Aufzuchtshabitate für Auerhühner – ein Experiment mit Haushuhnküken | Capercaillie chick habitat – an experiment with barn fowl chicks

2010 ◽  
Vol 161 (7) ◽  
pp. 264-270
Author(s):  
Maria Stettler ◽  
Roland F. Graf ◽  
Niklaus Zbinden
Keyword(s):  
Forest Structure ◽  
Action Plan ◽  
Positive Influence ◽  
Tetrao Urogallus ◽  
Vegetation Types ◽  
The Past ◽  
Lower Quantity ◽  
Movement Ability ◽  
Microclimatic Conditions ◽  
Characteristic Field

Capercaillie (Tetrao urogallus) populations in Switzerland declined seriously in the past decades. The national capercaillie action plan defines actions to improve forest structure and composition in order to further the populations of the largest grouse species. These habitat measures should focus on improving summer habitat for hens with chicks, because winter habitats are available in good quality and quantity. However, our knowledge on reproduction habitats in alpine conditions is limited. In this study, we investigated microclimatic conditions, i.e. plant wetness, and movement ability of barn fowl chicks in seven characteristic field layer types in the northern Swiss Lower Alps. In the experiment on movement ability, we worked with barn fowl instead of capercaillie chicks for methodological reasons. In the bilberry-dominated vegetation, we measured a significantly lower quantity of water than in the vegetation types without bilberry. In the movement experiment, we found no significant differences between the vegetation types. As a qualitative result, we observed that the chicks moved easily even in high (> 30 cm) and close bilberry vegetation. Our results suggest that bilberry-dominated vegetation provides better conditions for grouse chicks than wet meadows and pastures, because less water adheres to the bilberry plants. Thus, the chicks get less wet in bilberry vegetation, which probably has a positive influence on the survival of the chicks. Even tall and dense vegetation seems not to impede the movement of the chicks. The results of our experiment may not be directly transferable to the demands of capercaillie chicks. Nevertheless, our study provides further evidence for the importance of bilberry as capercaillie chick habitat, especially in regions with high precipitations.

scholarly journals The Biosimilar Landscape: An Overview of Regulatory Approvals by the EMA and FDA

Pharmaceutics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 48
Author(s):  
Ioana Gherghescu ◽  
M. Begoña Delgado-Charro
Keyword(s):  
Drug Administration ◽  
Action Plan ◽  
European Medicines Agency ◽  
Patient Access ◽  
Clinical Evaluations ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Us ◽  
Improve Patient ◽  
The Eu

Biosimilar medicines expand the biotherapeutic market and improve patient access. This work looked into the landscape of the European and US biosimilar products, their regulatory authorization, market availability, and clinical evaluation undergone prior to the regulatory approval. European Medicines Agency (EMEA, currently EMA) and Food and Drug Administration (FDA) repositories were searched to identify all biosimilar medicines approved before December 2019. Adalimumab biosimilars, and particularly their clinical evaluations, were used as a case study. In the past 13 years, the EMA has received 65 marketing authorization applications for biosimilar medicines with 55 approved biosimilars available in the EU market. Since the first biosimilar approval in 2015, the FDA has granted 26 approvals for biosimilars with only 11 being currently on the US market. Five adalimumab biosimilars have been approved in the EU and commercialized as eight different medicines through duplicate marketing authorizations. Whilst three of these are FDA-approved, the first adalimumab biosimilar will not be marketed in the US until 2023 due to Humira’s exclusivity period. The EU biosimilar market has developed faster than its US counterpart, as the latter is probably challenged by a series of patents and exclusivity periods protecting the bio-originator medicines, an issue addressed by the US’s latest ‘Biosimilar Action Plan’.

scholarly journals Delivering race equality in mental health services

2008 ◽  
Vol 14 (5) ◽  
pp. 326-329 ◽  
Author(s):  
Annie Lau
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Care Pathway ◽  
Action Plan ◽  
Good Practice ◽  
Mental Healthcare ◽  
Policy Initiatives ◽  
Pilot Survey ◽  
The Past ◽  
Department Of Health ◽  
Clinical Engagement

‘Delivering race equality’ is a 5-year action plan for tackling race inequalities in mental healthcare in England and Wales, based on the main themes of improved services, better community engagement and better information. The perception is that clinical teams have not been sufficiently engaged with the plan and progress is slow. This article shares insights from the author's work across government departments over the past 2 years and explores the potential for linking up different initiatives across the patient care pathway in support of the plan's delivery. A summary of conclusions from a pilot survey of consultant psychiatrists, commissioned by the Department of Health in June 2007, addresses the main controversial areas in the action plan, with suggestions for improvement. Areas for clinical engagement are identified that exploit new funding, investment and policy initiatives. Examples of good practice are offered.

scholarly journals The impact of adopting the euro on the Croatian economy

Notitia ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 73-89
Author(s):  
Zlatko Čehulić ◽  
Rajka Hrbić
Keyword(s):  
Positive Influence ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Economic Indicators ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Future ◽  
Term Basis ◽  
The One ◽  
The Impact

In this paper the impact of adopting the euro in Croatia is analysed using experiences of other countries which have passed through this process in the last decade and which are comparable with Croatia in many aspects. The process of adopting a currency different from the one that has been used for more than twenty years presents a very important economic question for each country. In this period preceding to adopting the euro, there is an opportunity to analyse this process in the countries which went through it in the past. The result of this paper shows the impacts of adopting the euro in the European countries. The selected countries, which are adequate for analysing the effects of adopting the euro, are: Portugal, Ireland, Greece, Spain, Slovenia, Slovakia, Estonia, Lithuania and Latvia. These countries have been selected for different reasons. The majority of these countries have some similarities with Croatia, which are shown in this paper via relevant economic indicators. These results are significant for Croatia and show a positive influence on the Croatian market on a long-term basis. This paper is relevant and has a practical basis both for Croatia and other countries which will go through this process in the future.

China's war against air pollution moves to next stage

2018 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Action Plan ◽  
Industrial Upgrading ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Electric Cars ◽  
The Past ◽  
New Energy ◽  
Mitigate Climate Change ◽  
Energy Intensive Industries ◽  
New Energy Vehicles

Subject China's anti-pollution plans for the next three years. Significance China’s 2018-20 'Three-year Action Plan for Winning the Blue Sky War' is an effort to further decarbonise the economy, with a focus on reducing air pollution. It sees the geographical widening of successful efforts in the past three years, if not a marked increase in ambition, to improve air quality by industrial upgrading, controlling the expansion of polluting industries, supporting new energy vehicles and increasing top-down inspections. Impacts Further closures and other policies will limit the expansion of commodities mined or processed in China, mainly coal, steel and aluminium. Electric cars will receive subsidies and favourable policies such as licence-plate limits for conventional, petrol-burning vehicles. Reducing polluting and energy-intensive industries to reduce smog also reduces carbon emissions, helping to mitigate climate change.

African Biomes

Ecology ◽  
2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony R.E. Sinclair ◽  
Rene L. Beyers
Keyword(s):  
Protected Areas ◽  
National Park ◽  
Human Impacts ◽  
Niche Partitioning ◽  
Central Africa ◽  
Ecosystem Dynamics ◽  
Human Populations ◽  
Vegetation Types ◽  
North West ◽  
The Past

Africa has a great diversity of environmental conditions. It is bisected by the equator so that the seasons are six months out of phase north and south of it. There are tropical forests on the west side as well as in the center of the continent. In roughly concentric rings out from the forest, there are progressively drier vegetation types from woodland, savanna, and grassland to desert. There are several major rivers flowing north, west, and east. Africa has also been the center of evolution of many large mammal groups. It has a high diversity of birds and insects. It is also the origin of the human species, and humans have influenced and modified the landscape for hundreds of thousands of years. Humans evolved there over the past four million years. The environment and the biomes that result from it in turn shaped the evolution of humans. Over the Pleistocene (past two million years), the environment swung from warm and wet to cool and dry several times, and consequently the biomes changed in extent from continuous forest (that stretched from the Atlantic to the Indian Ocean) to dry savanna and desert with only small patches of forest in West and Central Africa. These changes that were connected to the ice ages of temperate regions affected human populations. In the past millennium, human numbers have increased and migrations have moved peoples southward through the forests of Central Africa and into eastern and southern Africa. These movements have modified the biomes through grazing pressures on grasslands and agriculture in savanna. In the 20th century, forests were modified through deforestation. Wildlife conservation and ecotourism are prominent in Africa. There are several large protected areas especially in eastern and southern savanna Africa, with some less-known areas of forest reserves. Scientific studies on these protected areas over several decades describe the biology and ecosystem dynamics perhaps better than any other continent. There are scientific syntheses on the Kruger National Park, South Africa, and the Serengeti National Park, Tanzania. Both highlight how the whole ecosystem changes over time with climate change, human population increases, disease outbreaks, and other disturbances. The following sections first cover the vegetation types that are called Biomes; two abiotic environmental factors, climate and fire (Climate Variability and Patterns of Drought and Fire); prominent animal groups characteristic of Africa (Large Mammals, Primates, and Birds); dominant processes such as herbivory, predation, niche partitioning, facilitation, and migration (Herbivory, Predators and Predation, Niche Partitioning, Facilitation, and Migrations); and finally the expansion of human impacts on biomes and the related aspects of traditional livelihoods and conservation (Traditional Human Livelihoods and Conservation). Social and political history also modify human impacts but are not covered in this review.

La structure et la composition de groupes de régénération de hêtre dans la forêt de Soignes. Comm. N° 1 : Nombre de pieds, le diamètre et la hauteur.

1976 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Van Miegroet ◽  
J. Réh
Keyword(s):  
Stand Density ◽  
Direct Consequence ◽  
Positive Influence ◽  
Social Differentiation ◽  
Functional Link ◽  
Microclimatic Conditions ◽  
Number Of Stems ◽  
Growing Conditions ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Relationship

Structure and composition of beech regeneration groups. Comm.  N° 1 : Number of stems, diameter and height. - For  the analysis and subsequent comparison of natural (RN) and artificial (AR)  regeneration of beech, 2 x 7 plots of 1 are each and 16 tot 25 years old,  were established in the Forêt de Soignes near Brussels.     With an average of 5.000/ha the actual number of stems was much lower in  the AR as in the NR with an average of 19.900/ ha. However AR can be  considered as growing more rapidly if mean diameter and mean height of all  trees are judged acceptable as parameters. Eventual differences of this kind  between AR and NR tend to disappear pretty soon as culmination of growth  takes place in AR-groups before the age of 16 years and is not yet evident in  the older NR-groups of 26 years old.    The differences in rate of growth are rather unsignificant if comparison is  limited to dominant and predominant elements, present in greater numbers in  NR ( 40 - 70 dominant trees, 20-35 of which are predominant ) as in AR ( 109  - 30 dominant trees, B - 12 of which are predominant ). The NR have a bigger  material reserve, their structuration is better, the variation in growth is  greater and, as a consequence, social differentiation takes place very early.  The relationship by number of stems between dominant, codominant and  dominated trees can be represented by 1/1/2 for NR and by 3/2/1 for AR.      The presence of a well-developed under-story, with a positive influence on  the stabilisation of microclimatic conditions in the forest, permits more  freedom of intervention in NR, where early concentration of elite-material in  the upperstory takes place. In AR-groups the possibilities of selection and  intervention are limited as each element has to be maintained as long as  possible.     Stand formation and social differentiation are the result of collective  dynamics of development in NR. These phenomena are stimulated by greater  stand density and early competition is the result of early restrictions of  the individual growing space. As a direct consequence a evolutive, structural  and functional link exists between predominant, codominant and dominated  elements.     In the AR, social differentiation follows a different pattern. It is an  individualisation phenomenon directly produced by individual genetic  differences and by accidental variations in growing conditions within a very  restricted area.

scholarly journals Development of a New Construction Research Model for Saudi Arabia

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 42
Author(s):  
Yasir Alhammadi ◽  
Dean Kashiwagi ◽  
Jacob Kashiwagi ◽  
Kenneth Sullivan
Keyword(s):  
Research And Development ◽  
Construction Industry ◽  
Action Plan ◽  
Development Program ◽  
Saudi Arabian ◽  
Poor Performance ◽  
Development Programs ◽  
The Past ◽  
New Construction ◽  
Management Project

The Saudi Arabian construction industry has had poor performance for the past thirty years. There have been many publications identifying the problem and potential causes. There have been no publications identifying what the source of the problem is, how to mitigate the problem, and actual testing to validate the proposed solution. This paper discusses why this problem exists, what is a potential solution, and an action plan that mirrors the most successful (construction management, risk management, project management and procurement delivery) research and development program in the world (22 years, $16M, +1750 tests, six different countries, 31 states in the U.S. and 98% customer satisfaction). The solution proposed in this paper is unique to the strengths and weaknesses of the research and development programs at universities in the Saudi Arabian kingdom.

A Country Level Evaluation of the Impact of E-Government

2013 ◽  
pp. 299-320
Author(s):  
Walter Castelnovo
Keyword(s):  
Action Plan ◽  
Local Level ◽  
National Action Plan ◽  
Secondary Sources ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
The Past ◽  
Country Level ◽  
Delivery Of Services ◽  
Expected Benefits ◽  
The Impact

Despite considerable investments made worldwide in e-government initiatives in the past years, whether e-government succeeded in achieving the expected benefits in terms of increased efficiency, effectiveness and quality in the delivery of services is still under discussion. This chapter proposes an evaluation of the outcomes of the National Action Plan (NAP) for the diffusion of e-government at the local level in Italy. The evaluation considers whether the implementation of the projects funded under the action plan determined positive effects at the country level in terms of an increase in the value generated for different stakeholders. The discussion of data from both national and international secondary sources shows that during the period in which the benefits of the NAP should have become apparent no positive effects have emerged with evidence. The chapter argues that this depends on some of the principles the NAP has been based on that limited its capability of achieving the expected results.

Late Quaternary History of Tundra Vegetation in Northwestern Alaska

1994 ◽  
Vol 41 (3) ◽  
pp. 306-315 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patricia M. Anderson ◽  
Patrick J. Bartlein ◽  
Linda B. Brubaker
Keyword(s):  
Vegetation Type ◽  
Late Quaternary ◽  
Vegetation Types ◽  
The Past ◽  
Modern Pollen ◽  
Qualitative Approaches ◽  
Tundra Vegetation ◽  
Shrub Tundra ◽  
History Of ◽  
Quaternary History

AbstractPollen analysis of a new core from Joe Lake indicates that the late Quaternary vegetation of northwestern Alaska was characterized by four tundra and two forest-tundra types. These vegetation types were differentiated by combining quantitative comparisons of fossil and modern pollen assemblages with traditional, qualitative approaches for inferring past vegetation, such as the use of indicator species. Although imprecisely dated, the core probably spans at least the past 40,000 yr. A graminoid-Salix tundra dominated during the later and early portions of the glacial record. The middle glacial interval and the transition from glacial to interglacial conditions are characterized by a graminoid-Betula-Salix tundra. A Populus forest-Betula shrub tundra existed during the middle potion of this transition, being replaced in the early Holocene by a Betula-Alnus shrub tundra. The modern Picea forest-shrub tundra was established by the middle Holocene. These results suggest that the composition of modem tundra communities in northwestern Alaska developed relatively recently and that throughout much of the late Quaternary, tundra communities were unlike the predominant types found today in northern North America. Although descriptions of vegetation variations within the tundra will always be restricted by the innate taxonomic limitations of their herb-dominated pollen spectra, the application of multiple interpretive approaches improves the ability to reconstruct the historical development of this vegetation type.

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