scholarly journals Emerging Infectious Diseases and Amphibian Population Declines

1999 ◽  
Vol 5 (6) ◽  
pp. 735-748 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Daszak ◽  
Lee Berger ◽  
Andrew A. Cunningham ◽  
Alex D. Hyatt ◽  
D. Earl Green ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Emerging Infectious Diseases ◽  
Population Declines ◽  
Amphibian Population

scholarly journals An emerging viral pathogen truncates population age structure in a European amphibian and may reduce population viability

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lewis J Campbell ◽  
Trenton W J Garner ◽  
Giulia Tessa ◽  
Benjamin C Scheele ◽  
Amber G F Griffiths ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Age Structure ◽  
Rana Temporaria ◽  
Emerging Infectious Diseases ◽  
Adult Mortality ◽  
Population Declines ◽  
Viral Pathogen ◽  
Historical Presence ◽  
Population Demographic ◽  
The Impact

Infectious diseases can alter the demography of their host populations, reducing their viability even in the absence of mass mortality. Amphibians are the most threatened group of vertebrates globally, and emerging infectious diseases play a large role in their continued population declines. Viruses belonging to the genus Ranavirus are responsible for one of the deadliest and most widespread of these diseases. To date, no work has used individual level data to investigate how ranaviruses affect population demographic structure. We used skeletochronology and morphology to evaluate the impact of ranaviruses on the age structure of populations of the European common frog (Rana temporaria) in the United Kingdom. We compared ecologically similar populations that differed only in their historical presence or absence of ranavirosis (the acute syndrome caused by ranavirus infection). Our results suggest that ranavirosis may truncate the age structure of R. temporaria populations. One potential explanation for such a shift might be increased adult mortality and subsequent shifts in the life history of younger age classes that increase reproductive output earlier in life. Additionally we constructed population projection models which indicated that such increased adult mortality could heighten the vulnerability of frog populations to stochastic environmental challenges.

scholarly journals Effects of Emerging Infectious Diseases on Amphibians: A Review of Experimental Studies

Diversity ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 81 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew Blaustein ◽  
Jenny Urbina ◽  
Paul Snyder ◽  
Emily Reynolds ◽  
Trang Dang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Batrachochytrium Dendrobatidis ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Emerging Infectious Diseases ◽  
Host Susceptibility ◽  
Interactive Effects ◽  
Life History Stage ◽  
Population Declines ◽  
Amphibian Population ◽  
Amphibian Disease ◽  
As Species

Numerous factors are contributing to the loss of biodiversity. These include complex effects of multiple abiotic and biotic stressors that may drive population losses. These losses are especially illustrated by amphibians, whose populations are declining worldwide. The causes of amphibian population declines are multifaceted and context-dependent. One major factor affecting amphibian populations is emerging infectious disease. Several pathogens and their associated diseases are especially significant contributors to amphibian population declines. These include the fungi Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis and B. salamandrivorans, and ranaviruses. In this review, we assess the effects of these three pathogens on amphibian hosts as found through experimental studies. Such studies offer valuable insights to the causal factors underpinning broad patterns reported through observational studies. We summarize key findings from experimental studies in the laboratory, in mesocosms, and from the field. We also summarize experiments that explore the interactive effects of these pathogens with other contributors of amphibian population declines. Though well-designed experimental studies are critical for understanding the impacts of disease, inconsistencies in experimental methodologies limit our ability to form comparisons and conclusions. Studies of the three pathogens we focus on show that host susceptibility varies with such factors as species, host age, life history stage, population and biotic (e.g., presence of competitors, predators) and abiotic conditions (e.g., temperature, presence of contaminants), as well as the strain and dose of the pathogen, to which hosts are exposed. Our findings suggest the importance of implementing standard protocols and reporting for experimental studies of amphibian disease.

scholarly journals An emerging viral pathogen truncates population age structure in a European amphibian and may reduce population viability

PeerJ ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. e5949 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lewis J. Campbell ◽  
Trenton W.J. Garner ◽  
Giulia Tessa ◽  
Benjamin C. Scheele ◽  
Amber G.F. Griffiths ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Age Structure ◽  
Rana Temporaria ◽  
Emerging Infectious Diseases ◽  
Adult Mortality ◽  
Population Declines ◽  
Viral Pathogen ◽  
Historical Presence ◽  
Population Demographic ◽  
The Impact

Infectious diseases can alter the demography of their host populations, reducing their viability even in the absence of mass mortality. Amphibians are the most threatened group of vertebrates globally, and emerging infectious diseases play a large role in their continued population declines. Viruses belonging to the genus Ranavirus are responsible for one of the deadliest and most widespread of these diseases. To date, no work has used individual level data to investigate how ranaviruses affect population demographic structure. We used skeletochronology and morphology to evaluate the impact of ranaviruses on the age structure of populations of the European common frog (Rana temporaria) in the UK. We compared ecologically similar populations that differed most notably in their historical presence or absence of ranavirosis (the acute syndrome caused by ranavirus infection). Our results suggest that ranavirosis may truncate the age structure of R. temporaria populations. One potential explanation for such a shift might be increased adult mortality and subsequent shifts in the life history of younger age classes that increase reproductive output earlier in life. Additionally, we constructed population projection models which indicated that such increased adult mortality could heighten the vulnerability of frog populations to stochastic environmental challenges.

scholarly journals An emerging viral pathogen truncates population age structure in a European amphibian and may reduce population viability

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lewis J Campbell ◽  
Trenton W J Garner ◽  
Giulia Tessa ◽  
Benjamin C Scheele ◽  
Amber G F Griffiths ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Age Structure ◽  
Rana Temporaria ◽  
Emerging Infectious Diseases ◽  
Adult Mortality ◽  
Population Declines ◽  
Viral Pathogen ◽  
Historical Presence ◽  
Population Demographic ◽  
The Impact

Infectious diseases can alter the demography of their host populations, reducing their viability even in the absence of mass mortality. Amphibians are the most threatened group of vertebrates globally, and emerging infectious diseases play a large role in their continued population declines. Viruses belonging to the genus Ranavirus are responsible for one of the deadliest and most widespread of these diseases. To date, no work has used individual level data to investigate how ranaviruses affect population demographic structure. We used skeletochronology and morphology to evaluate the impact of ranaviruses on the age structure of populations of the European common frog (Rana temporaria) in the United Kingdom. We compared ecologically similar populations that differed only in their historical presence or absence of ranavirosis (the acute syndrome caused by ranavirus infection). Our results suggest that ranavirosis may truncate the age structure of R. temporaria populations. One potential explanation for such a shift might be increased adult mortality and subsequent shifts in the life history of younger age classes that increase reproductive output earlier in life. Additionally we constructed population projection models which indicated that such increased adult mortality could heighten the vulnerability of frog populations to stochastic environmental challenges.

Evolution, Ayurveda, immunity, and preventive aspects for emerging infectious diseases such as COVID-19

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (SPL1) ◽  
pp. 86-93
Author(s):  
Dhirajsingh Sumersingh Rajput
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Continuous Process ◽  
Physiological Mechanism ◽  
Emerging Infectious Diseases ◽  
Personal Hygiene ◽  
Breathing Exercise ◽  
Theory Of Evolution ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Better Than ◽  
Living Being

Evolution is continuous process of changes in structural and physiological mechanism in living being. Microbes/pathogens can evolve naturally or artificially and become resistant to various medicines. Novel coronavirus is such evolved pathogen of coronavirus group. Enough strong immunity is needed to prevent or survive from COVID-19 pandemic. Ayurveda provides ways for evolving physiological responses to built immunity. Present work is brief attempt to increase insight in this filed.Present review was done based on simple theory of evolution, recent updates regarding prevention of COVID-19, Ayurveda aspect toward infectious diseases and Ayurveda ways towards prevention of infectious diseases with special reference to COVID-19. Person with impaired immunity is more susceptible for COVID-19 and thus immunity is an important preventing factor. Ayurveda Rasayana (rejuvanation) herbs, Yoga exercises, Pranayama (special breathing exercise), daily regimens and personal hygiene guidelines can be helpful strategies in controlling the spread of COVID-19.The preventive aspects of pandemic situations are narrated in Ayurveda with enough details. These ways need to be scientifically explored and refined for precision. As prevention is always better than cure hence Ayurveda ways can be considered for future strategies to avoid pandemics such as COVID-19.  There is great need of research on Ayurveda medicines on COVID-19 like diseases.

Awareness of symptomatic differences Covid-19, SARS, Swine Flu, Common cold among dental students

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (SPL1) ◽  
pp. 1026-1033
Author(s):  
Nivedha Valliammai Mahalingam ◽  
Abilasha R ◽  
Kavitha S
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Undergraduate Students ◽  
Common Cold ◽  
Emerging Infectious Diseases ◽  
Dental Students ◽  
Swine Flu ◽  
Viral Diseases ◽  
Surveillance Systems ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
The Impact

Enormous successes have been obtained against the control of major epidemic diseases, such as SARS, MERS, Ebola, Swine Flu in the past. Dynamic interplay of biological, socio-cultural and ecological factors, together with novel aspects of human-animal interphase, pose additional challenges with respect to the emergence of infectious diseases. The important challenges faced in the control and prevention of emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases range from understanding the impact of factors that are necessary for the emergence, to development of strengthened surveillance systems that can mitigate human suffering and death. The aim of the current study is to assess the awareness of symptomatic differences between viral diseases like COVID-19, SARS, Swine flu and common cold among dental students that support the prevention of emergence or re-emergence. Cross-sectional type of study conducted among the undergraduate students comprising 100 Subjects. A questionnaire comprising 15 questions in total were framed, and responses were collected in Google forms in SPSS Software statistical analysis. The study has concluded that dental students have an awareness of the symptomatic differences between infectious viral disease. The study concluded that the awareness of symptomatic differences between viral diseases like COVID-19, SARS, Swine flu, Common cold is good among the dental students who would pave the way for early diagnosis and avoid spreading of such diseases. A further awareness can be created by regular webinars, seminars and brainstorming sessions among these healthcare professionals.

Bats as the reservoir for outbreaks of emerging infectious diseases

2005 ◽  
Vol 10 (45) ◽  
Author(s):  
C J Williams
Keyword(s):  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Emerging Infectious Diseases ◽  
Natural Reservoir

A study from China has provided evidence that bats may be the natural reservoir for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV)

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