Industrielles statt gewerbliches Denken ist gefordert (Essay)

2016 ◽  
Vol 167 (4) ◽  
pp. 196-199
Author(s):  
Hans Rudolf Heinimann
Keyword(s):  
Economies Of Scale ◽  
Scale Effects ◽  
Tree Breeding ◽  
Forest Sector ◽  
Special Importance ◽  
Present Contribution ◽  
Wood Harvesting ◽  
Forestry Sector ◽  
Production And Distribution ◽  
The 1960S

Industrial thinking has to replace craftsmanship thinking (essay) By the beginning of the 1980s, the Swiss forestry sector lost its financial viability. Although operational forestry activities have been subsidized, the overall situation even worsened con sid erably since then. This poses the question whether there are ways out of this situation and if there are, which ones. The present contribution takes up the hypothesis that the Swiss forestry sector is still mainly based on craftsmanship thinking while successful forestry sectors of other countries have been following industrial thinking. The analysis results in the following theses: The difficulties of economic efficiency emerged in the 1960s, and sector-wide initiatives were launched to solve the problem, among which the 1975 master plan for a Swiss forest sector policy was of special importance. Industrial thinking is based on the following principles: 1) a systematic capitalization of economies of scale effects, 2) an integration of all production and distribution processes across owners and firms, 3) full mechanization of wood harvesting, and 4) rationalization of the biological production based on modern tree breeding methods. The intention of the present article is to contribute to a discussion which discards outworn patterns of thought, and which is honestly looking for viable, competitive solutions.

scholarly journals Developments in the Romanian Forestry and its Linkages with other Sectors

2009 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 14-21 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ioan Vasile ABRUDAN ◽  
Viorel MARINESCU ◽  
Ovidiu IONESCU ◽  
Florin IORAS ◽  
Sergiu Andrei HORODNIC ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Regulatory Control ◽  
Forest Sector ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Economic Changes ◽  
Forest Ownership ◽  
Wood Harvesting ◽  
Wood Processing ◽  
Forestry Sector ◽  
Large Protected Areas ◽  
Management Functions

The evolution of the forestry sector in the last two decades in Romania has been significantly influenced by the post 1989 political and economic changes, forest restitution and the European Union accession process. Based on the analysis of forestry statistics, legislation and institutional changes this paper underlines the main developments in the forestry sector in the last twenty years and the linkages with other sectors that had an impact on its development. The significant change in forest ownership (based on which 45% of the Romanian forest is nowadays in non-state hands), the unprecedented re-organisation of the forest sector through the institutional separation of the regulatory, control and forest management functions, the changes in forest administration (including the establishment of more than 110 private forest districts) and the full privatisation of the wood harvesting and processing sector complemented by foreign investments have shaped the forest sector development in a context in which the forest resource remained almost unchanged. Major developments have been recorded in the establishment and management of large protected areas as National Forest Administration Romsilva is currently administrating 22 national and nature parks. Both positive and negative interactions of forestry with environmental protection, wood processing, agriculture, rural development, road infrastructure and tourism sectors have also impacted the evolution of the forest sector. Development policy options recommended by authors include among others the strengthening of the public authority responsible for forestry, reorganisation of the state forest administration and supporting the access of forest owners to the national and EU funding and compensation schemes for forestry.

Towards an Improved Parameter-Free Entrainment Model for Snow Avalanches

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dieter Issler
Keyword(s):  
Snow Cover ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Shear Stresses ◽  
Entrainment Rate ◽  
Snow Layer ◽  
Present Contribution ◽  
Weak Layer ◽  
Model Combining ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The 1960S

<p>On physical grounds, the rate of bed entrainment in gravity mass flows should be determined by the properties of the bed material and the dynamical variables of the flow. Due to the complexity of the process, most entrainment formulas proposed in the literature contain some ad-hoc parameter not tied to measurable snow properties. Among the very few models without free parameters are the Eglit–Grigorian–Yakimov (EGY) model of frontal entrainment from the 1960s and two formulas for basal entrainment, one from the 1970s due to Grigorian and Ostroumov (GO) and one (IJ) implemented in NGI’s flow code MoT-Voellmy. A common feature of these three approaches is their treating erosion as a shock and exploiting jump conditions for mass and momentum across the erosion front. The erosion or entrainment rate is determined by the difference between the avalanche-generated stress at the erosion front and the strength of the snow cover. The models differ with regard to how the shock is oriented and which momentum components are considered. The present contribution shows that each of the three models has some shortcomings: The EGY model is ambiguous if the avalanche pressure is too small to entrain the entire snow layer, the IJ model neglects normal stresses, and the GO model disregards shear stresses and acceleration of the eroded mass. As they stand, neither the GO nor the IJ model capture situations―observed experimentally by means of profiling radar―in which the snow cover is not eroded progressively but suddenly fails on a buried weak layer as the avalanche flows over it. We suggest a way to resolve the ambiguity in the EGY model and sketch a more comprehensive model combining all three approaches to capture gradual entrainment from the snow-cover surface together with erosion along a buried weak layer.</p>

scholarly journals Covid-19 Outbreak, Timber Production, and Livelihoods in Nepal

2020 ◽  
pp. 15-32
Author(s):  
Bijendra Basnyat ◽  
Sony Baral ◽  
Krishna Raj Tiwari ◽  
Gajendra Kumar Shrestha ◽  
Bikash Adhikari ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Local Community ◽  
Local Level ◽  
Rural Livelihoods ◽  
Forest Sector ◽  
Secondary Source ◽  
Timber Production ◽  
Telephone Interviews ◽  
The People ◽  
Forestry Sector ◽  
Conservation Finance

 The study assesses the likely consequences of COVID-19 in the forest sector of Nepal, focusing on timber production and rural livelihoods. The study conducted telephone interviews along with a review of the secondary source of information and consultations. The timber production in 2020 is likely to decrease by 80% compared to previous years, resulting in a monetary loss of NRs 647.0 million. Furthermore, local community will lose 147,447 days of employment, amounting NRs 117.9 million. This will make livelihoods of the people more vulnerable. Returning of youths from abroad can further escalate biodiversity threats. Timber import is likely to increase in the country, thus impacting on local level employment opportunities. Both long-term and short-term strategies are necessary to revive the timber production and rural livelihoods, where priority should be on increasing investment in the forestry sector. However, public-sector investment is declining. Hence there is a need to expand conservation finance portfolios to incentivise rural people on timber production and achieve synergies between conservation and livelihood outcomes.

scholarly journals Reforestation in Algeria: History, current practice and future perspectives

REFORESTA ◽  
2017 ◽  
pp. 116
Author(s):  
Saifi Merdas ◽  
Tewfik Mostephaoui ◽  
Mohamed Belhamra
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Land Use Planning ◽  
Colonial Period ◽  
Land Values ◽  
Forest Sector ◽  
National Plan ◽  
Future Projection ◽  
The Past ◽  
Forestry Sector ◽  
Considerable Degradation

Reforestation in Algeria has been recognized as a priority in different programs for the development and enhancement of forest heritage. Degradation factors of forest and soil contribute significantly to the decline in land values. The Algerian forests in the past, during the colonial period suffered considerable degradation. The degraded forest heritage has been undertaken with serious programs since independence. Several programs for the development of the forest sector through reforestation have been carried out. Unfortunately, the achievements were still below expectations. The launch of the National Reforestation Plan in 2000 has given the forestry sector a new lease of life with a vision that incorporates the productive aspect of reforestation, the industrial aspect, and the recreational aspect. Before the end of the NRP timeline, significant reforestation projects are completed. In a future projection, reforestation is integrated into the land use planning within the framework of the National Plan of Land Use Planning.

scholarly journals Romanian Forest Sector Labor Force - Evolutions and Trends

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laurenţiu Ciornei ◽  
◽  
Paula Munteanu ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Labor Force ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Forest Sector ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Resource Exploitation ◽  
Forestry Sector ◽  
Forested Areas ◽  
Technological Developments ◽  
Skilled Workforce

As a trend of evolution, the labor force in the Romanian forestry sector is part of trajectory registered by the European Union, as a whole, because many of the member countries are still oriented on the traditional methods of administration, harvesting and processing. However, there are also developed countries with large forested areas (Finland, Sweden) that have embraced new technologies and adjusted management and production processes. This issue aimed, among other things, at reducing the number of people employed in the forestry sector. In Romania, increasing the number of the employees, based on the quantitative increase of jobs as result of the gross exploitation of resources, will slow down by adopting new technologies, reducing the consumption of natural resources, but also as an effect of economic shocks generated by the pandemic. For these reasons, according to our study, the low-skilled workforce will suffer, this being the most vulnerable category, as technological developments need employees with higher skills and abilities. Equally, the informal sector must be taken into account because it employs four times people more. Romania have to adopt those appropriate measures in order to help the incorporation of the labor force released from the forestry sector of resource exploitation into adjacent sustainable activities.

scholarly journals Tipologi dan Kerawanan Korupsi Sektor Kehutanan di Indonesia

2017 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 142 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eko Novi Setiawan ◽  
Ahmad Maryudi ◽  
Gabriel Lele
Keyword(s):  
Local Government ◽  
Spatial Planning ◽  
Public Procurement ◽  
Forest Service ◽  
High Rank ◽  
Forest Sector ◽  
Forestry Sector ◽  
Forest Activities

Diindikasikan bahwa tingginya laju kerusakan hutan di Indonesia ada kaitannya dengan tingkat korupsi yang tinggi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi tipologi dan kerawanan korupsi sektor kehutanan di Indonesia. Sejak tahun 2001 sampai dengan 2015, sebanyak 39 pelaku korupsi sektor kehutanan yang terdiri dari anggota DPR, pejabat Kementerian Kehutanan, Kepala Daerah (Gubernur/Bupati/Kepala Dinas) serta pengusaha, telah diproses hukum dan mendapatkan vonis dari pengadilan. Terdapat 6 (enam) tipologi korupsi sektor kehutanan di Indonesia yaitu: 1) korupsi transaksional, 2) pemerasan, 3) investasi untuk korupsi, 4) nepotisme, 5) korupsi untuk bertahan, dan 6) korupsi untuk mendapatkan dukungan. Penelitian ini menemukan 4 bentuk kerawanan korupsi sektor kehutanan yaitu: 1) proses perijinan, 2) pengawasan 3) proses tata ruang kehutanan, dan 4) pengadaan barang dan jasa kehutanan.Kata kunci: deforestasi; kehutanan Indonesia; kerawanan korupsi; korupsi; tipologi korupsi The Typology and Corruption Susceptibility in Forestry Sector in IndonesiaAbstractIt is widely indicated that the high rates of deforestation in Indonesia are closely linked with the high corruption. This research aimed to identify the typologies and the potential of occurence of corruption in the forest sector in Indonesia. From 2001 to 2015, thirty nine corruptors have been brought to the courts and eventually sentenced. They included parliament members, high-rank forest officials, local government (Governor/Mayor/Chief of District Forest Service), and business persons. This research found six typologies of corruption in the forest sector in Indonesia, i.e. 1) transactive corruption, 2) extortive corruption, 3) investive corruption, 4) nepotistic corruption), 5) defensive corruption, and 6) supportive corruption. It also identified four forest activities that potentially encourage corruption, i.e. 1) licensing, 2) monitoring, 3) spatial planning, and 4) public procurement.

scholarly journals Managing the increasing returns of a high-tech business model in industry: Classic and ecosystem effects

Upravlenets ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 43-58
Author(s):  
Svetlana Orekhova ◽  
Andrey Misyura ◽  
Evgeny Kislitsyn
Keyword(s):  
Business Model ◽  
Economies Of Scale ◽  
Business Models ◽  
Scale Effects ◽  
Model Management ◽  
Increasing Returns ◽  
High Tech ◽  
Research Results ◽  
Industrial Enterprises ◽  
Ecosystem Effects

Business model management is possible on the basis of detailing and clarifying methods for calculating forms of increasing returns. High-tech companies, in contrast to traditional ones, have additional rents associated with the dual use of technologies and digitalization. The article develops a set of methods for assessing the cumulative increasing returns of a hightech business model based on the calculation of classic and ecosystem effects. The neoclassical economic theory, the network (relational) approach, the concepts of business models and ecosystems constitute the methodological basis of the study. The authors differentiate between five forms of returns: economies of scale effects, effects of innovation, diversity, direct and indirect network-based (ecosystem) effects. The research method is pioneered by the authors and based on a sequential assessment of the five forms of returns. For each form, an optimal calculation method is proposed, the results of which are unified by the standardization method. The level of increasing returns is empirically calculated using the case study of the civil production of the Semikhatov Scientific and Production Association (SPA) of Automatics – one of the largest high-tech industrial enterprises. The paper highlights the problems in measuring returns, such as the lack of panel data on the enterprise, a uniform method and relevant examples for calculation, as well as objective data on sectoral markets. The research results prove that the key management objective is to enhance the positive difference between increasing and decreasing returns through transformation of the business model. To achieve this objective, we compile a matrix of effects, the level of which allows making appropriate management decisions. Our calculations show that the enterprise experiences decreasing returns from adoption of innovation. The level of increasing returns from the learning effect and the direct network-based effect is quite low, which indicates that the enterprise’s business model is traditional, rather than technological. The research results can serve as a basis for the development of a detailed management mechanism for transforming a business model. The method for increasing returns assessment is universal and can be applied to evaluate the effectiveness of any business models.

scholarly journals Economies of Scale in Local Government Services: A Meta Analysis

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Siew King Ting ◽  
Rene Villano ◽  
Brian Dollery
Keyword(s):  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Local Government ◽  
Economies Of Scale ◽  
Scale Effects ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Structural Reform ◽  
Government Services ◽  
Meta Regression ◽  
Meta Regression Analysis

In this paper, a meta-regression analysis is presented by 38 empirical studies on the size of scale in various local government services. Our results show that income classification was the most important factor in determining size of scale and all selected local government services recorded decreasing size of scale in the recent decades, with water services exhibiting the largest decreasing size of scale. The existence of scale effects has important ramifications for local government structural reform, given the globally indifferent results of local government reorganization.

scholarly journals Uvod v zgodovino spremljanja britanske obveščevalne dejavnosti na Slovenskem – "samoevalvacije" slovenske Službe državne varnosti

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (2020) (3) ◽  
pp. 839-877
Author(s):  
Gorazd Bajc ◽  
Tadeja Melanšek ◽  
Darko Friš
Keyword(s):  
Great Britain ◽  
Present Contribution ◽  
Socialist Republic ◽  
Intelligence Agency ◽  
State Security ◽  
Security Service ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The 1960S

Based on the analysis of selected preserved materials housed in the Archive of the Republic of Slovenia the present contribution discusses "self-evaluations" of the Slovenian State Security Service with respect to monitoring the activities of the British Intelligence Agency on the territory of the Socialist Republic of Slovenia in the period between the 1960s and the late 1980s. The authors analyse those intelligence reports which pertained to reporting on the agency’s own activities and could thus be described as assessments of the (un)successfulness in its surveillance of British diplomats, media, and citizens visiting Slovenia at the time, and the Slovenian/Yugoslav emigrants in Great Britain.

scholarly journals Can Policy Learning be Catalyzed? Ban Chautari Experiment in Nepal's Forestry Sector

2013 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-27 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hemant R Ojha ◽  
Naya S Paudel ◽  
Dil B Khatri ◽  
Dipak BK
Keyword(s):  
Local Level ◽  
Forest Policy ◽  
Policy Research ◽  
Good News ◽  
Policy Learning ◽  
Forest Sector ◽  
Collaborative Processes ◽  
Forestry Sector ◽  
Diagnostic Research ◽  
Policy Agendas

Over the past several years, technocratic approaches to forest policy have been challenged and more collaborative processes have been advocated. While these shifts have offered significant space for citizen engagement at local level – such as through community based forest management in Nepal’s case – these have not taken roots at higher levels of policy making, especially at the level of formulating or revising legislations, or setting up a protected area. In this paper we critically review a collaborative experiment on catalyzing deliberative policy learning process in Nepal’s forest sector. We examine how and to what extent such experimentation could overcome seven identified challenges to forest policy deliberation in Nepal. The experiment, which we named as Ban Chautari, involved three key strategies – conducting diagnostic research, empowering local communities to articulate their voices in deliberative forums, and then acting collaboratively across diverse institutional groups. Our examination of the Ban Chautari process focused around three research questions: a) How can policy learning be catalyzed?; b) How can actors with differentiated capacity and resources collaborate in the policy process?; and c) How can research processes be re-organized so as to contribute effectively to constantly shifting policy agendas and rapidly changing contexts? The experience of Ban Chautari has some good news to share with the wider public policy research community that conditions for collaborative policy learning is possible. And at the same time, it has generated evidence that warns the advocates of participatory and collaborative policy processes on the more subtle, and fundamental challenges that surround any attempts to foster collaborative learning. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jfl.v10i1.8598 Journal of Forestry and Livelihood Vol.10(1) 2012 1-27

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