A Tale of Two Women. Reflections on Two Types of Morality , One Hundred Years after the Birth of St. John Paul II

2020 ◽  
pp. 213-232
Author(s):  
Stephan Martin Kampowski

On the centenary of the birth of St. John Paul II, this article reflects on his legacy for moral theology by examining the enduring relevance of his 1993 Encyclical Veritatis Splendor. Against what some authors call the new morality, this papal document holds up the classical notion of morality as a realm in which we encounter the absolute, to the point that one may even be called upon  to lay down one’s life in martyrdom. As a figure of classical morality, the essay presents Antigone, who risked her life to honor her dead brother’s body. A different woman serves as a figure of the new morality: Mrs. Bergmeier, who is praised by some of the proponents of this approach for having committed “sacrificial” adultery in order to be reunited with her family. Examining the differences between these two accounts, the paper recalls the classical distinction between choice and intention. It is argued that the new morality has forgotten about the moment of choice, subsuming it entirely under the intention. In its teaching on the moral object and intrinsically evil acts, Veritatis Splendor defends the basic moral experience that we have a choice and that our choices matter.

2019 ◽  
Vol 32 (4) ◽  
pp. 30-41
Author(s):  
Stanisław Skobel

Reflection on human freedom will remain a constant motive for reflection in moral theology. Without freedom, there is no human act, so there is no morality in the strict sense of the term “freedom”. That is why it is worth returning to the issue of freedom, but taking into account new ways of understanding it. Freedom will remain a current problem in the struggle of man for good, especially in social life. For Christian thought on this subject, the encyclical of John Paul II Veritatis splendor will remain relevant – read it again. 


2007 ◽  
Vol 60 (3) ◽  
pp. 326-340
Author(s):  
Stephanie Smith

AbstractThis work critically examines the moral theology of Karol Wojtyla/John Paul II. In his writings as Wojtyla, and later as John Paul II, the theme of human dignity served as the starting point for his moral theology. This article first describes his conception of human dignity as influenced by Thomist and by phenomenological sources. The Thomist philosophy of being provided Wojtyla with an optimistic view of the epistemic and moral capacity of human persons. Wojtyla argued that because of the analogia entis, humans gain epistemic access to the normative order of God as well as the moral capacity to live in accordance with the law of God. Built upon the foundation of his Thomist assumptions, Wojtyla's phenomenological research enriched his insight into human dignity by arguing in favour of the formative nature of human action. He argued that human dignity rested also in this dynamism of personhood: the capacity not only to live in accordance with the normative order but to form oneself as virtuous by partaking in virtuous acts or to form one's community in solidarity through acts of participation and self-giving. After presenting his moral theology, this article then engages critically with his assumptions from a Protestant perspective. I argue that, while human dignity provides a powerful and beneficial starting point for ethics, his Thomist ontology of being/substance and the optimistic terms in which he interprets human dignity ultimately undermine his social programme. I propose that an ontology of relation provides a better starting point for interpreting human dignity and for appealing for acts of solidarity in the social realm.


2007 ◽  
Vol 56 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Rhonheimer

Giovanni Paolo II nel suo Magistero ha trattato ampiamente il tema della legge naturale, in particolare nell’Enciclica Veritatis Splendor, ove è possibile reperire una trattazione sulla definizione, l’essenza e le caratteristiche di essa secondo l’insegnamento di Tommaso d’Aquino. La legge naturale è una legge propria dell’uomo creato quale essere libero e razionale, la cui ragione, partecipe della ragione divina e ordinatrice, è capace di reperire in se stessa, in base alle inclinazioni naturali della persona umana, i principi primi e, in tal modo, svolgere funzione normativa e di discernimento sul bene e sul male. La legge naturale è la stessa ragione umana in quanto compie questo ruolo normativo nell’unità sostanziale di corpo e anima spirituale. Nella Veritatis Splendor la questione etica si esplica mediante una trattazione sull’oggetto dell’azione, dal quale dipende fondamentalmente la moralità dell’atto umano poiché nell’oggetto viene a trovarsi il fine immediato o proximus di una libera scelta della volontà guidata dalla ragione. Tale insegnamento trova applicazione nell’ambito dell’etica della vita nei tre grandi temi affrontati da Giovanni Paolo II nell’Enciclica Evangelium Vitae: il divieto assoluto di uccidere, che si specifica in particolare nella condanna di atti quali l’uccisione diretta di un innocente, l’aborto e l’eutanasia, deriva da una fondamentale violazione della giustizia, fondata sull’uguaglianza. La scelta deliberata della morte di un soggetto, intesa quale fine o mezzo, con la relativa strumentalizzazione della vita e della persona, è perciò sempre moralmente illecita. Così, Giovanni Paolo II ha presentato una dottrina coerente atta ad evidenziare il nesso fra legge naturale, oggetto morale degli atti umani ed etica della vita. Il divieto di uccidere è un principio primo ed universale della stessa legge naturale che, perseguendo il bene dell’uomo, viene, come diritto naturale, a costituire il fondamento della convivenza umana nella società. ---------- John Paul II broadly dealt with the topic of natural law in his Magisterial teaching, particularly in the Encyclical Veritatis Splendor, where it is possible to retrieve a treatment on the definition, the essence and the characteristics of it according to the teaching of Thomas Aquinas. Natural law is a law proper of man created as a free and rational being, whose reason, participating of the divine and ordaining reason, is able to retrieve in itself, according to the natural inclinations of the human person, the first principles and, in such way, to develop normative function and of discernment on the good and on the evil. The natural law is the human reason itself as it achieves this normative role in the substantial unity of body and spiritual soul. In Veritatis Splendor the ethical matter is expounded through a treatment on the object of the action, on which the morality of the human act fundamentally depends, since in the object it comes to be the immediate end itself or proximus of a free choice of the will driven by the reason. Such teaching finds application within the ethics of life in the three great themes faced by John Paul II in the Encyclical Evangelium Vitae: the absolute prohibition to kill, that is particularly specified in the condemnation of acts as the direct killing of an innocent, the abortion and the euthanasia, derives from a fundamental violation of the justice, founded upon the equality. The deliberate choice of the death of a subject, intended as end or mean, with the relative exploitation of the life and the person, is therefore always morally illicit. This way, John Paul II presented a coherent doctrine able to underline the connection between natural law, moral object of the human acts and ethics of life. The prohibition to kill is a first and universal principle of the natural law itself that, aiming at the good of man, it comes, as natural right, to constitute the base of the human cohabitation in the society.


Horizons ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 118-134
Author(s):  
Charles E. Curran

The celebration of the fiftieth anniversary of the College Theology Society naturally turns our focus to what has transpired in these fifty years. In terms of Roman Catholic theology, the two most significant historical realities are the Second Vatican Council (1962–65) and the now twenty-five-year pontificate of John Paul II as Bishop of Rome.In my discipline of moral theology, Vatican II and its document on the training of priests called for the renewal of moral theology with a special emphasis on its Scriptural bases. “Special care is to be taken for the improvement of moral theology. Its scientific presentation, drawing more fully on the teaching of holy Scripture should highlight the lofty vocation of the Christian faithful and their obligation to bring forth fruit and charity for the life of the world.”John Paul II as pope has written and taught extensively in the area of morality. In the light of the Vatican II mandate to renew moral theology through a greater appreciation of its scriptural roots and bases, this essay will critically evaluate John Paul II's use of scripture in his teaching on morality.


2007 ◽  
Vol 56 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Willem J. Eijk

Giovanni Paolo II dedica molta attenzione nelle sue allocuzioni e nei suoi scritti all’estensione del “non uccidere,” perché questo comandamento ordina il rispetto alla vita, un bene fondamentale, trasgredito nel secolo scorso in modo orrendo. L’estensione del quinto comandamento è stata messa sotto pressione da vari fattori: l’esegesi storica-critica, le conseguenze socio-politiche degli ideali dominanti della democrazia, la preferenza per il valore della libertà individuale rispetto a quello della vita e alcune correnti attuali nell’etica e nella teologia morale. Il pontefice, riferendosi alla Sacra Scrittura, alla Tradizione della Chiesa e al magistero della Chiesa, pone l’accento sul fatto che la vita umana è un bene fondamentale o intrinseco e indica in quale modo si deve rispettarla, curarla e proteggerla nelle circostanze concrete, spiegando l’estensione del “non uccidere.” Giovanni Paolo II pone nella parte negativa del contenuto del quinto comandamento, fondata sul fatto che la signoria assoluta della vita spetta a Dio le proibizioni dell’uccisione diretta di un essere umano innocente, dell’aborto procurato diretto e dell’eutanasia, sia nella forma del suicidio assistito che in quella dell’omicidio. Considera queste proibizioni come norme assolute o universali. Inoltre pone attenzione ad alcuni casi in cui l’abbreviazione della vita umana si configura come un effetto indiretto o collaterale, che rientrano in una proibizione generale che ammette delle eccezioni. Il quinto comandamento, benché formulato in modo negativo, ha anche un contenuto positivo, con cui siamo chiamati a confrontarci nella vita quotidiana più frequentemente rispetto a quello negativo. Il contenuto positivo del quinto comandamento, che trova il suo fondamento nel fatto che l’uomo ha una signoria ministeriale della vita, concerne i compiti seguenti: il curare la vita mediante mezzi proporzionati, la difesa della vita mediante la legittima (auto)difesa (nel cui orizzonte si colloca pure la questione della pena di morte), la protezione legale della vita umana e l’annunziare il Vangelo della Vita. ---------- John Paul II spends much attention in his allocutions and writings to the extension of the commandment “you shall non kill”, because it arranges the respect for life, a fundamental good, and has been violated in a terrible way during the last century. The extension of the fifth commandment is put under pressure by various diverse factors: historical-critical exegesis, the social and political consequences of the dominant ideals of democracy, preferring the respect for individual freedom to that for life and some actual currents in ethics and moral theology. The pope, referring to Holy Scripture, Tradition of the Church and magisterial teaching, emphasizes that human life is a fundamental or intrinsic good, and indicates in which way one should take care of life and respect and promote it under concrete circumstances, explaining the extension of the commandment “you shall not kill”. John Paul II enumerates under the negative part of the contents of the fifth commandment, based on the fact that the absolute lordship of human life belongs to God: the prohibitions of the direct killing of an innocent human being, direct procured abortion and euthanasia, either in the form of assisted suicide or that of homicide. He considers these prohibitions as absolute or universal norms. Moreover, he spends attention to some cases in which the abbreviation of life is an indirect or collateral effect, falling under a general prohibition which admits of exceptions. The fifth commandment, though negatively formulated, also has a positive contents with which we are much more frequently confronted in every day’s life than with the negative one. The positive contents of the fifth commandment, which finds its base in the fact that man has a ministerial lordship with regard to life, concerns the following duties: taking care of life by applying proportionate means, defending life by means of legitimate (self) defense (in which context the question of capital punishment also has a place), the legal protection of life and announcing the Gospel of Life.


2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ines Adriaens ◽  
Wouter Saeys ◽  
Katleen Geerinckx ◽  
Bart De Ketelaere ◽  
Ben Aernouts

INTERPRETATIVE SUMMARYValidation of luteolysis monitoring tool Adriaens.Recently, a novel progesterone-based monitoring algorithm using synergistic control, PMASC, was developed. This algorithm employs the known luteal dynamics of the progesterone profile to estimate the moment of luteolysis with minimal dependence on the absolute measurement values. As its value and implementability strongly dependends on the number of samples it requires to obtain the desired accuracy, its performance on cost-effective, ‘smart’ sampled and on-farm measured data is demonstrated.SHORT COMMUNICATIONValidation of a novel milk progesterone based tool to monitor luteolysis in dairy cows. Performance on cost-effective, on-farm measured data


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