scholarly journals To Do or not to Do

2017 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-60
Author(s):  
Marin Dujmović ◽  
Zvjezdan Penezić
Keyword(s):  
Behavioral Inhibition ◽  
Inhibition Of Return ◽  
Stimulus Onset ◽  
Functional Brain Imaging ◽  
Cognitive Inhibition ◽  
Modern Psychology ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Many ◽  
Onset Asynchrony ◽  
The Relationship

Research into inhibition processes has been very fertile in modern psychology, especially with the more common use of advanced methods such as functional brain imaging. Despite all the advances made many questions still remain concerning the nature of inhibition processes and the very existence of inhibition. The term inhibition is widely used in everyday life with many meanings which is reflected in the many definitions and methods used to investigate inhibition in psychology. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between inhibition processes and extraversion. Participants (N=50) completed the Croatian version of the HEXACO-PI-R personality inventory (60 item version). Cognitive inhibition was measured with a location based inhibition of return task while behavioral inhibition was measured with a nonverbal Stroop-like interference task. Results show an interaction of extraversion and stimulus onset asynchrony (SOA) periods whereby extraverts show a greater inhibition effect at the shorter SOA periods (400, 600 ms) compared to introverts while the difference was nonsignificant at the longest SOA period (800 ms). The expected relationship between the two inhibition tasks was not observed. Implications for theories of extraversion and research concerning inibition processes are discussed.

scholarly journals Grounding semantic transparency in context

Morphology ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rossella Varvara ◽  
Gabriella Lapesa ◽  
Sebastian Padó
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Distributional Semantics ◽  
Semantic Transparency ◽  
Inclusion Measure ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Semantic Point ◽  
The Many ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractWe present the results of a large-scale corpus-based comparison of two German event nominalization patterns: deverbal nouns in -ung (e.g., die Evaluierung, ‘the evaluation’) and nominal infinitives (e.g., das Evaluieren, ‘the evaluating’). Among the many available event nominalization patterns for German, we selected these two because they are both highly productive and challenging from the semantic point of view. Both patterns are known to keep a tight relation with the event denoted by the base verb, but with different nuances. Our study targets a better understanding of the differences in their semantic import.The key notion of our comparison is that of semantic transparency, and we propose a usage-based characterization of the relationship between derived nominals and their bases. Using methods from distributional semantics, we bring to bear two concrete measures of transparency which highlight different nuances: the first one, cosine, detects nominalizations which are semantically similar to their bases; the second one, distributional inclusion, detects nominalizations which are used in a subset of the contexts of the base verb. We find that only the inclusion measure helps in characterizing the difference between the two types of nominalizations, in relation with the traditionally considered variable of relative frequency (Hay, 2001). Finally, the distributional analysis allows us to frame our comparison in the broader coordinates of the inflection vs. derivation cline.

scholarly journals Inhibitory and Facilitatory Cueing Effects: Competition between Exogenous and Endogenous Mechanisms

Vision ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 40 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alfred Lim ◽  
Vivian Eng ◽  
Caitlyn Osborne ◽  
Steve M. J. Janssen ◽  
Jason Satel
Keyword(s):  
Behavioral Inhibition ◽  
Inhibition Of Return ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Target Onset ◽  
Saccadic Reaction Times ◽  
Series Of Experiments ◽  
Endogenous Activity ◽  
Onset Asynchrony ◽  
Delayed Responses

Inhibition of return is characterized by delayed responses to previously attended locations when the cue-target onset asynchrony (CTOA) is long enough. However, when cues are predictive of a target’s location, faster reaction times to cued as compared to uncued targets are normally observed. In this series of experiments investigating saccadic reaction times, we manipulated the cue predictability to 25% (counterpredictive), 50% (nonpredictive), and 75% (predictive) to investigate the interaction between predictive endogenous facilitatory (FCEs) and inhibitory cueing effects (ICEs). Overall, larger ICEs were seen in the counterpredictive condition than in the nonpredictive condition, and no ICE was found in the predictive condition. Based on the hypothesized additivity of FCEs and ICEs, we reasoned that the null ICEs observed in the predictive condition are the result of two opposing mechanisms balancing each other out, and the large ICEs observed with counterpredictive cueing can be attributed to the combination of endogenous facilitation at uncued locations with inhibition at cued locations. Our findings suggest that the endogenous activity contributed by cue predictability can reduce the overall inhibition observed when the mechanisms occur at the same location, or enhance behavioral inhibition when the mechanisms occur at opposite locations.

Response Conflict and Inhibition of Return

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yena Bi
Keyword(s):  
Target Detection ◽  
Inhibition Of Return ◽  
Uncued Location ◽  
Stimulus Onset ◽  
Response Conflict ◽  
Response Condition ◽  
Key Press ◽  
Different Response ◽  
Task Irrelevant ◽  
Onset Asynchrony

Much research has suggested that attention is biased away from previously attended locations-- a phenomenon termed inhibition of return (IOR). Traditionally, IOR studies use simple visual stimuli in detection tasks and employ a cue-target paradigm where a task-irrelevant cue is briefly presented followed by a target at either a cued location (same location as cue) or at an uncued location. Participants provide no response to the cue, but then produce a key press response upon target detection. When the stimulus onset asynchrony (SOA) is less than 300 ms, response to the target is facilitated by the cue; when the SOA is greater than 300 ms, response to the target is slowed at the cued location. The current study investigates different cue-target tasks and their effect on inhibition of return (IOR). We will conduct a between-subjects experiment with three conditions differing in response instruction. Target-only condition replicates the classic IOR study using a cue-target, detection task paradigm in which participants respond to the target but not the cue. Same-response condition requires participants to make identical responses to the cue and target. Different-response condition requires participants to provide a response to both the cue and the target, but the responses for the cue and target will differ. Together these studies help us understand the extent that IOR is caused by a motor response conflict as we compare the magnitude of IOR from the three testing conditions.

The Effects of the Fixation Cue in Inhibition of Return

2013 ◽  
pp. 109-118
Author(s):  
Yujie Li ◽  
Chunlin Li ◽  
Jinglong Wu
Keyword(s):  
Stimulus Onset Asynchrony ◽  
Inhibition Of Return ◽  
Stimulus Onset ◽  
Central Fixation Point ◽  
Object A ◽  
Potential Target ◽  
Attentional Effect ◽  
Onset Asynchrony ◽  
Target Locations ◽  
Central Fixation

In experiments examining inhibition of return (IOR), an attentional effect that inhibits the returning of attention to a previously attended location or object, a second cue during the stimulus onset asynchrony (SOA) period is typically used. This is done to control the reorienting of attention from a peripherally cued location back to the central fixation point before the target appears. Recently, there have been numerous studies which demonstrate that fixation cues are effective in revealing IOR. Plenty of factors have been shown to influence the effects of the fixation cue in IOR, including the time onset of the fixation cue, the number of potential target locations, the attentional demands of performing the task, the modality of the fixation cue, and the condition of participants. Here, the authors review previous work that has examined the effects of the fixation cue in IOR.

An Event-related fMRI Study of Exogenous Facilitation and Inhibition of Return in the Auditory Modality

2007 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 455-467 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew R. Mayer ◽  
Deborah L. Harrington ◽  
Julia Stephen ◽  
John C. Adair ◽  
Roland R. Lee
Keyword(s):  
Inhibition Of Return ◽  
Functional Results ◽  
Stimulus Onset ◽  
Auditory Modality ◽  
Auditory Cues ◽  
Fmri Study ◽  
Sensory Modalities ◽  
Postcentral Gyrus ◽  
The Right ◽  
Onset Asynchrony

The orienting of attention to different locations in space is fundamental to most organisms and occurs in all sensory modalities. Orienting has been extensively studied in vision, but to date, few studies have investigated neuronal networks underlying automatic orienting of attention and inhibition of return to auditory signals. In the current experiment, functional magnetic resonance imaging and behavioral data were collected while healthy volunteers performed an auditory orienting task in which a monaurally presented tone pip (cue) correctly or incorrectly cued the location of a target tone pip. The stimulus onset asynchrony (SOA) between the cue and target was 100 or 800 msec. Behavioral results were consistent with previous studies showing that valid auditory cues produced facilitation at the short SOA and inhibition of return at the long SOA. Functional results indicated that the reorienting of attention (100 msec SOA) and inhibition of return (800 msec SOA) were mediated by both common and distinct neuronal structures. Both attention mechanisms commonly activated a network consisting of fronto-oculomotor areas, the left postcentral gyrus, right premotor area, and bilateral tonsil of the cerebellum. Several distinct areas of frontal and parietal activation were identified for the reorienting condition, whereas the right inferior parietal lobule was the only structure uniquely associated with inhibition of return.

EXPRESS: Eye Movement Patterns to Social and Non-social Cues in Early Deaf Adults

2021 ◽  
pp. 174702182199851
Author(s):  
Claudia Bonmassar ◽  
Francesco Pavani ◽  
Alessio Di Renzo ◽  
Cristina Caselli ◽  
Wieske van Zoest
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Movement Pattern ◽  
Stimulus Onset ◽  
Landing Position ◽  
The Gaze ◽  
Cue Validity ◽  
Deaf Adults ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Onset Asynchrony

Previous research on covert orienting to the periphery suggested that early profound deaf adults were less susceptible to uninformative gaze cues, though were equally or more affected by non-social arrow cues. The aim of the present work was to investigate whether spontaneous eye movement behaviour helps explain the reduced impact of the social cue in deaf adults. We tracked the gaze of 25 early profound deaf and 25 age-matched hearing observers performing a peripheral discrimination task with uninformative central cues (gaze vs. arrow), stimulus-onset asynchrony (250 vs. 750 ms) and cue-validity (valid vs. invalid) as within-subject factors. In both groups, the cue-effect on RT was comparable for the two cues, although deaf observers responded significantly slower than hearing controls. While deaf and hearing observers eye movement pattern looked similar when the cue was presented in isolation, deaf participants made significantly eye movements than hearing controls once the discrimination target appeared. Notably, further analysis of eye movements in the deaf group revealed that independent of cue-type, cue-validity affected saccade landing position, while latency was not modulated by these factors. Saccade landing position was also strongly related to the magnitude of the validity effect on RT, such that the greater the difference in saccade landing position between invalid and valid trials, the greater the difference in manual RT between invalid and valid trials. This work suggests that the contribution of overt selection in central cueing of attention is more prominent in deaf adults and helps determine the manual performance, irrespective of cue-type.

Civil Society in Argentina: Opportunities and Challenges for National and Transnational Organisation

2005 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 141-172 ◽  
Author(s):  
JAMIE ELIZABETH JACOBS ◽  
MARTÍN MALDONADO
Keyword(s):  
Civil Society ◽  
Regional Cooperation ◽  
Third Sector ◽  
The State ◽  
Power Relationships ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Potential Channels ◽  
The Many ◽  
The Relationship

Among the many consequences of globalisation is the creation of new political spaces. As these emerge, new or redefined power relationships accompany the process. In the course of creating transnational relationships, citizenship, representation and the role of the stakeholders may be redefined. This article focuses on the case of Argentina and on the role of civil society orgnisations (CSOs) in the process of political integration. The relationship between the state and civil society has sparked a debate about the core status of the political system as the third sector assumes roles traditionally belonging exclusively to the state. This raises issues regarding the difference between rights and services, the sources of legitimacy and efforts to enhance accountability, among others. The existing and potential channels of regional cooperation in the context of Mercosur illustrate the interplay between domestic, regional and global norms and institutions. This article emphasises the role of organised civil society in providing sense and meaning in the formation and awareness of supranational concerns, but is sceptical about its possibilities of providing and guaranteeing rights, tasks that still remain in the sphere of the state.

scholarly journals Common principles underlie the fluctuation of auditory and visual sustained attention

2020 ◽  
pp. 174702182097225
Author(s):  
Hiroki Terashima ◽  
Ken Kihara ◽  
Jun I Kawahara ◽  
Hirohito M Kondo
Keyword(s):  
Sustained Attention ◽  
Dynamic Properties ◽  
Stimulus Onset ◽  
Continuous Performance Task ◽  
Gradual Onset ◽  
Individual Comparison ◽  
Fluctuation Frequency ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Adaptive Behaviours ◽  
Onset Asynchrony

Sustained attention plays an important role in adaptive behaviours in everyday activities. As previous studies have mostly focused on vision, and attentional resources have been thought to be specific to sensory modalities, it is still unclear how mechanisms of attentional fluctuations overlap between visual and auditory modalities. To reduce the effects of sudden stimulus onsets, we developed a new gradual-onset continuous performance task (gradCPT) in the auditory domain and compared dynamic fluctuation of sustained attention in vision and audition. In the auditory gradCPT, participants were instructed to listen to a stream of narrations and judge the gender of each narration. In the visual gradCPT, they were asked to observe a stream of scenery images and indicate whether the scene was a city or mountain. Our within-individual comparison revealed that auditory and visual attention are similar in terms of the false alarm rate and dynamic properties including fluctuation frequency. Absolute timescales of the fluctuation in the two modalities were comparable, notwithstanding the difference in stimulus onset asynchrony. The results suggest that fluctuations of visual and auditory attention are underpinned by common principles and support models with a more central, modality-general controller.

Client Retention and Engagement-Level Pricing

2005 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karl E. Hackenbrack ◽  
Chris E. Hogan
Keyword(s):  
Public And Private ◽  
Client Retention ◽  
High Labor ◽  
Audit Fee ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Many ◽  
The Relationship

This study contributes to the debate on the motives for auditor changes by examining the relationship between client retention and one of the many factors that potentially influence client retention, engagement-level pricing. We find for a sample of public and private audit engagements that the difference between realized realization rates (the ratio of the audit fee billed to the standard audit fee) and expected realization rates is positively associated with client retention over a five-year window. Our findings suggest pricing pressure is more than an isolated occurrence and the incumbent auditor's inability to recover unexpectedly high labor usage is associated with the severing of the auditor-auditee relationship.

Adaptation to Suprathreshold Contrast and Luminance Stimuli

Perception ◽  
1989 ◽  
Vol 18 (5) ◽  
pp. 615-625
Author(s):  
Meindert J de Vries ◽  
Naum Yakimoff ◽  
Henk Spekreijse
Keyword(s):  
Time Constant ◽  
Stimulus Onset ◽  
Spatial Proximity ◽  
Check Size ◽  
Spatial Properties ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Mean Luminance ◽  
Onset Asynchrony ◽  
Nonlinear Fashion

The temporal and spatial properties of the difference in perceived contrast and brightness of two suprathreshold stimuli presented successively in different retinal locations were determined. Stimulus onset asynchrony (SOA) was varied and the perceived contrast or brightness of the first stimulus (S1) was measured as a function of SOA by matching the contrast or luminance of the second stimulus (S2) to that of S1. The two stimuli overlapped in time for 200 ms to allow the comparison to be made. The adjusted values for S2 could well be fitted with an exponential decay function of SOA. For luminance increments and decrements the time constant for this function was 253 ms; for checkerboards with checks of size 16 min square the time constant was 164 ms. The difference in perceived contrast was dependent on initial contrast in a nonlinear fashion. It increased with increasing check size and was independent of the mean luminance and spatial proximity of the two stimuli. The phenomenon was observed with different pattern types and with dichoptic presentation, but could only be seen when direct comparison of the two stimuli was possible.

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