scholarly journals Anopheles stephensi Mosquitoes as Vectors of Plasmodiumvivax and falciparum, Horn of Africa, 2019

2021 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Fitsum G. Tadesse ◽  
Temesgen Ashine ◽  
Hiwot Teka ◽  
Endashaw Esayas ◽  
Louisa A. Messenger ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Anopheles Stephensi ◽  
Horn Of Africa

scholarly journals A new malaria vector in Africa: Predicting the expansion range of Anopheles stephensi and identifying the urban populations at risk

2020 ◽  
Vol 117 (40) ◽  
pp. 24900-24908 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. E. Sinka ◽  
S. Pironon ◽  
N. C. Massey ◽  
J. Longbottom ◽  
J. Hemingway ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Anopheles Stephensi ◽  
Close Association ◽  
Mosquito Species ◽  
Full Range ◽  
Spatial Models ◽  
Urban Environments ◽  
World Health ◽  
Horn Of Africa ◽  
Populations At Risk ◽  
Health Organization

In 2012, an unusual outbreak of urban malaria was reported from Djibouti City in the Horn of Africa and increasingly severe outbreaks have been reported annually ever since. Subsequent investigations discovered the presence of an Asian mosquito species; Anopheles stephensi, a species known to thrive in urban environments. Since that first report, An. stephensi has been identified in Ethiopia and Sudan, and this worrying development has prompted the World Health Organization (WHO) to publish a vector alert calling for active mosquito surveillance in the region. Using an up-to-date database of published locational records for An. stephensi across its full range (Asia, Arabian Peninsula, Horn of Africa) and a set of spatial models that identify the environmental conditions that characterize a species’ preferred habitat, we provide evidence-based maps predicting the possible locations across Africa where An. stephensi could establish if allowed to spread unchecked. Unsurprisingly, due to this species’ close association with man-made habitats, our maps predict a high probability of presence within many urban cities across Africa where our estimates suggest that over 126 million people reside. Our results strongly support the WHO’s call for surveillance and targeted vector control and provide a basis for the prioritization of surveillance.

scholarly journals Geographical distribution of Anopheles stephensi in eastern Ethiopia

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Meshesha Balkew ◽  
Peter Mumba ◽  
Dereje Dengela ◽  
Gedeon Yohannes ◽  
Dejene Getachew ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Analysis ◽  
South Asian ◽  
Internal Transcribed Spacer ◽  
Anopheles Stephensi ◽  
Molecular Approach ◽  
Horn Of Africa ◽  
Eastern Ethiopia ◽  
Larval Habitats ◽  
Potential Impact ◽  
Endpoint Assay

ABSTRACTBackgroundThe recent detection of the South Asian malaria vector An. stephensi in Ethiopia and other regions in the Horn of Africa has raised concerns about its potential impact on malaria transmission. We report here findings of survey for this species in eastern Ethiopia using both morphological and molecular methods for species identification.MethodsAdult and larval/pupal collections were conducted at ten sites in eastern Ethiopia and Anopheles specimens’ species were determined using standard morphological keys and genetic analysis.ResultsIn total, 2,231 morphologically identified An. stephensi were collected. A molecular approach incorporating both PCR endpoint assay and sequencing of portions of the internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) and cytochrome oxidase I (COI) loci confirmed the identity of the An. stephensi in most cases (119/124 of the morphologically identified An. stephensi confirmed molecularly). Additionally, we observed Aedes aegypti larvae and pupae at many of the An. stephensi larval habitats.ConclusionsOur findings show that An. stephensi is widely distributed in eastern Ethiopia and highlight the need for further surveillance in the southern, western and northern parts of the country and throughout the Horn of Africa.

Five years following first detection of Anopheles stephensi (Diptera: Culicidae) in Djibouti, Horn of Africa: populations established—malaria emerging

2019 ◽  
Vol 118 (3) ◽  
pp. 725-732 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marco Seyfarth ◽  
Bouh A. Khaireh ◽  
Abdoulilah A. Abdi ◽  
Samatar M. Bouh ◽  
Michael K. Faulde
Keyword(s):  
Anopheles Stephensi ◽  
Horn Of Africa

scholarly journals Anopheles stephensi as an emerging malaria vector in the Horn of Africa with high susceptibility to Ethiopian Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium falciparum isolates

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Temesgen Ashine ◽  
Hiwot Teka ◽  
Endashaw Esayas ◽  
Louisa A. Messenger ◽  
Wakweya Chali ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Malaria Vector ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Anopheles Stephensi ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Infection Status ◽  
Horn Of Africa ◽  
High Susceptibility ◽  
Blood Meal Source ◽  
Membrane Feeding ◽  
Genetic Complexity

AbstractAnopheles stephensi, an efficient Asian malaria vector, recently spread into the Horn of Africa and may increase malaria receptivity in African urban areas. We assessed occurrence, genetic complexity, blood meal source and infection status of An. stephensi in Awash Sebat Kilo town, Ethiopia. We used membrane feeding assays to assess competence of local An. stephensi to P. vivax and P. falciparum isolates from clinical patients. 75.3% of the examined waterbodies were infested with An. stephensi developmental stages that were genetically closely related to isolates from Djibouti and Pakistan. Both P. vivax and P. falciparum were detected in wild-caught adult An. stephensi. Local An. stephensi was more receptive to P. vivax compared to a colony of An. arabiensis. We conclude that An. stephensi is an established vector in this part of Ethiopia, highly permissive for local P. vivax and P. falciparum isolates and presents an important new challenge for malaria control.Summary of the articleAn. stephensi, a metropolitan malaria vector that recently expanded to the Horn of African, was highly susceptible to local P. falciparum and P. vivax isolates from Ethiopia and may increase malariogenic potential of rapidly expanding urban settings in Africa.

Turkey’s Burgeoning Defense Technological and Industrial Base and Expeditionary Military Policy

2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (Summer 2020) ◽  
pp. 115-130
Author(s):  
Can Kasapoğlu
Keyword(s):  
21St Century ◽  
Middle Eastern ◽  
Armed Forces ◽  
Foreign Affairs ◽  
Military Policy ◽  
Horn Of Africa ◽  
Hybrid Warfare ◽  
Industrial Base ◽  
Weapon Systems ◽  
Drone Warfare

As the incumbent Turkish administration strives to pursue more aspiring goals in foreign affairs, Turkey’s military policy is fast developing in line with this vision. The nation’s defense technological and industrial base can now produce various conventional weaponry. Of these, without a doubt, Turkey’s drone warfare assets have garnered the utmost attention among the international strategic community. In tandem, the Turkish Armed Forces (TAF) have gradually gained an expeditionary posture with forward deployments across a broad axis, ranging from the Horn of Africa to the Gulf and the Mediterranean. Meanwhile, the military’s doctrinal order of battle has been transforming to address the unfolding hybrid warfare challenges in Ankara’s hinterland. Turkey’s proxy warfare capabilities have also registered an uptrend in this respect. Nevertheless, Ankara will have to deal with certain limitations in key segments, particularly 5th generation aircraft and strategic weapon systems which, together, represent a severe intra-war deterrence gap in Turkey’s defense posture. The Turkish administration will have to address this specific shortfall given the problematic threat landscape at the nation’s Middle Eastern doorstep. This study covers two interrelated strategic topics regarding Turkey’s national military capacity in the 21st century: its defense technological and industrial base (DTIB) and its military policy, both currently characterized by a burgeoning assertiveness.

Maritime Piracy in the Horn of Africa and its Security Implications on the Arab Region

2018 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 318-331
Author(s):  
Yasser A. Hassan
Keyword(s):  
Horn Of Africa ◽  
Maritime Piracy ◽  
Arab Region

لقد ظَهرت القرصنة البحرية في منطقة القرن الإفريقي لتداعياتٍ إقليميةٍ ودوليةٍ ارتبطت بالظروف التي أملتها التغيرات التي حدثت في بعض دول المنطقة مثل: الصومال؛ وذلك يتطلّب ضرورة تعزيز فُرص مكافحة نشاطات القراصنة وتجفيف منابع مواردها المالية، بالإضافة إلى معاقبة القراصنة وتقديمهم إلى المحاكم من أجل القضاء على الظاهرة وتحقيق الأمن البحري وانسياب التجارة العالمية بكل سهولةٍ ويسرٍ.

Afars of Ethiopia in the system of ethnic federalism

2018 ◽  
pp. 126-146
Author(s):  
Roza Ismagilova
Keyword(s):  
Ethnic Identity ◽  
Ethnic Groups ◽  
Fundamental Principle ◽  
Ethnic Relations ◽  
The State ◽  
Political Crisis ◽  
The Political ◽  
Horn Of Africa ◽  
State Structure ◽  
Ethnic Federalism

The article pioneers the analyses of the results of ethnic federalism introduced in Ethiopia in 1991 – and its influence on Afar. Ethnicity was proclaimed the fundamental principle of the state structure. The idea of ethnicity has become the basis of official ideology. The ethnic groups and ethnic identity have acquired fundamentally importance on the political and social levels . The country has been divided into nine ethnically-based regions. The article exposes the complex ethno-political and economic situation in the Afar State, roots and causes of inter- and intra-ethnic relations and conflicts with Amhara, Oromo, Tigray and Somali-Issa, competition of ethnic elites for power and recourses. Alive is the idea of “The Greater Afar”which would unite all Afar of the Horn of Africa. The protests in Oromia and Amhara Regions in 2015–2017 influenced the Afar state as welll. The situation in Ethiopia nowadays is extremely tense. Ethiopia is plunging into serious political crisis. Some observers call it “the beginning of Ethiopian spring”, the others – “Color revolution”

Effect of Neporex growth regulator on all phases of Anopheles stephensi

2019 ◽  
Vol 22 (12) ◽  
pp. 241-246
Author(s):  
Hanadi A. Abdul-Razzaq ◽  
Bafreen M. Raza ◽  
Burhan M. Muhammad
Keyword(s):  
Growth Regulator ◽  
Anopheles Stephensi
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