC–400 BC

The Great Sea ◽  
2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Abulafia
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Iron Age ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Eastern Mediterranean ◽  
Late Neolithic ◽  
Agricultural Resources ◽  
Greek Culture ◽  
The Everyday ◽  
The Rich ◽  
The Impact

The impact of contact with the eastern Mediterranean was felt in very different ways within what we now call Italy. Greek culture seeped more slowly into the everyday life of the native peoples of Sicily – Sikans, Sikels and Elymians – than into the life of the peoples of Tuscany and Latium. In Sicily, both the Greeks and the Carthaginians kept themselves largely apart from the native population. Sardinia, rich in minerals, had for centuries been the seat of a lively civilization characterized by the stone towers known as nuraghi, of which many thousands still dot the island; they were surrounded by what seem to have been prosperous villages, firmly rooted in the rich agricultural resources of the island. They began to be built around 1400 BC, but new nuraghi were still being constructed well into the Iron Age. In the Mycenaean era, there had been some contact with the outside world, as eastern Mediterranean traders arrived in search of copper. The wealth of the native elite as far back as the second millennium BC can be measured from the tombs of Anghelu Ruju, near Alghero in north-western Sardinia; these are among the richest to have been unearthed in late Neolithic and early Bronze Age western Europe, and they indicate contact with Spain, southern France and the eastern Mediterranean. The Spanish influence can be traced in the bell beaker jars found at this site. Another Spanish connection was linguistic. The Sardinians left no written records, whether because they did not use writing or because they used friable materials that have failed to survive. But place-names, many in current use, provide suggestive evidence, as does the Sard language, a distinctive form of late vulgar Latin that incorporates a number of pre-Latin words within its many dialects. It appears that the nuraghic peoples spoke a language or languages related to the non-Indo-European language Basque. Thus a Sard word for a young lamb, bitti, is very similar to a Basque term for a young goat, bitin.

scholarly journals GIS-based landscape analysis of megalithic graves in the Island of Sardinia (Italy)

1970 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 117-139
Author(s):  
Riccardo Cicilloni ◽  
Marco Cabras
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Task ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Direct Relationship ◽  
Simple Type ◽  
Late Neolithic ◽  
Landscape Elements ◽  
Cost Surface ◽  
Close Relationship ◽  
Significant Area

One of the most important megalithic groups in Western Europe in terms of number and characteristics is the group of over 200 monuments of various types in Sardinia. It now seems to be confirmed that the rise of the megalithic phenomenon was during the culture of San Michele of Ozieri (Late Neolithic, 4000-3300 B.C.E.). The Sardinian dolmen graves, however, had a maximum distribution during the Chalcolithic, as evidenced by most of the finds from excavations. The phenomenon also shows a close relationship beyond Sardinia and especially with the monuments of Catalonia, Pyrenees, non-coastal departments of French-midi, Corsica and Puglia. About 90 dolmen graves of various types have been investigated, namely the simple type, “corridor” type, “allée couverte” type, and others of uncertain attribution, located in central-western Sardinia, and particularly in a significant area of ca. 3500 km2 coinciding with the historical regions of Marghine-Planargia, Middle Valley of Tirso and Montiferru. This includes some 40% of all Sardinian dolmens. Locational trends and relationships with regard to landscape elements were studied with the aid of GIS methodologies such as viewshed and cost surface analysis. This allowed an evaluation of the role of visual dominance on the surroundings in relation to waterways and natural access routes. These dolmens enjoy an isolated positional character, being found more often in high plateaus, but also on low plateaus and hills. Although different concentrations are found in dolmenic graves, these do not seem to have any direct relationship among them, but their influence is apparently directed towards travel routes and sensitive elements of the landscape that have capabilities of territorial demarcation. The particular location emphasizes the significance of these monuments as territorial markers for segmentary societies. It seems that a dolmen was constructed according to the territory immediately surrounding it. This reinforces the hypothesis of there being a secondary task, in addition to that of burial, to symbolize a message or landmark for those who moved towards "another" territory: a sign of belonging.

scholarly journals The Impact of Cultural Diversity on Economic Development in Saudi Arabia – Empirical Study

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 70
Author(s):  
Hanaa Abdelaty Hasan Esmail
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Saudi Arabia ◽  
Community Development ◽  
Cultural Diversity ◽  
Cultural Change ◽  
Political Development ◽  
The University ◽  
The Impact

Ideas and beliefs play an important role in guiding human behavior. As culture has a clear impact on community development, intellectual change or cultural change will rebuild Saudi society. For this purpose, our study dealt with a presentation of the various previous studies that clarified the role of cultures in the development of society and whether change and diversity have a clear role in development. The study was based on a survey of a group of questions to members of the community where the questionnaire was distributed to the University community to take different views of gender. The study also focused on determining the role of cultural diversity and emerging from some old customs to achieve sustainable development which is represented in three main dimensions of economic development, social development and finally political development. Assumptions were analyzed using multiple regressions.

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