European Models, Domestic Hesitance

Transfers ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 87-105
Author(s):  
Massimo Moraglio
Keyword(s):  
Automobile Industry ◽  
Driving Forces ◽  
Strong Support ◽  
Suitable Model ◽  
Surface Transport ◽  
Italian Experience ◽  
Car Culture ◽  
Renewal Program ◽  
Provincial Councils

Looking beyond motorways plans, this essay focuses on the role of the Italian "road" lobby in the 1920s in shaping the national transport policy. Contractors like Puricelli were the driving forces of surface transport modernization, with visionary plans but also facing a lack of sympathy by the automobile industry. Those programs were nevertheless carried out with the strong support of the Touring Club and provincial councils. In this context, it seems that the fascist dictatorship, with its hesitance, slowed—rather than hastened—road modernization. Only in 1928, feeding off the ideas of Puricelli and others, did the Mussolini government develop a proper road renewal program. Finally, framing the Italian experience in the European contexts, it emerges that despite the extreme success of American car culture, England is depicted as a more suitable model.

Chronic Pain: Fundamental Scientific Considerations, Specifically for Legal Claims

2013 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert J. Barth
Keyword(s):  
Health Outcomes ◽  
Pain Perception ◽  
Driving Forces ◽  
Psychological Treatment ◽  
Dominant Role ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
General Medicine ◽  
Pain Syndrome ◽  
Problematic Relationship

Abstract Scientific findings have indicated that psychological and social factors are the driving forces behind most chronic benign pain presentations, especially in a claim context, and are relevant to at least three of the AMA Guides publications: AMA Guides to Evaluation of Disease and Injury Causation, AMA Guides to Work Ability and Return to Work, and AMA Guides to the Evaluation of Permanent Impairment. The author reviews and summarizes studies that have identified the dominant role of financial, psychological, and other non–general medicine factors in patients who report low back pain. For example, one meta-analysis found that compensation results in an increase in pain perception and a reduction in the ability to benefit from medical and psychological treatment. Other studies have found a correlation between the level of compensation and health outcomes (greater compensation is associated with worse outcomes), and legal systems that discourage compensation for pain produce better health outcomes. One study found that, among persons with carpal tunnel syndrome, claimants had worse outcomes than nonclaimants despite receiving more treatment; another examined the problematic relationship between complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) and compensation and found that cases of CRPS are dominated by legal claims, a disparity that highlights the dominant role of compensation. Workers’ compensation claimants are almost never evaluated for personality disorders or mental illness. The article concludes with recommendations that evaluators can consider in individual cases.

Convergence of Corporate Governance Models

2004 ◽  
pp. 129-140 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Tretyakov
Keyword(s):  
Corporate Governance ◽  
Institutional Environment ◽  
Driving Forces ◽  
Commodity Markets ◽  
Legal Systems ◽  
National Institutions ◽  
Governance Models ◽  
Changing Role

The article focuses on the analysis of the process of convergence of outsider and insider models of corporate governance. Chief characteristics of basic and intermediate systems of corporate governance as well as the changing role of its main agents are under examination. Globalization of financial and commodity markets, convergence of legal systems, an open exchange of ideas and information are the driving forces of the convergence of basic systems of corporate governance. However the convergence does not imply the unification of institutional environment and national institutions of corporate governance.

The Incentives to, and Constraints upon, Product Innovation

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Stoneman ◽  
Eleonora Bartoloni ◽  
Maurizio Baussola
Keyword(s):  
Survey Data ◽  
Product Innovation ◽  
Product Space ◽  
Driving Forces ◽  
Product Line ◽  
Decision Uncertainty ◽  
Market Structures ◽  
Product Innovations

This chapter explores the factors that affect the firm’s decision to undertake product innovation. The discussion encompasses the driving forces that encourage product innovation, for example innovation by others or the ageing of an existing product line; however, the basic rationale is the search for profits. The chapter also addresses decisions about: the extent of innovation in general; horizontal and vertical product innovations separately; and the location of innovations in product space. The role of market structures in the product innovation decision, uncertainty in the innovating environment, and issues relating to emulation and copying are also addressed. Constraints to product innovation that survey data indicate are most important—innovation costs, risk and finance, and the availability of qualified labour—are also addressed.

scholarly journals Reconstitution in Proteoliposomes of the Recombinant Human Riboflavin Transporter 2 (SLC52A2) Overexpressed in E. coli

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (18) ◽  
pp. 4416 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lara Console ◽  
Maria Tolomeo ◽  
Matilde Colella ◽  
Maria Barile ◽  
Cesare Indiveri
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Amino Acids ◽  
Risk Factor ◽  
Biologically Active ◽  
Suitable Model ◽  
Native Protein ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Few Data ◽  
Riboflavin Transport

Background: the SLC52A2 gene encodes for the riboflavin transporter 2 (RFVT2). This transporter is ubiquitously expressed. It mediates the transport of Riboflavin across cell membranes. Riboflavin plays a crucial role in cells since its biologically active forms, FMN and FAD, are essential for the metabolism of carbohydrates, amino acids, and lipids. Mutation of the Riboflavin transporters is a risk factor for anemia, cancer, cardiovascular disease, neurodegeneration. Inborn mutations of SLC52A2 are associated with Brown-Vialetto-van Laere syndrome, a rare neurological disorder characterized by infancy onset. In spite of the important metabolic and physio/pathological role of this transporter few data are available on its function and regulation. Methods: the human recombinant RFVT2 has been overexpressed in E. coli, purified and reconstituted into proteoliposomes in order to characterize its activity following the [3H]Riboflavin transport. Results: the recombinant hRFVT2 showed a Km of 0.26 ± 0.07 µM and was inhibited by lumiflavin, FMN and Mg2+. The Riboflavin uptake was also regulated by Ca2+. The native protein extracted from fibroblast and reconstituted in proteoliposomes also showed inhibition by FMN and lumiflavin. Conclusions: proteoliposomes represent a suitable model to assay the RFVT2 function. It will be useful for screening the mutation of RFVT2.

Grain Boundary Segregation in Titanium Dioxide: Evaluation of Relative Driving Forces for Segregation

2002 ◽  
Vol 751 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qinglei Wang ◽  
Guoda D. Lian ◽  
Elizabeth C. Dickey
Keyword(s):  
Titanium Dioxide ◽  
Driving Forces ◽  
Boundary Segregation ◽  
Solute Segregation ◽  
Dielectric Behavior ◽  
Relative Role ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Fundamental Phenomenon ◽  
Versus Strain

ABSTRACTSolute segregation to grain boundaries is a fundamental phenomenon in polycrystalline metal-oxide electroceramics that has enormous implications for the macroscopic dielectric behavior of the materials. This paper presents a systematic study of solute segregation in a model dielectric, titanium dioxide. We investigate the relative role of the electrostatic versus strain energy driving forces for segregation by studying yttrium-doped specimens. Through analytical transmission electron microscopy studies, we quantitatively determine the segregation behavior of the material. The measured Gibbsian interfacial excesses are compared to thermodynamic predictions.

scholarly journals Role of Methylation in the Induced and Spontaneous Expression of the Avian Endogenous Virusev-1: DNA Structure and Gene Products

1982 ◽  
Vol 2 (6) ◽  
pp. 638-652 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kathleen F. Conklin ◽  
John M. Coffin ◽  
Harriet L. Robinson ◽  
Mark Groudine ◽  
Robert Eisenman
Keyword(s):  
Dna Methylation ◽  
Strong Support ◽  
Reverse Transcriptase Activity ◽  
Structural Defects ◽  
Long Terminal Repeats ◽  
Control Of Gene Expression ◽  
Rna Molecules ◽  
Hypersensitive Sites ◽  
High Level

The endogenous avian provirusev-1 is widespread in white leghorn chickens. Although it has no major structural defects,ev-1 has not been associated with any phenotype and is ordinarily expressed at a very low level. In this report, we describe a chicken embryo (Number 1836) cell culture containing bothev-1 andev-6 which spontaneously expressed theev-1 provirus. This culture released a high level of noninfectious virions containing a full complement of virion structural (gag) proteins but devoid of reverse transcriptase activity or antigen. These virions contained 70S RNA closely related to the genome of Rous-associated virus type 0, but identifiable as theev-1 genome by oligonucleotide mapping. A fraction of the RNA molecules in the 70S complex were unusual in that they were polyadenylated 100 to 200 nucleotides downstream of the usual polyadenylation site. Eight sibling embryo cultures did not share this unusual phenotype with 1836, indicating that it was not inherited. However, an identical phenotype was inducible in the sibling cultures by treatment with 5-azacytidine, an inhibitor of DNA methylation, and the induced expression was stable for more than 10 generations. Analysis of chromatin structure and DNA methylation of theev-1 provirus in 1836 cells revealed the presence (in a fraction of the proviruses) of both DNase I hypersensitive sites in the long terminal repeats and ingagand a pattern of cleavage sites for methyl-sensitive restriction endonuclease not found in a nonexpressing sibling. These results lend strong support to the role of DNA methylation in the control of gene expression. Additionally, they explain the lack of phenotype associated withev-1 as due to a combination of its low expression and defectiveness inpolandenv.

The institutional development of skills formation in Lithuania and Ukraine: Institutional settings, critical junctures and policy transfer

2021 ◽  
pp. 174549992110574
Author(s):  
Vidmantas Tūtlys ◽  
Daiva Bukantaitė ◽  
Sergii Melnyk ◽  
Aivaras Anužis
Keyword(s):  
Theoretical Approach ◽  
Driving Forces ◽  
Institutional Development ◽  
Policy Transfer ◽  
Historical Institutionalism ◽  
Policy Choices ◽  
Institutional Settings ◽  
Critical Junctures ◽  
The Eu

The paper compares the institutional development of skills formation in Lithuania and Ukraine by focusing on the implications of the post-communist transition and Europeanization and exploring the role of policy transfer. The research follows the theoretical approach of historical institutionalism and skills formation ecosystems. Despite similar critical junctures typical for the institutional development of skills formation in Lithuania and Ukraine within this timeframe, the existing differences of these development pathways can be explained by the different policy choices and different impacts of the institutional legacy. The main implication of integration with the EU for skills formation in Lithuania and Ukraine is related with enabling holistic and strategic institutional development of skills formation institutions. The paper concludes that policy transfer was one of the key driving forces and capacity-building sources in the development of skills formation institutions in both countries.

Concern about salient pathogen threats increases sensitivity to disgust

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shelby Boggs ◽  
Benjamin Ruisch ◽  
Russell Fazio
Keyword(s):  
Individual Difference ◽  
Political Ideology ◽  
Strong Support ◽  
Societal Implications ◽  
Intergroup Attitudes ◽  
Right Wing ◽  
Disgust Sensitivity ◽  
Local Ecology

Individuals vary substantially in their sensitivity to disgust—differences that have implications for intergroup attitudes, political ideology, and beyond. However, the source of this variability in disgust sensitivity remains a subject of debate. In this work, we test the hypothesis that sensitivity to disgust is "calibrated" by an individual's concern about disease threats in their local ecology. Leveraging the COVID-19 pandemic, we obtain strong support for this hypothesis, finding that disgust sensitivity increased following the COVID-19 outbreak and that the degree of this increase was moderated by an individual's subjective concern about contracting the disease. This work fills a longstanding theoretical gap regarding the sources of variability in disgust sensitivity, while challenging the view that disgust sensitivity is an immutable individual difference. Given the role of disgust in motivating intergroup prejudice and right-wing ideologies, we anticipate that these increases in disgust sensitivity are likely to have important downstream societal implications.

The Arts as a Polarized Issue and the Role of Political Trust in Promoting the Arts: Evidence From the United States

2021 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 85-97
Author(s):  
Lim Jae Young ◽  
Woo Harin
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
General Social Survey ◽  
Strong Support ◽  
Political Trust ◽  
The United States ◽  
Social Survey ◽  
The Arts ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Moderating Role

The arts in the United States, for a long time received strong support from both sides of the political aisle. However, in recent years, the arts have been transformed into a partisan issue that pits conservatives against liberals. The article points to the importance of political trust as a means of helping conservatives overcome their ideological inclinations and support the arts. Scholars argue that political trust influences more strongly individuals who perceive a given policy to be one that imposes ideological risks for them compared with those without such risks. Focusing on the moderating role of political trust, the article examines whether political trust can help alleviate the conservatives’ hostility to the arts. Relying on the 2016 General Social Survey, the article finds that conservatives have no direct relationship with arts spending, but they will be more likely to support arts spending when this is contingent upon political trust.

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