scholarly journals Human Infection with Influenza Virus A(H10N8) from Live Poultry Markets, China, 2014

2014 ◽  
Vol 20 (12) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tao Zhang ◽  
Yuhai Bi ◽  
Huaiyu Tian ◽  
Xiaowen Li ◽  
Di Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Influenza Virus ◽  
Human Infection ◽  
Influenza Virus A ◽  
Live Poultry ◽  
Live Poultry Markets

scholarly journals Genetics, Receptor Binding, Replication, and Mammalian Transmission of H4 Avian Influenza Viruses Isolated from Live Poultry Markets in China

2015 ◽  
Vol 90 (3) ◽  
pp. 1455-1469 ◽  
Author(s):  
Libin Liang ◽  
Guohua Deng ◽  
Jianzhong Shi ◽  
Shuai Wang ◽  
Qianyi Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Influenza Virus ◽  
Avian Influenza ◽  
Receptor Binding ◽  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Direct Contact ◽  
Potential Threat ◽  
The World ◽  
Live Poultry ◽  
Live Poultry Markets

ABSTRACTH4 avian influenza virus (AIV) is one of the most prevalent influenza virus subtypes in the world. However, whether H4 AIVs pose a threat to public health remains largely unclear. Here, we analyzed the phylogenetic relationships, receptor binding properties, replication, and transmissibility in mammals of H4 AIVs isolated from live poultry markets in China between 2009 and 2012. Genomic sequence analysis of 36 representative H4 viruses revealed 32 different genotypes, indicating that these viruses are undergoing complex and frequent reassortment events. All 32 viruses tested could replicate in the respiratory organs of infected mice without prior adaptation. Receptor binding analysis demonstrated that the H4 AIVs bound to α-2,6-linked glycans, although they retained the binding preference for α-2,3-linked glycans. When we tested the direct-contact transmission of 10 H4 viruses in guinea pigs, we found that three viruses did not transmit to any of the contact animals, one virus transmitted to one of three contact animals, and six viruses transmitted to all three contact animals. When we further tested the respiratory droplet transmissibility of four of the viruses that transmitted efficiently via direct contact, we found that three of them could transmit to one or two of the five exposed animals. Our study demonstrates that the current circulating H4 AIVs can infect, replicate in, and transmit to mammalian hosts, thereby posing a potential threat to human health. These findings emphasize the continual need for enhanced surveillance of H4 AIVs.IMPORTANCENumerous surveillance studies have documented the wide distribution of H4 AIVs throughout the world, yet the biological properties of H4 viruses have not been well studied. In this study, we found that multiple genotypes of H4 viruses are cocirculating in the live poultry markets of China and that H4 viruses can replicate in mice, possess human-type receptor binding specificity, and transmit between guinea pigs via direct contact. Strikingly, some H4 strains also can transmit via respiratory droplet, albeit with limited efficiency. These results clearly show the potential threat posed by H4 viruses to public health.

scholarly journals Emergence of human avian influenza A(H7N9) virus infections in Wenshan City in Southwest China, 2017

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Li Jiang ◽  
Xiaonan Zhao ◽  
Wen Xu ◽  
Xuehua Zhou ◽  
Chunrui Luo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Analysis ◽  
Avian Influenza ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Human Infection ◽  
Viral Gene ◽  
H7n9 Virus ◽  
Genetic Sequencing ◽  
Live Poultry ◽  
Virus Spreading ◽  
Live Poultry Markets

Abstract Background: The emergence of human infection with avian influenza A(H7N9) virus was reported in Wenshan City, southwestern China in 2017. The study describes the epidemiological and virological features of the outbreak and discusses the origin of the infection. Methods: Poultry exposure and timelines of key events for each patient were collected. Samples derived from the patients, their close contacts, and environments were tested for influenza A(H7N9) virus by real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. Genetic sequencing and phylogenetic analysis were also conducted. Results: Five patients were reported in the outbreak. An epidemiological investigation showed that all patients had been exposed at live poultry markets. Virus isolates from these patients had low pathogenicity in avian species. Both epidemiological investigations of chicken sources and phylogenetic analysis of viral gene sequences indicated that the source of infection was from Guangxi Province. Conclusions: The transmission route spanned a long geographical region, with virus spreading from east to west. Chickens were an important carrier in the H7N9 virus spreading from Guangxi to Wenshan. Hygienic management of live poultry markets and virological screening of chickens transported across regions should be reinforced to limit the spread of H7N9 virus.

scholarly journals Increased Survival after Gemfibrozil Treatment of Severe Mouse Influenza

2007 ◽  
Vol 51 (8) ◽  
pp. 2965-2968 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alison Budd ◽  
Lisa Alleva ◽  
Mohammed Alsharifi ◽  
Aulikki Koskinen ◽  
Victoria Smythe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Influenza Virus ◽  
Proinflammatory Cytokines ◽  
Human Infection ◽  
Lipid Lowering ◽  
Once Daily ◽  
Influenza Virus A ◽  
H5n1 Strain ◽  
Human Use ◽  
Virus Survival ◽  
Lowering Activity

ABSTRACT Gemfibrozil, an agent that inhibits production of proinflammatory cytokines in addition to its clinically useful lipid-lowering activity, increased survival in BALB/c mice that were already ill from infection by influenza virus A/Japan/305/57 (H2N2). Gemfibrozil was administered intraperitoneally once daily from days 4 to 10 after intranasal exposure to the virus. Survival increased from 26% in vehicle-treated mice (n = 50) to 52% in mice given gemfibrozil at 60 mg/kg/day (n = 46) (P = 0.0026). If this principle translates to patients, a drug already approved for human use, albeit by a different route for another purpose, might be adapted relatively fast for use against influenza, conceivably including human infection with a derivative of the avian H5N1 strain.

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