scholarly journals Palmitic acid feeding increases ceramide supply in association with increased milk yield, circulating nonesterified fatty acids, and adipose tissue responsiveness to a glucose challenge

2016 ◽  
Vol 99 (11) ◽  
pp. 8817-8830 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.E. Rico ◽  
A.T. Mathews ◽  
J. Lovett ◽  
N.J. Haughey ◽  
J.W. McFadden
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Palmitic Acid ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Nonesterified Fatty Acids ◽  
Glucose Challenge

scholarly journals Muscle inflammatory response and insulin resistance: synergistic interaction between macrophages and fatty acids leads to impaired insulin action

2009 ◽  
Vol 296 (6) ◽  
pp. E1300-E1310 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vijayalakshmi Varma ◽  
Aiwei Yao-Borengasser ◽  
Neda Rasouli ◽  
Greg T. Nolen ◽  
Bounleut Phanavanh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Palmitic Acid ◽  
Vastus Lateralis ◽  
Nonesterified Fatty Acids ◽  
Muscle Inflammation ◽  
Human Myotubes ◽  
Phosphorylated Akt

Obesity is characterized by adipose tissue expansion as well as macrophage infiltration of adipose tissue. This results in an increase in circulating inflammatory cytokines and nonesterified fatty acids, factors that cause skeletal muscle insulin resistance. Whether obesity also results in skeletal muscle inflammation is not known. In this study, we quantified macrophages immunohistochemically in vastus lateralis biopsies from eight obese and eight lean subjects. Our study demonstrates that macrophages infiltrate skeletal muscle in obesity, and we developed an in vitro system to study this mechanistically. Myoblasts were isolated from vastus lateralis biopsies and differentiated in culture. Coculture of differentiated human myotubes with macrophages in the presence of palmitic acid, to mimic an obese environment, revealed that macrophages in the presence of palmitic acid synergistically augment cytokine and chemokine expression in myotubes, decrease IκB-α protein expression, increase phosphorylated JNK, decrease phosphorylated Akt, and increase markers of muscle atrophy. These results suggest that macrophages alter the inflammatory state of muscle cells in an obese milieu, inhibiting insulin signaling. Thus in obesity both adipose tissue and skeletal muscle inflammation may contribute to insulin resistance.

No effect of acute normobaric hypoxia on plasma triglyceride levels in fasting healthy men

2018 ◽  
Vol 43 (7) ◽  
pp. 727-732 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bimit Mahat ◽  
Étienne Chassé ◽  
Clare Lindon ◽  
Jean-François Mauger ◽  
Pascal Imbeault
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Acute Hypoxia ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Normobaric Hypoxia ◽  
Fasting State ◽  
Nonesterified Fatty Acids ◽  
Healthy Men ◽  
Adipose Tissue Lipolysis

Circulating fatty acids are a major systemic energy source in the fasting state as well as a determinant of hepatic triglycerides (TG)-rich very-low-density lipoprotein production. Upon acute hypoxia, sympathetic arousal induces adipose tissue lipolysis, resulting in an increase in circulating nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA). Animal studies suggest that TG clearance may also be strongly reduced under hypoxia, though this effect has been shown to be dependent on temperature. Whether the hypoxia-induced rise in blood fatty acid concentrations affects fasting TG levels in humans under thermoneutral conditions remains unknown. TG, NEFA, and glycerol levels were measured in fasted healthy young men (n = 10) exposed for 6 h to either normoxia (ambient air) or acute hypoxia (fraction of inspired oxygen = 0.12) in a randomized, crossover design. Participants were casually clothed and rested in front of a fan in an environmental chamber maintained at 28 °C during each trial. Under hypoxia, a significantly greater increase in NEFA occurred (condition × time interaction, p = 0.049) and glycerol levels tended to be higher (condition × time, p = 0.104), suggesting an increase in adipose tissue lipolysis. However, plasma TG levels did not change over time and did not differ between the normoxia and hypoxia conditions. In conclusion, acute exposure to normobaric hypoxia under thermoneutral condition in healthy men during fasting state increased lipolysis without affecting circulating TG.

scholarly journals The effects of added glycerol or unprotected free fatty acids or a combination of the two on silage intake, milk production, rumen fermentation and diet digestibility in cows given grass silage based diets

1997 ◽  
Vol 6 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 349-362 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hannele Khalili ◽  
Tuomo Varvikko ◽  
Vesa Toivonen ◽  
Kari Hissa ◽  
Marjatta Suvitie
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Free Fatty Acids ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Latin Squares ◽  
Rumen Fermentation ◽  
Positive Interaction ◽  
Nonesterified Fatty Acids ◽  
Grass Silage

The addition of glycerol or free fatty acids either alone or in combination to concentrate was studied for the effects on feed intake, milk production, rumen fermentation, blood metabolites and diet digestibility in dairy cows given grass silage ad libitum. The study was conducted on 12 mid-lactating cows, four of them ruminally cannulated. Barley-based concentrate (control diet, C) was given 7 kg/d as fed. In the other three diets, 36 g/kg of barley was replaced by glycerol (G) or a mixture of free fatty acids (FA) or by a combination of the two, making a total of 72 g/kg (GFA). The experimental design consisted of balanced 4 x 4 Latin squares with a 2 x 2 factorial arrangement of diets: the effects of G, FA and G*FA interaction. The FA diets significantly decreased silage intake, increased milk yield, decreased milk protein content, increased the concentrations of C18:0, C18:1, and C20:1 and decreased those of C8-16, and C18:3 fatty acids in milk fat. The FA diets also increased the concentration of nonesterified fatty acids in plasma, and decreased the digestibility of organic matter and neutral detergent fibre but increased that of fat. Glycerol decreased the molar proportion of acetate and increased the molar proportions of propionate and butyrate in the rumen, but the addition of glycerol did not have any effect on silage intake, milk yield or milk composition. Milk yield was highest when glycerol and free fatty acids were given together, showing a positive interaction.

scholarly journals A two-step feeding of calcium salts of fish oil improves reproductive performance in Holstein cows

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. e0607
Author(s):  
Mojtaba Hadadi ◽  
Ali A. Alamouti ◽  
AliReza Alizadeh ◽  
Abdollah Mohammadi-Sangcheshmeh
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fish Oil ◽  
Palmitic Acid ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Saturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Milk Composition ◽  
Holstein Cows ◽  
Feeding Program

Aim of study: To examine the effects of a biphasic schedule of feeding n-3 fatty acids on dairy cows.Area of the study: Isfahan, Iran.Materials and methods: 140 lactating Holstein cows were allotted at calving into two groups of 70 animals and received one of two dietary treatments: 1) saturated fatty acids (SFA, containing 80% palmitic acid) or 2) calcium salt of fish oil (CSFO, containing 16% eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) + docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)), with an n-6/n-3 FA ratio of approximately 7 for SFA and 5 for CSFO treatments. The dietary supplements were fed to the respective groups at 240 g/head.day from 0 to 21 days in milk, and 120 g/head.day from 22 to 150 days in milk. Milk yield was recorded biweekly and milk composition was evaluated monthly. The concentration of FA in the milk and blood was determined on d-90 of the experiment in 10 cows randomly selected from each group. Reproductive indices were recorded until d-150.Main results: The CSFO supplementation did not affect average milk yield, milk composition or milk somatic cell count (SCC); however, in some weeks it increased milk production and decreased milk SCC (p<0.05). Plasma concentrations of palmitic acid and n-3 FA as well as milk fat concentration of EPA and DHA increased in the CSFO-fed cows (p<0.05). Feeding the CSFO decreased open days (100 vs 119 days, p<0.05), service per conception and all service conception rates (p<0.05).Research highlights: The implementation of a two-stage feeding program of n-3 FA improved reproductive variables and reduced milk SCC in dairy cows.

scholarly journals Femoral Adipose Tissue May Accumulate the Fat That Has Been Recycled as VLDL and Nonesterified Fatty Acids

Diabetes ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 59 (10) ◽  
pp. 2465-2473 ◽  
Author(s):  
Siobhán E. McQuaid ◽  
Sandy M. Humphreys ◽  
Leanne Hodson ◽  
Barbara A. Fielding ◽  
Fredrik Karpe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Nonesterified Fatty Acids

Evidence for functional G-coupled protein receptors 43 and 120 in subcutaneous and intramuscular adipose tissue of Angus crossbred steers

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lindsay Westbrook ◽  
Bradley J Johnson ◽  
Gyoungok Gang ◽  
Kentaro Toyonaga ◽  
Jinhee Hwang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Oleic Acid ◽  
Palmitic Acid ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Ex Vivo ◽  
Acetate Incorporation ◽  
Camp Production ◽  
Protein Ratio ◽  
Muscle Section

Abstract We conducted three independent experiments to demonstrate functional G-coupled protein receptor 43 (GPR43) and GPR120 in bovine intramuscular (i.m.) and subcutaneous (s.c.) adipose tissues. We hypothesized that media volatile fatty acids and long-chain fatty acids would affect cAMP-activated protein kinase-alpha (AMPKα) protein expression and cAMP concentrations differently in i.m. and s.c. adipose tissue. Experiment 1: Oleic acid (18:1n-9) decreased phosphorylated AMPKα protein (p-AMPKα) and the p-AMPKα/AMPKα protein ratio in i.m. preadipocytes, increased the p-AMPKα/AMPKα protein ratio in bovine satellite cells, and had no effect in s.c. preadipocytes. Experment 2: Ex vivo explants from the 5 th-8 th longissimus thoracic rib muscle section of Angus crossbred steers were cultured 48 h in media containing 0.25 µM ciglitizone, 5 mM glucose, and 5 mM acetate, in the absence or presence of 100 µM oleic acid. Oleic acid increased acetate incorporation into fatty acids and GPR43 gene expression in i.m. adipose tissue (P &lt; 0.05), but oleic acid had no effect on fatty acid synthesis or GPR43 expression in s.c. adipose tissue. Experiment 3: Fresh s.c. and i.m. adipose tissue from the 5 th-8 th longissimus thoracic rib muscle section of Angus crossbred steers was transferred immediately to 6-well culture plates containing 3 mL of KHB/Hepes/5 mM glucose. Samples were pre-incubated with 0.5 mM theophylline plus 10 μM forskolin for 30 min, after which increasing concentrations of acetate or propionate (0, 10 -3, 10 -2.3, and 10 -3 M) in the absence or presence of 100 μM oleic acid or 100 µM palmitic acid (16:0) were added to the incubation media. Acetate had no effect on forskolin-stimulated cAMP production in s.c. adipose tissue but decreased cAMP in i.m. adipose tissue (P &lt; 0.05); this indicates a functional GPR43 receptor in i.m. adipose tissue. The combination of 10 -2 M acetate and oleic acid decrease cAMP production in s.c. adipose tissue, consistent with GPR120 receptor activity, but oleic acid and palmitic acid attenuated the depression of cAMP production caused by acetate in i.m. adipose tissue. Palmitic acid depressed cAMP production in s.c. adipose tissue, and increased cAMP production in i.m. adipose tissue (P &lt; 0.05). Propionate had no effect on cAMP production in s.c. or i.m. adipose tissue. These results provide evidence for functional GPR43 receptors in i.m. adipose tissue and GPR120 receptors in s.c. adipose tissue, both of which would suppress lipolysis.

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