scholarly journals Regional characteristics of snowpacks related to avalanches in the central mountains of Japan

2013 ◽  
Vol 54 (62) ◽  
pp. 282-290
Author(s):  
Shinji Ikeda ◽  
Tomoyuki Noro
Keyword(s):  
Air Temperature ◽  
Snow Depth ◽  
Meteorological Data ◽  
The Sea Of Japan ◽  
Dominant Type ◽  
Near Surface ◽  
Regional Characteristics ◽  
The North ◽  
Diurnal Range ◽  
Study Sites

AbstractTo identify the regional characteristics of mountain snowpacks related to avalanches in the central mountains of Japan, snow-pit observations were carried out over a period of between two and five winters at six study sites in three major mountain ranges: the north, central and south alps. The relationship between snowpack characteristics and meteorological properties was then examined to suggest indicators that could determine the snowpack characteristics in the region using meteorological data. On the basis of the dominant type of persistent weakness found within snowpacks, the study sites were divided into three regions: (1) the mountains on the Sea of Japan side - the persistent weakness was caused mainly by the presence of melt-freeze crust (MFcr) layers; (2) the inland mountains - the persistent weakness was caused mainly by the presence of weak layers consisting of near-surface faceted crystals (FCsf); and (3) the mountains on the Pacific Ocean side - the persistent weakness was caused mainly by the formation of thick weak layers consisting of depth hoar (DH) near the ground. The results also suggest that certain meteorological elements are useful indicators of the tendency of a persistent weakness to form within the snowpack: (1) DH layers: TG (°C m−1) = |average air temperature |/average snow depth (notable weakness in DH layers is found in areas where the TG exceeds 10°C m−1, but in such areas rainfall prevents the development of DH layers); (2) FCsf layers: FCsf index (CC m) = average diurnal range of air temperature × snow depth (notable weakness in FCsf layers is found in areas where the FCsf index is ∼10°C m); (3) MFcr layers: MFcr index (day m) = number of days that exceed 0°C × snow depth (notable weakness in MFcr layers is found in areas where the MFcr index exceeds 40 day m).

Extrapolation of synoptic meteorological data in mountainous terrain and its use for simulating forest evapotranspiration and photosynthesis

1987 ◽  
Vol 17 (6) ◽  
pp. 472-483 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven W. Running ◽  
Ramakrishna R. Nemani ◽  
Roger D. Hungerford
Keyword(s):  
Air Temperature ◽  
Meteorological Data ◽  
Dew Point ◽  
Shortwave Radiation ◽  
Standard Errors ◽  
Semiarid Region ◽  
Mountainous Terrain ◽  
The North ◽  
South Slope ◽  
Study Sites

A model for calculating daily microclimate conditions in mountainous terrain is presented. Maximum–minimum daily air temperatures, precipitation, and dew point are extrapolated from valley stations to adjacent mountain slopes, after making elevation- and aspect-related corrections. The model (MT-CLIM) produces estimates of daily incoming shortwave radiation, air temperature, humidity and vapor pressure deficit, and precipitation for any mountain study site. MT-CLIM was tested against measured meteorological data on six study sites consisting of three north–south slope pairs in western Montana. Correlations between predicted and observed daily conditions on the six study sites for the period April–November 1983 were air temperature, R2 = 0.88–0.92 with standard errors <0.48 °C; relative humidity R2 = 0.63–0.72 with standard errors <15%; radiation R2 = 0.60–0.78 with standard errors <100 W m−2. To test the utility of the model, data from MT-CLIM were used to run the DAYSTRANS/PSN model of evapotranspiration (ET) and photosynthesis (PSN) for western coniferous forests. Seasonal ET calculated from MT-CLIM data deviated by less than 5% from ET calculated from measured meteorological conditions on the six sites. Estimates of seasonal PSN agreed to within 10% of estimates derived from measured meteorological data on all sites except one. For each of the north–south slope study pairs, the combined MT-CLIMDAYTRANS/PSN simulation predicted that north slopes would have higher (5–31%) seasonal PSN than the comparable south slopes, which agrees with observed patterns of forest productivity in this semiarid region.

Recent Trends in Land Surface Temperature on the Tibetan Plateau

2006 ◽  
Vol 19 (12) ◽  
pp. 2995-3003 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuichiro Oku ◽  
Hirohiko Ishikawa ◽  
Shigenori Haginoya ◽  
Yaoming Ma
Keyword(s):  
Tibetan Plateau ◽  
Surface Temperature ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Land Surface Temperature ◽  
Land Surface ◽  
Precipitation Amount ◽  
Surface Air Temperature ◽  
The Tibetan Plateau ◽  
Near Surface ◽  
Diurnal Range

Abstract The diurnal, seasonal, and interannual variations in land surface temperature (LST) on the Tibetan Plateau from 1996 to 2002 are analyzed using the hourly LST dataset obtained by Japanese Geostationary Meteorological Satellite 5 (GMS-5) observations. Comparing LST retrieved from GMS-5 with independent precipitation amount data demonstrates the consistent and complementary relationship between them. The results indicate an increase in the LST over this period. The daily minimum has risen faster than the daily maximum, resulting in a narrowing of the diurnal range of LST. This is in agreement with the observed trends in both global and plateau near-surface air temperature. Since the near-surface air temperature is mainly controlled by LST, this result ensures a warming trend in near-surface air temperature.

Study on Urban Thermal Environment based on Diurnal Temperature Range

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zheng Guo ◽  
Miaomiao Cheng
Keyword(s):  
Surface Temperature ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Land Surface Temperature ◽  
Land Surface ◽  
Thermal Environment ◽  
Surface Air Temperature ◽  
Heat Island ◽  
Near Surface ◽  
Diurnal Range ◽  
Urban Thermal Environment

&lt;p&gt;Diurnal temperature range (includes land surface temperature diurnal range and near surface air temperature diurnal range) is an important meteorological parameter, which is a very important factor in the field of the urban thermal environmental. Nowadays, the research of urban thermal environment mainly focused on surface heat island and canopy heat island.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Based on analysis of the current status of city thermal environment. Firstly, a method was proposed to obtain near surface air temperature diurnal range in this study, difference of land surface temperature between day and night were introduced into the improved temperature vegetation index feature space based on remote sensing data. Secondly, compared with the district administrative division, we analyzed the spatial and temporal distribution characteristics of the diurnal range of land surface temperature and near surface air temperature.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;The conclusions of this study are as follows:&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;1 During 2003-2012s, the land surface temperature and near surface air temperature diurnal range of Beijing were fluctuating upward. The rising trend of the near surface air temperature diurnal range was more significant than land surface temperature diurnal range. In addition, the rise and decline of land surface temperature and near surface air temperature diurnal range in different districts were different. In the six city districts, the land surface temperature and near surface air temperature diurnal range in the six areas of the city were mainly downward. The decline trend of near surface air temperature diurnal range was more significant than land surface temperature diurnal range.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;2 During 2003-2012s, the land surface temperature and near surface air temperature diurnal range of Beijing with similar characteristics in spatial distribution, with higher distribution land surface temperature and near surface air temperature diurnal range in urban area and with lower distribution of land surface temperature and near surface air temperature diurnal range in the Northwest Mountainous area and the area of Miyun reservoir.&lt;/p&gt;

scholarly journals Estimation of evapotranspiration rate by using the Penman–Monteith and Hargreaves formulas for the loess in Northeast Bulgaria complex with HYDRUS-1D

2019 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 3-9
Author(s):  
Peter Gerginov ◽  
Dimitar Antonov
Keyword(s):  
Potential Evapotranspiration ◽  
Meteorological Data ◽  
Danube River ◽  
Near Surface ◽  
The North ◽  
Evapotranspiration Rate ◽  
Scientific Project ◽  
Unsaturated Zones ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Hydrus 1D

Loess and loess-like sediments cover approximately 13% of the Bulgarian territory, mainly within the Danubian plain. From the Danube River to the Fore-Balkan, the loess soils form a loess complex where its depth varies from 50–60 meters in the north to few meters in the south, respectively. Widespread loess sediments possess a specific feature: they typically form deep unsaturated zones. Quantification of the near surface water balance is extremely important for evaluating land-atmosphere interactions, and the impact of land-use change on the subsurface flow and the evapotranspiration rate is an essential term in this quantification. In the frames of a scientific project, an automatic weather station was installed in a typical plain terrain of the loess complex in Northeast Bulgaria, recording meteorological data from September 2015 to February 2017. This study provides a mathematical description of processes (i.e., Penman-Monteith and Hargreaves Methods) used to estimate daily evapotranspiration rates implemented into the numerical model HYDRUS-1D, as well as a respective rate investigation of months with and without intensive rainfalls. Overall results indicate that using the Hargreaves formula for evaluation of the potential evapotranspiration leads to overestimation between 10% and 20%, respectively for a “wet” and “dry” month.

scholarly journals Multi-trait Analysis of Agroclimate Variations During the Growing Season in East-Central Poland (1971-2005)

2015 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 213-219 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elżbieta Radzka ◽  
Katarzyna Rymuza
Keyword(s):  
Principal Component Analysis ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Meteorological Data ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Component Analysis ◽  
The South ◽  
East Central ◽  
Central Poland ◽  
The North

Abstract The work is based on meteorological data recorded by nine stations of the Institute of Meteorology and Water Management located in east-central Poland from 1971 to 2005. The region encompasses the North Podlasian Lowland and the South Podlasian Lowland. Average values of selected agroclimate indicators for the growing season were determined. Moreover, principal component analysis was conducted to indicate elements that exerted the greatest influence on the agroclimate. Also, cluster analysis was carried out to select stations with similar agroclimate. Ward method was used for clustering and the Euclidean distance was applied. Principal component analysis revealed that the agroclimate of east-central Poland was predominantly affected by climatic water balance, number of days of active plant growth, length of the farming period, and the average air temperature during the growing season (Apr-Sept). Based on the analysis, the region of east-central Poland was divided into two groups (areas) with different agroclimatic conditions. The first area comprized the following stations: Szepietowo and Białowieża located in the North Podlasian Lowland and Biała Podlaska situated in the northern part of the South Podlasian Lowland. This area was characterized by shorter farming periods and a lower average air temperature during the growing season. The other group included the remaining stations located in the western part of both the Lowlands which was warmer and where greater water deficits were recorded.

scholarly journals Some glacio-micrometeorological features on the north side of Mount Qogir (K2), Karakoram mountains

1992 ◽  
Vol 16 ◽  
pp. 67-72 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ding Yongjian
Keyword(s):  
Air Temperature ◽  
Absolute Humidity ◽  
Night Time ◽  
Valley Wind ◽  
Ablation Area ◽  
The North ◽  
Ice Surface ◽  
Diurnal Range ◽  
Dry Valley ◽  
Micrometeorological Conditions

Measurement of wind velocity, wind direction, air temperature, precipitation and humidity were obtained at various altitudes in order to describe micrometeorological conditions on the north slope of Mount Qogir (K2). Meteorological elements were monitored above the moraine surface in the proglacial area and over the ice surface in the ablation area and snow surface in the firn area of K2 glacier. Precipitation increases quickly with altitude from the dry valley to the firn area. Relative humidity also increases with elevation. In the K2 glacier area, the highest absolute humidity occurs over the glacier tongue. The effects of melting and freezing of the surface of the glacier in the ablation area on diurnal and day-to-day changes in air temperature influence air temperature in ablation areas, decreasing diurnal range by comparison with the firn areas. On clear days, a down-valley wind blows from the firn area before sunrise and an up-valley wind after sunrise. On days with precipitation, an up-valley wind predominates in the night-time and a down-valley wind in the day-time.

scholarly journals The Internal Multidecadal Variability of SST in the Pacific and Its Impact on Air Temperature and Rainfall over Land in the Northern Hemisphere

Atmosphere ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 153
Author(s):  
Hua Chen ◽  
Donglin He ◽  
Zhiwei Zhu
Keyword(s):  
Northern Hemisphere ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Surface Air Temperature ◽  
Ensemble Empirical Mode Decomposition ◽  
Near Surface ◽  
Multidecadal Variability ◽  
The North ◽  
Mode Decomposition ◽  
The Pacific

Based on the centennial-scale observations and re-analyses, this paper employs the ensemble empirical mode decomposition to separate the internal multidecadal variability (IMV) from the externally-forced variability of sea surface temperature (SST), and then defines new indices that represent the IMV of SST in the North Pacific (NPIMV) and South Pacific (SPIMV), respectively. The spatial structure of NPIMV/SPIMV shows remarkably positive SST anomaly only in the index-defined region; meanwhile, the temporal evolutions of NPIMV and SPIMV are uncorrelated, indicating their independence of each other. Both NPIMV and SPIMV play a critical role in the near-surface air temperature and rainfall over land in the Northern hemisphere, especially in the season when their intensity is the strongest. It is through teleconnection wave trains that NPIMV and SPIMV exert influences on remote regions. Results from another two rainfall datasets are found to be consistent in the majority of the Northern hemisphere in response to NPIMV/SPIMV, yet disagreement exists in certain regions due to large uncertainties of rainfall datasets.

Season and ambient air temperature influence the distribution of mites (Proctophyllodes stylifer) across the wings of blue tits (Parus caeruleus)

2000 ◽  
Vol 78 (8) ◽  
pp. 1397-1407 ◽  
Author(s):  
P R Wiles ◽  
J Cameron ◽  
J M Behnke ◽  
I R Hartley ◽  
F S Gilbert ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Air Temperature ◽  
Meteorological Data ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Parus Caeruleus ◽  
Wing Feather ◽  
Ambient Air Temperature ◽  
Air Temperatures ◽  
West Midlands ◽  
Study Sites ◽  
Blue Tits

Changes in the distribution of the wing-feather mite Proctophyllodes stylifer (Buckholz 1869) on the flight feathers of blue tits (Parus caeruleus) were studied throughout the seasons and in relation to ambient air temperature at three combinations of study sites (Lancashire, West Midlands, and South Midlands). We tested the hypotheses that the distribution of mites is influenced in part by season and ambient air temperature. In the winter months mites clustered predominantly on the tertiary feathers, whereas in late spring, summer, and autumn, mite-infestation scores were higher on the proximal primary and secondary feathers. Three approaches were employed to determine whether this seasonal redistribution of mites arose as a response to changes in microclimate, probably ambient air temperature, rather than to season per se. Firstly, meteorological data for the Lancashire study sites, and our own monitoring of the precise air temperature at the time of handling and inspection at the West Midlands study sites, enabled us to establish a link between distribution pattern and ambient temperature. Secondly, limited observations on the distribution of mites on birds recaptured when ambient air temperatures differed by 5°C or more between first and second nettings, one temperature being below 10°C and the other above, supported the idea that the change in distribution was associated with air temperature. Finally, the results of a small experiment in which heavily infested birds caught on a day when air temperatures ranged from 9 to 11°C were taken indoors and temporarily subjected to a higher ambient air temperature (20 min) prior to re-inspection and release also confirmed that mite movement was associated with the temperature of their environment. We conclude that the seasonal changes in distribution were driven by microclimatic changes, in part by temperature.

scholarly journals MSWX: global 3-hourly 0.1° bias-corrected meteorological data including near real-time updates and forecast ensembles

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-55
Author(s):  
Hylke E. Beck ◽  
Albert I.J.M. van Dijk ◽  
Pablo R. Larraondo ◽  
Tim R. McVicar ◽  
Ming Pan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Long Range ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Hydrological Modeling ◽  
Meteorological Data ◽  
Longwave Radiation ◽  
Cumulative Distribution ◽  
Specific Humidity ◽  
Near Surface ◽  
Medium Range

AbstractWe present Multi-Source Weather (MSWX), a seamless global gridded near-surface meteorological product featuring a high 3-hourly 0.1° resolution, near real-time updates (~3-hour latency), and bias-corrected medium-range (up to 10 days) and long-range (up to 7 months) forecast ensembles. The product includes ten meteorological variables: precipitation, air temperature, daily minimum and maximum air temperature, surface pressure, relative and specific humidity, wind speed, and downward shortwave and longwave radiation. The historical part of the record starts January 1, 1979, and is based on ERA5 data bias-corrected and downscaled using high-resolution reference climatologies. The data extension to within ~3 hours of real-time is based on analysis data from GDAS. The 30-member medium-range forecast ensemble is based on GEFS and updated daily. Finally, the 51-member long-range forecast ensemble is based on SEAS5 and updated monthly. The near real-time and forecast data are statistically harmonized using running-mean and cumulative distribution function-matching approaches to obtain a seamless record covering 1979 to 7 months from now. MSWX presents new and unique opportunities for hydrological modeling, climate analysis, impact studies, and monitoring and forecasting of droughts, floods, and heatwaves (within the bounds of the caveats and limitations discussed herein). The product is available at www.gloh2o.org/mswx.

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