scholarly journals Opinions and Suggestions on Starting Cello Training from Fourth Position

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gözde ELBEYİ ◽  
Mümtaz SAKAR
Keyword(s):  
Fourth Position

The origins of syncopation in American popular music

Popular Music ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 18-41
Author(s):  
David Temperley
Keyword(s):  
African American ◽  
Popular Music ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Vocal Music ◽  
Piano Music ◽  
Historical Process ◽  
American Popular Music ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Fourth Position

AbstractThe origins of syncopation in 20th-century American popular music have been a source of controversy. I offer a new account of this historical process. I distinguish between second-position syncopation, an accent on the second quarter of a half-note or quarter-note unit, and fourth-position syncopation, an accent on the fourth quarter of such a unit. Unlike second-position syncopation, fourth-position syncopation tends to have an anticipatory character. In an earlier study I presented evidence suggesting British roots for second-position syncopation. in contrast, fourth-position syncopation – the focus of the current study – seems to have had no presence in published 19th-century vocal music, British or American. It first appears in notation in ragtime songs and piano music at the very end of the 19th century; it was also used in recordings by African-American singers before it was widely notated.

scholarly journals Insertion and Substitution Chemistry at the Boron Fourth Position in Charge-Neutral Zwitterionic Tripodal Tris(methimazolyl)borate Ligands

2012 ◽  
Vol 51 (6) ◽  
pp. 3677-3689 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philip J. Bailey ◽  
Nicola L. Bell ◽  
Gary S. Nichol ◽  
Simon Parsons ◽  
Fraser White.
Keyword(s):  
Substitution Chemistry ◽  
Fourth Position

scholarly journals A Solution to the Fingering Problem of Brahms Cellos Sonata No. 1 Opus 38 and Shostakovich Cello Sonata Opus 40

2014 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 100-106
Author(s):  
Asep Hidayat Wirayudha
Keyword(s):  
Dead End ◽  
Interval Problems ◽  
Fourth Position ◽  
Main Factor ◽  
Cello Sonata

The flexibility of fingers is one main factor of responsibility on their spread ability. Considering thecello playing, the spread ability of cellists’ fingers is very important since it has a direct correlation to theirability to play the octave interval. The short- fingers cellists would find difficulties to play the octave intervalsat the first, second, third, and fourth position. Nevertheless, short-fingers are not dead-end for cellist. Thespread ability of finger, up to some extent, might be increasing through practices and exercises. It is with thisspirit that the author proposes some stratagems, which may be used to increase the spread ability of a cellist’sfingers in this section - using the octave interval problems as a case of pint. The discussion on the types andstyles of problem show that even though the octave intervals in Brahms cellos sonata No. 1 opus 38 andShostakovich cello sonata opus 40 are different in details, but fundamentally they are similar: the problemscome from the difficulty of the first and the fourth fingers to reach the proper note when the size and lengthof the fingers are limited.Solusi dari Permasalahan Fingering dalam Brahms Cellos Sonata No.1 Opus 38 danShostakovich Cello Sonata Opus 40. Kemampuan penyebaran jari pemain cello sangat penting karenamemiliki korelasi langsung dengan kemampuan mereka untuk bermain interval oktaf. Jari-jari pendekpemain cello akan menemukan kesulitan untuk bermain interval-interval oktaf di posisi pertama,kedua, ketiga, dan keempat. Namun demikian, kemampuan penyebaran jari, bisa ditingkatkan melaluipraktik dan latihan. Hal tersebut menggugah penulis untuk mengusulkan beberapa siasat baru mengenaikemampuan teknis memainkan interval dan oktav dan persoalan jarak interval dalam konteks Sonatayang dapat digunakan untuk meningkatkan kemampuan penyebaran jari seorang pemain cello. Meskipuninterval oktaf di Brahms cello sonata No 1 opus 38 dan Shostakovich cello sonata opus 40 berbeda,tetapi pada dasarnya keduanya sama: masalah datang ketika kesulitan terjadi pada jari pertama dankeempat untuk mencapai nada yang tepat ketika ukuran dan panjang jari-jari terbatas.

scholarly journals ANALYSIS OF FOREIGN PARTICIPATION IN THE SHARE CAPITAL OF COMPANIES FROM THE COUNTIES OF NORTH-WEST REGION OF ROMANIA

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-16
Author(s):  
Mariana Sehleanu
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Data ◽  
Regional Level ◽  
Foreign Investments ◽  
Share Capital ◽  
North West ◽  
The Third ◽  
West Region ◽  
Opposite Pole ◽  
Level Of Economic Development ◽  
Fourth Position

Foreign investments represent a well known topic in the literature which has resulted from their economic, financial, technological, managerial and social contribution at the national and regional level of the receptive country. North-West region is part of the richer and more developed regions of Romania. Based on the statistical data provided by NTRO (2018, p.24), North-West region of Romania is ranked on the third position by the number of companies with foreign participation in the share capital and on the fourth position in terms of the value of the total subscribed capital in companies with foreign participation. The main objective of our study is to analyze the distribution of the number of registered companies with foreign participation in the share capital between the counties of North-West region of Romania and also to analyze the evolution of the value of subscribed capital in companies with foreign participation in the share capital within the counties of this region. We also analyzed the evolution of some selected indicators that we consider relevant for assessing the level of economic development of the counties located in North-West region of Romania. After pointing out the existing disparities in the level of development of the region’s counties, an important finding of our study is that there are major intra-regional disparities regarding both the value of subscribed capital and the number of registered companies with foreign participation in the share capital. There is a clear separation between the counties Cluj, Bihor and the rest of the region’s counties. Between 1991 and 2017, Cluj and Bihor counties attracted the largest number of foreign investors and recorded the highest values of the total subscribed capital in companies with foreign participation. At the opposite pole there are Bistriţa-Năsăud and Sălaj counties. This paper also provides a ranking of North-West region’s counties according to the two aspects regarding foreign participation, subject to analysis, i.e. the number of registered companies with foreign participation in the share capital and the value of subscribed capital.

scholarly journals An assessment of Brazilian conservation units – a second look

2012 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
José Augusto Leitão Drummond ◽  
José Luiz De Andrade Franco ◽  
Daniela De Oliveira
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Protected Areas ◽  
National Parks ◽  
Rapid Growth ◽  
Sustainable Use ◽  
Conservation Unit ◽  
Conservation Units ◽  
Unit System ◽  
Rapid Growth Rate ◽  
Fourth Position

This is a second overview of the Brazilian conservation unit system for mid-2010. It updates author et al, 2009. It examines six dimensions of federal and state protected areas – age, numbers, types of units, absolute and average sizes, distribution by states and biomes, and degree of compliance with CBD-inspired goals. Major findings: (i) the system maintained a rapid growth rate; (ii) national parks and national forests are the most prominent units; (iii) distribution of units by region and biome remains unbalanced; (iv) state units grew remarkably over the last five years; (v) state units are biased towards sustainable use; (vi) sustainable use units grew more than fully protected units; (vii) Amazonia remains the most extensively protected biome; and (viii) quantitative goals of biome protection are closer to being reached. In 2010 Brazil held the fourth position globally in protected areas; it created the largest number of units between 2000 and 2010; it has the largest combined area of protected tropical formations. However, several regions and biomes remain under protected. 

Physical Analysis as a Foundation for Pirouette Training

2002 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-32 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arleen Sugano ◽  
Kenneth Laws
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Results ◽  
Physical Analysis ◽  
Repetitive Process ◽  
Scientific Principles ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Fundamental Physical ◽  
Physical Principles ◽  
Fourth Position

Learning to perform successful pirouettes is often a very repetitive process, which can lead to fatigue-related injury. Little use is made of scientific principles of motion that can make instruction more efficient. This study of the relationship between certain aspects of the pirouette preparation position and the success of the movement relates the fundamental physical principles to experimental results with dancers. The results show that pirouettes are generally improved when the width of the fourth position preparation is increased, so long as the initial proportion of weight on each foot is carefully controlled. Those results are demonstrably useful in enhancing the efficiency of instruction and lessening the potential for injury for students learning pirouettes.

Manmade Objects–A Source of Confusion to Asteroid Hunters?

1971 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
pp. 649-652
Author(s):  
Kaare Aksnes
Keyword(s):  
Fast Moving ◽  
Moving Object ◽  
Clear Indication ◽  
California Institute ◽  
End Points ◽  
The Third ◽  
California Institute Of Technology ◽  
Institute Of Technology ◽  
Heliocentric Orbit ◽  
Fourth Position

On October 7, 8, and 9, 1970, Charles Kowal, in search of fast-moving asteroids, exposed three photographic plates of an area of the sky near the ecliptic with the 122 cm Schmidt reflector of the Hale Observatories. Several weeks later Eleanor Helin of the California Institute of Technology examined the plates under a blink microscope and discovered a fast-moving object of about 15 mag. During the 15 min exposures the object had left a slightly bumpy trail indicating light variations with a period of a few minutes.Four positions of the object were reported to the author, who derived the heliocentric orbit defined in table I. From table II it is seen that the residuals of that orbit are not very satisfactory. Note that the third and the fourth position represent the end points of the same trail. There is a clear indication that after October 9, the predicted heliocentric positions would soon diverge from the actual positions. This circumstance, and the fact that the orbit is so similar to that of Earth, suggested that the object could actually be moving in an Earth-centered orbit.

Enkephalin analogues containing ?-naphthylalanine at the fourth position

Biopolymers ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 179-196 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dale F. Mierke ◽  
Odile E. Said-Nejad ◽  
Peter W. Schiller ◽  
Murray Goodman
Keyword(s):  
Enkephalin Analogues ◽  
Fourth Position

Optimizing the Team for Required Power During Track-Cycling Team Pursuit

2017 ◽  
Vol 12 (10) ◽  
pp. 1385-1391 ◽  
Author(s):  
Levi Heimans ◽  
Wouter R. Dijkshoorn ◽  
Marco J.M. Hoozemans ◽  
Jos J. de Koning
Keyword(s):  
Generalized Estimating Equations ◽  
Aerodynamic Drag ◽  
Time Trial ◽  
Team Composition ◽  
Specific Sequence ◽  
Team Members ◽  
National Selection ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Fourth Position ◽  
Track Cycling

Purpose: Since the aim of the men’s team pursuit in time-trial track cycling is to accomplish a distance of 4000 m as fast as possible, optimizing aerodynamic drag can contribute to achieving this goal. The aim of this study was to determine the drafting effect in second, third, and fourth position during the team pursuit in track cycling as a function of the team members’ individual frontal areas in order to minimize the required power. Method: Eight experienced track cyclists of the Dutch national selection performed 39 trials of 3 km in different teams of 4 cyclists at a constant velocity of 15.75 m/s. Frontal projected areas were determined, and together with field-derived drag coefficients for all 4 positions, the relationships between frontal areas of team members and drag fractions were estimated using generalized estimating equations. Results: The frontal area of both the cyclist directly in front of the drafter and the drafter himself turned out to be significant determinants of the drag fraction at the drafter’s position (P < .05) for all 3 drafting positions. Predicted required power for individuals in drafting positions differed up to 35 W depending on team composition. For a team, a maximal difference in team efficiency (1.2%) exists by selecting cyclists in a specific sequence. Conclusion: Estimating required power for a specific team composition gives insight into differences in team efficiency for the team pursuit. Furthermore, required power for individual team members ranges substantially depending on team composition.

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