scholarly journals Transformation of organic substances in the conjugate series of surface waters of North Karelia

2019 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-50
Author(s):  
O. Yu. Drozdova ◽  
S. M. Ilina ◽  
N. A. Anokhina ◽  
Yu. A. Zavgorodnyaya ◽  
V. V. Demin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Humic Substances ◽  
Organic Compounds ◽  
Natural Waters ◽  
Weighted Average ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Total Carbon ◽  
Benzoic Acids ◽  
Total Carbon Content ◽  
Conjugate Series

In this study, compositions of organic matter were investigated in the conjugate series of natural waters, including that from soil water, wetlands, streams, and lakes. In determinations of compositions of aliphatic and benzoic acids and humic substances, humic substances comprised the bulk of dissolved organic carbon, with 28% in lake waters and 57% in waters of wetlands and a weighted average molecular mass of 1 kDa. Aliphatic and benzoic acids comprised ≤ 2% of the total carbon content of water-soluble organic compounds. Transformations of dissolved organic matter occurred in a series of surveyed waters. Specifically, compositions and specific characteristics are dynamic, and increases in the fraction with a molecular weight of < 1 kDa were associated with photo- and bio-degradation of macromolecular organic compounds.

scholarly journals The Structure of Humic Substances in the Agricultural Genetically Modified Soils of the Kansk Forest-Steppe

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 9613-9616
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Spatial Variability ◽  
Humic Substances ◽  
Soil Cover ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Total Carbon ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Forest Steppe ◽  
Soluble Organic Matter ◽  
False Flax

In two long-arable areas that were intended for sowing rapeseed and false flax for oilseeds at LLC «Experimental Industrial Farm Solyanskoye» in the Kansk forest-steppe, the structure and humus substances reserves in agrochernozems were studied. The soil cover of key plot No. 1 with the wide-steeply-sloping terrain with weakly pronounced microrelief, which was intended for rape, was dominated by typical medium and strong clayey-illuvial agrochernozems. Key plot No. 2 intended for false flax was located on a smooth hillside of a wide ridge and was characterized by the complexity of the soil cover represented by a combination of clay-illuvial typical agrochernozems of various kinds, thick podzolized clay-illuvial agrochernozems, and thin cryogenic micellar agrochernozems. It has been shown that agrochernozems featured high content of humus in the layer both 0 – 20 and 0 – 40 cm thick. The content of humus carbon (Ctot) and that of carbon of the water-soluble organic matter (CH2O) had little spatial variability (CV = 1.3 – 11.7 %), unlike the carbon content of the alkali-soluble organic matter (C 0.1 n. NaOH), which in the studied agrochernozems had a very high degree of spatial variability (Cv = 18.7 – 66.1 %). Heterogeneity of the soil cover of the slope part of the plot was the factor that determined the average reduction in the content of the reserves of all fractions of humic substances, except for the water-soluble humus carbon. It has been found that the share of the reserves of stable humus carbon (Cstab) was 89 – 95 % of the total carbon reserves of humus, thus the share of CH2O and C0.1 n. NaOH decreased with increasing the complexity of the soil cover from 11 to 5 % of Ctotal. Fields with a pronounced meso- and microrelief and thin kinds of agrochernozems are recommended for sowing false flax, which is a crop that is less demanding to the soil conditions than rapeseed.

Transport of soluble organic and inorganic carbon in sandy soils under nitrogen fertilization

1999 ◽  
Vol 79 (2) ◽  
pp. 303-310 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. L. Wang ◽  
A. K. Alva
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Fertilization ◽  
Inorganic Carbon ◽  
Average Rate ◽  
Sandy Soils ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Total Carbon ◽  
Total Carbon Content ◽  
Water Soluble Organic Carbon ◽  
Isobutylidene Diurea ◽  
Leaching Condition

Leaching of water soluble soil carbon plays an important role in downward transport of soil nutrients and pollutants and may be influenced by soil and management factors. We examined the leaching of water soluble carbon from two sandy soils under nitrogen fertilization by adapting an intermittent leaching-incubation technique using packed soil columns (94 × 10 cm). After 30 d, cumulative amounts of water-soluble organic carbon (SOC) leached from the Candler and Wabasso sand for various treatments in mg C column−1 were: 77 and 302 (NH4NO3), 64 and 265 (control), and 45 and 239 (isobutylidene diurea, IBDU), respectively. The IBDU and NH4NO3 treatments increased the leaching of water-soluble inorganic carbon (SIC), which ranged from 2 to 38 mg C column−1 over 30 d. At the end of eight cycles of leaching/incubation, the total carbon content increased at depth (control and NH4NO3 treatment) in the Candler sand, but decreased in the Wabasso sand. In the first leaching event, the average rate of SOC leaching from the Wabasso sand was 26 mg C column−1 d−1 which dropped rapidly to about 5 mg C column−1 d−1 towards the end of the experiment. The rate of SOC leaching from the Candler sand was much lower (<8 mg C column−1 d−1) than the rate of SOC leaching from the Wabasso sand. Compared with the unamended treatments, application of NH4NO3 increased and IBDU decreased the leaching of SOC in both soils. These effects of N application were considerable during the initial two to three leaching events only. Our results suggest that the initial rainfalls that follow a dry period may be critical for transporting SOC from the upper layer of these sandy soils. Key words: C leaching, sandy soil, intermittent leaching condition, isobutylidene

scholarly journals Modern Landfills as Potential Feed Back Processes to Counteract Global Warming

2017 ◽  
pp. 780-787
Author(s):  
Torleif Bramryd ◽  
Michael Johansson
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Emissions ◽  
Landfill Gas ◽  
Mineral Soil ◽  
Motor Fuel ◽  
Total Carbon ◽  
Water Evaporation ◽  
Total Carbon Content

Provided that produced biogas is effectively collected, landfills are important sinks for organic carbon compensating for emissions of CO2 from burning of fossil fuels. Sequestrating of long-lived organic carbon in the landfill itself is the most pronounced factor, but also other processes during landfill management will increase the capture and binding of CO2.. Compost produced in connection to the landfills and applied as soil improvement, is another important sink for organic carbon.The landfills in the World have been estimated to accumulate around 100 x 106 metric tons of C. Normally about 25-40 percent of the total carbon content in the waste can be converted into biogas in traditional landfills. During landfilling most of the organic carbon in fossil derived products, like plastics, synthetic rubber, textiles and other synthetic materials, As these products take part in the methane gas production, the landfill gas (biogas) can be regarded as a true biofuel. In contrast to incineration, high moisture content in the waste will not decrease the yield of energy per ton of waste. In a reactor landfill treating approximately 100 000 tons of waste per year, a longlived organic fraction corresponding to about 45 000 metric tons of carbon dioxide is longterm accumulated each year. This compensates for the annual carbon dioxide emissions from about 15 000 – 20 000 cars, provided that each one runs 15 000 km per year with fossil fuel. The technique for effective collection of landfill gas, and new techniques to upgrade and liquefy the biogas, have decreased the risk for emissions to the atmosphere. Modern bioreactor landfills have been estimated to have less than 10% diffuse biogas emissions to the atmosphere. Also in Sweden (Helsingborg), plants are built to convert landfill gas to upgraded, liquefied motor fuel. This will lead to strongly reduced diffuse emissions of landfill gas to the atmosphere. The utilization of leachates as forest fertilizer results in an improved biomass production and increased accumulation of soil organic matter. Increased tree and field layer productivity also means that the potential for water evaporation (eg. evapotranspiration) increase, reducing the costs for waste-water treatment or the risk for diffuse ground water pollution. Also in the mineral soil, increased long-lived fractions of humus normally are found. This should be added to the carbon accumulating effect of the landfill itself, where long-lived organic matter, mainly derived from lignin and from fossil fractions as plastics and synthetic textiles is long-term accumulated. In this respect the landfill system has similar effects compared to natural peatlands and lake and sea sediments, Ifproduced biogas is collected effectively, the landfill thus can be an important factor to counteract the “green-house effect” and climate change.

scholarly journals High molecular weight humic-like substances in carboneous aerosol of Ulaanbaatar city

2018 ◽  
Vol 19 (45) ◽  
pp. 5-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shurkhuu Tserenpil ◽  
Xing Jung Fan ◽  
Atindra Sapkota ◽  
Enkhmaa Chinzorig ◽  
Jian Zhong Song ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Carbon Content ◽  
High Molecular Weight ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Extraction Methods ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Total Carbon ◽  
Total Carbon Content ◽  
Different Seasons ◽  
Soluble Organic Fraction

Total carbon content of the atmospheric suspended particulate matters consisted of as high as 89-93% organic carbon (OC) in Ulaanbaatar aerosol without showing seasonal variation. However, limited aerosol measurements have been conducted on these OC rich aerosols particularly for high molecular weight constituents. In order to address the gap above, abundance of high molecular weight humic-like substances (HULIS) in total suspended particulates (TSP) from Ulaanbaatar atmospheric aerosol were determined for the first time. HULIS molecular structure was characterised for different seasons using carbon content and UV absorbance measurements coupled with solid phase extraction methods. Although, HULIS contributions to water soluble organic fraction of the winter and summer aerosols were similar HULIS carbon concentration was higher in winter samples (9-37 mg·L-1) than in summer (2-6 mg·L-1). Consequently quantity of aromatic moieties and degree of aromaticity varied between seasons.

scholarly journals The effects of humic substances on DNA isolation from soils

PeerJ ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. e9378
Author(s):  
Ewa Wnuk ◽  
Adam Waśko ◽  
Anna Walkiewicz ◽  
Piotr Bartmiński ◽  
Romualda Bejger ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Humic Substances ◽  
Dna Isolation ◽  
Arable Land ◽  
Soil Layer ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Total Carbon ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Soil Dna ◽  
Total Carbon Content ◽  
Direct Cell

Background Humic substances (HS) are compounds with a complicated structure, present in the humus soil layer, water, lake sediments, peat, brown coal and shales. Due to their similar physicochemical properties to DNA, they may have an adverse effect on the subsequent use of the isolated material. The main aim of this research was to examine the effect of HS on DNA isolation depending on the soil type and land use, taking into account the spectroscopic full characteristics of HS fractions. Methods The research was conducted on eight types of soil sample. Soils represented the most important Soil Reference Groups for temperate climates: Fluvisols, Regosols, Cambisols, Arenosols, Histosols and Luvisols. Soil samples were also collected from areas diversified in terms of use: arable land, grassland and forest. The extraction of HS fractions was performed using the procedure recommended by the International HS Society. The fractional composition of HS was characterized by UV–Vis and fluorescence methods. Soil DNA is extracted by direct cell lysis in the using a CTAB-based method with a commonly-used commercial soil DNA isolation kit. The basis for assessing the quantity and quality of extracted DNA was the Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) reaction since the analysis of soil DNA often relies on the use of PCR to study soil microorganisms. Results Based on the results, it can be concluded that in the presence of a high concentration of HS, the isolated DNA was low quality and the additional purification procedure was necessary. Despite the differentiation of the internal structure of HS fractions, the decisive factor in the efficiency of DNA isolation from soil samples was the total carbon content in HS. Reduced DNA yields can significantly constrain PCR detection limits to levels inadequate for metagenomic analysis, especially from humus-rich soils.

scholarly journals Geomorphological controls over carbon distribution in permafrost soils: the case of the Narsajuaq river valley, Nunavik (Canada)

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 509-528
Author(s):  
Samuel Gagnon ◽  
Michel Allard
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Content ◽  
Soil Carbon ◽  
Weighted Average ◽  
Field Measurements ◽  
River Valley ◽  
Total Carbon ◽  
Total Carbon Content ◽  
Geomorphological Mapping ◽  
Soil Carbon Content ◽  
Spatial Coverage

Soils in the northern circumpolar region play a central role in the global carbon cycle because the release of carbon through permafrost thaw and geomorphological disturbances can potentially cause a feedback on climate. However, large uncertainties in estimates of permafrost carbon stocks remain, mainly because of wide gaps in the spatial coverage of soil carbon sampling sites and the large mapping polygons used to upscale data. By combining mapping of landforms and knowledge of surficial geology to upscale soil carbon content measurements, we provide an assessment of soil total carbon content in the region of the Narsajuaq river valley (Nunavik, Canada) to generate the first high-resolution soil carbon estimate confirmed by field measurements in Nunavik. We estimate that the Narsajuaq river valley and the surrounding uplands have a weighted average of 3.4 kg C m−2 (0–100 cm), with 73% of the total carbon content stored in the top 30 cm. The results also indicate that the valley is a carbon hotspot in the region, containing 76% of the total carbon content (0–100 cm) of the study area. Although soil carbon estimates will always require field sampling, the geomorphological mapping approach can significantly improve carbon content estimates and provide better inputs for models.

scholarly journals Stand heterogeneity of total carbon and nitrogen, and C/N ratio in soil of mountain meadows

2008 ◽  
Vol 2 (No. 4) ◽  
pp. 149-155 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Vranová ◽  
P. Formánek ◽  
K. Rejšek ◽  
D. Janouš
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Organic Compounds ◽  
Plant Community ◽  
Total Nitrogen ◽  
Coefficient Of Variation ◽  
Total Carbon ◽  
Soil Horizon ◽  
Carbon And Nitrogen ◽  
Mountain Meadows ◽  
Natural Difference

This study was aimed at monitoring the relative and absolute stand heterogeneity of total carbon, total nitrogen and C/N ratio in Ah-Ae-Btg-Bt horizons of Gleyic Luvisol on one mountain meadow divided into two study plots: one moderately (once a season) mown (plant community of the Nardo-Callunetea class) and one abandoned for about 12 years (plant community of the Molinio-Arrhenatheretea class). The heterogeneities were evaluated more than 2 months after the mowing of the moderately mown meadow at the end of July 2005. Relative stand heterogeneity was expressed using coefficient of variation (CV), absolute stand heterogeneity using the differences between maximum and minimum value. When both meadows were taken into account, the relative stand heterogeneity of total carbon in individual horizons was &lt; 65%, &lt; 73% (total nitrogen), and &lt; 93% (C/N). Lower relative and absolute stand heterogeneity of these parameters was mostly on the abandoned meadow. Relatively higher differences of stand heterogeneity between the meadows were evident in deeper parts of the soil (horizon Btg) and the lowest mainly in horizon Ah (or Bt). The accelerated accumulation of dead organic matter in the autumn caused the natural difference of these inputs not to be substantially eliminated by the presence or absence of mowing. Accelerated eluviation of organic compounds of higher nitrogen content significantly (P &lt; 0.05) decreased the C/N ratio in the Bt horizon (n = 6&ndash;8) of the abandoned meadow.

Interaction of ions of heavy metals and organic toxicants with humic substances in system ‘atmospheric precipitation - lysimetric waters - lake waters’ of the Reserve of the European Territory of Russia: climatic, technogenic, geochemical fact

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marina Dinu
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Humic Substances ◽  
Natural Waters ◽  
Atmospheric Precipitation ◽  
Organic Substances ◽  
Alkaline Lake ◽  
Autochthonous Organic Matter ◽  
Lake Waters ◽  
Lysimetric Waters

&lt;p&gt;The reactions of toxicants with organic substances of a humic nature are complex and depend on many geochemical factors. Differences in the mechanisms of the selected toxicants binding with organic natural substances of various natural waters - atmospheric precipitation, lake waters (acidic and alkaline), lysimetric waters are especially interesting. Due to significant concentration differences, features of functional groups and size distribution of components, the inactivation features of humic substances are selective and highly variable. We studied the waters of an acid lake near the city of Valday (Valday National Park, conditionally a background lake) and alkaline lake Valday (city of Valday, local technogenic influence). Near each lake there was a sediment collector (a container for collecting atmospheric precipitation) and a lysimeter (a container under the soil for collecting soil moisture) under the humus horizon (about 20 cm). Particular attention was paid to soil (lysimetric) waters with varying degrees of anthropogenic impact. We considered the behavior of a large group of heavy metals, as well as benzopyrene. To assess the composition and qualitative features of organic substances, gas chromatography-mass spectrometric methods of analysis were used. Chromatographic methods were used to assess the molecular weight distribution of the components. Possible reaction mechanisms were studied by IR spectral methods. Evaluation of the reactivity of organic substances was carried out by the methods of dynamic light scattering (zeta potential, MM, size) using the &quot;Zeta-sizer nano&quot;. In addition to humic substances in the waters, the contents of autochthonous organic matter were estimated, especially in an alkaline lake, which in some periods prevailed over humic ones. In addition to humic substances in the waters, the contents of autochthonous organic matter were estimated, especially in an alkaline lake, which in some periods prevailed over humic ones. For separation, exchange technique and fluorometric evaluations were used. We conducted research in the period 2015-2020, sampling was carried out in spring, summer, autumn. Thus, we studied the circulation (in miniature) of changes in the protective properties of humic substances, depending on a large number of factors.&lt;/p&gt;

scholarly journals The comparison of fulvic acids extracted from the primary and secondary effluent

2018 ◽  
Vol 44 ◽  
pp. 00099
Author(s):  
Dominika Łomińska-Płatek ◽  
Anna M. Anielak
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Humic Substances ◽  
Organic Compounds ◽  
Fulvic Acids ◽  
Treated Wastewater ◽  
Secondary Effluent ◽  
Pollution Load ◽  
Other Substances ◽  
Regulatory Functions ◽  
Raw Wastewater

As is well known without organic matter, there would be no life. Organic compounds perform very important functions in the whole ecosystem as: structural, storage, transport, catalyse reactions, immune and regulatory functions. One of the most important for both living and non-living organic matter is their role in the biogeochemical cycles of carbon, phosphorus, nitrogen and others elements. The major form of organic matter are humic substances (HS) which are a mixture of high molecular weight organic compounds with variable composition. Humic substances can be divided into: humic acids (HA), fulvic acids (FA) and humins (Hu). In the presented research FA were studied. They were extracted from the effluent in the process of ion exchange in a hydrophobic ion exchanger and then they were examined by qualitative analysis to determine the elemental composition of acids and the degree of contamination with heavy metals and other substances. The main aim was to balance and assess the amount of FA in the primary and secondary effluent. The studies have shown that concentration of FA in raw wastewater (primary effluent) was bigger than in the treated wastewater (secondary effluent). Based on the research, it can be stated that selected WWTP discharges less FA compared to the input pollution load.

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