LES ENTREPRISES FRANÇAISES FACE AUX OCCUPANTS (1940–1944)

2019 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sébastien Durand
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
National Defense ◽  
Product Lines ◽  
Agricultural Producers ◽  
War Economy ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
French Economy ◽  
Vichy Regime ◽  
Economic Collaboration ◽  
Do So

Amid severe shortages of raw materials, labor, and transportation, companies in occupied France (1940–1944) sought alternative paths to what is commonly called “economic collaboration.” They worked to find substitute supplies, convert to new product lines, alter their manufacturing methods, and even adapt to the black market. But few businesses could avoid the question of whether to provide goods and services to the occupier. The opportunities to do so were widespread, though they varied according to occupation, economic branch, and the passage of time during the Occupation. The German occupiers thus benefited from the French economy. With decisive help from the Vichy regime, the occupiers managed to force, induce, or entice French enterprises into their war economy—be they large industries formerly mobilized for French national defense, small and medium-sized firms, or agricultural producers.

Labor's Part in War and Reconstruction

1941 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 217-231
Author(s):  
Marshall E. Dimock
Keyword(s):  
Assembly Line ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Organized Labor ◽  
National Defense ◽  
War Economy ◽  
Industrial Strength

Nothing is of greater importance to national defense than the morale of those who do the actual work, the men who pump the petroleum, roll the steel, build the ships and planes. An ounce more of spirit along the assembly line is worth more than a correspondingly higher percentage of armaments in a clash of troops. This is because modern wars are won by industrial strength, a fact that we are almost tired of hearing repeated, but the truth of which we are observing with every passing month of the present war.War industries require raw materials, trained leadership, and sufficient funds to support the costly effort. A nation needs all of these. But all depend for their success upon the efficiency and ardor of designers, foundrymen, and machinists. Do they put their minds and backs and hearts into their work? Or do they merely go through the motions?Organized labor may be fitted into a war economy in one of several ways. The workers can be virtually enslaved, as in Poland, and forced to labor with armed sentries standing over them. This method has never proved very efficient. Another way, which Hitler and Mussolini are using, is to appeal to the emotions of patriotism, to work men into a frenzy which must then be sustained.

The Taste of War: the Danish Collaborationism under the German Occupation in 1940—1945

Istoriya ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (7 (105)) ◽  
pp. 0
Author(s):  
Nikita Belukhin
Keyword(s):  
Second World War ◽  
Special Role ◽  
Efficient System ◽  
German Occupation ◽  
War Economy ◽  
Agricultural Exports ◽  
Economic Exploitation ◽  
Economic Collaboration ◽  
Second World ◽  
Consumption Control

The article deals with the phenomenon of the Danish economic collaboration during the German occupation of Denmark in 1940—1945. The occupation of Denmark is a unique case among other occupied European countries such as France, Belgium and the Netherlands during the Second World War where Germany openly pursued the policy of economic exploitation and introduced strict rationing practices. The peculiar “soft” conduct of the Danish occupation is mainly attributed to the special role Denmark’s agricultural exports played in the German war economy. Under the occupation the efficient system of production and food consumption control was devised in Denmark which met the interests and needs of both the Danish population and Germany’s economy. The article highlights the specific mechanisms of economic coordination between Denmark and the German occupation authorities within industry and agriculture, and reveals Denmark’s role in the German military and economic plans.

Analyzing taxpayer support for the Krasnodar Krai's agricultural sector

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (8) ◽  
pp. 1457-1476
Author(s):  
Valentina L. ZAZIMKO ◽  
Nadezhda V. SEDYKH
Keyword(s):  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Agricultural Products ◽  
Agricultural Producers ◽  
Krasnodar Krai ◽  
Correlation And Regression Analysis ◽  
Budget Support ◽  
The Government

Subject. This article analyzes the implementation of the government programme of the Krasnodar Krai, Development of Agriculture and Regulation of Markets for Agricultural Products, Raw Materials and Food. Objectives. The article aims to assess the measures of budget support for the agricultural sector of the Krasnodar Krai. Methods. For the study, we used a correlation and regression analysis of official statistics. Results. The article finds that the government programme of the Krasnodar Krai, Development of Agriculture and Regulation of Markets for Agricultural Products, Raw Materials and Food has a positive impact on the progress of production in the agriculture of the region, but it does not contribute to the growth of investment in the industry. Conclusions. It is necessary to move from targeted support for individual agricultural producers to the creation of a modern sectoral infrastructure.

Border Trade between Regions of Russia and Provinces of China

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (10) ◽  
pp. 103-116
Author(s):  
Natalya S. Epifanova ◽  
Vladimir N. Akulinin
Keyword(s):  
Manufacturing Industry ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Structural Development ◽  
Regional Economies ◽  
Russian Regions ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
Border Trade ◽  
Regions Of Russia

The purpose of this article is to study border trade in the regions of Russia and the provinces of China. It is shown that in recent years there have been negative trends in border trade, leading to its reduction. Therefore, Russian regions bordering with China should transform into separate objects of regional policy, while also forming a legislative framework for border interaction in all its main spheres: trade, humanitarian cooperation, science and education, and others. In border cooperation with China, special emphasis should be placed on cooperation in the innovation sphere, as well as on improving the quality of exported goods and services and promoting infrastructure projects. Border trade between the regions of Russia and China is built mainly on trade and export of labour resources from China to Russia, as well as China’s receipt of additional sales channels for the confidently growing sales markets for consumer goods and sources of raw materials and primary products. The interaction of Russian regions with neighbouring provinces on the border with China not only preserves the raw material orientation of these regions, but also hinders the development and strengthening of the manufacturing industry in the structure of their regional economies, since border interaction for Russian regions immobilizes those stages of value-added production observed in the very first stages. In general, for the Chinese provinces there is a similar problem associated with such exports to border regions that have common borders with Russia, which does not contribute to the diversification and structural development of the regional economies of the Chinese provinces. That is why building an effective mechanism for border interaction between Russia and China is a strategically important issue for both countries.

scholarly journals Nigerian Foreign Policy in a Globalising World: The Imperative of a Paradigm Shift

2015 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 55 ◽  
Author(s):  
EJITU N. OTA ◽  
Chinyere S. Ecoma
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
International Relations ◽  
Paradigm Shift ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Major Objective ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
Challenges And Opportunities ◽  
Developed World ◽  
Globalising World ◽  
East West

The end of East-West hostilities in 1991 brought to the fore of international relations, some issues that had hitherto either been ignored or trivialised. One of these is the phenomenon commonly referred to as globalisation, which is more or less a euphemism for westernisation. Like colonisation, globalisation is propelled not by any moral considerations or an abstract concept of humanitarianism, but by the more economic exigencies of finding reliable markets for the industrial goods and services of the developed world as well as ready sources of raw materials for the industries of the world’s major economic powers. For developing countries like Nigeria, where political leadership influences not only domestic policies but foreign policy as well, there is a compelling need to embrace the globalisation with cautious optimism. For one thing, globalisation is a powerful force for growth and development. For another, it is a process that presents both challenges and opportunities. Such opportunities, however, must be exploited against the background of a dynamic foreign policy that sees the welfare of Nigerians as its major objective.

scholarly journals PROSPECTS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF FOREIGN ECONOMIC ACTIVITY OF THE ENTERPRISES OF AGRARIAN AND INDUSTRIAL COMPLEX

2020 ◽  
pp. 146-159
Author(s):  
Antonina BROYAKA
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Trade ◽  
Economic Activity ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Price Volatility ◽  
Global Market ◽  
Positive Trend ◽  
Industrial Complex ◽  
Foreign Markets ◽  
Agricultural Producers ◽  
Safety Standards

The article examines the essence of foreign economic activity of enterprises, the features and prospects of its implementation in the field of agrarian and industrial complex. Based on the conducted analysis, it is proved that agrarian export of Ukraine plays a significant role in the formation of the budget and GDP of the country, since its share in 2018 was 14.2% of GDP and 33.4% of the total national exports of goods. The dynamics of export-import operations of the agrarian sector is explored and it is found that it demonstrates a positive trend in contrast to the general foreign trade balance of Ukraine. The analysis of the agrarian exports structure in 2010-2019 confirms the growth of the share of the majority of agrarian products types sold abroad. However, Ukrainian exports are mainly oriented towards raw materials, which, among other reasons, is associated with technological backwardness and the limited ability of domestic agricultural producers to purchase modern equipment and technologies due to theirs low solvency. The commodity orientation of Ukrainian exports makes the competitive position of Ukraine in foreign markets vulnerable, since the demand for commodities is unstable and is characterized by significant price volatility. The geographical structure of foreign trade in agrarian products and the possibilities of its further diversification are investigated. The majority of Ukrainian products in Europe are purchased in Poland, Italy and Germany. Significant connoisseurs of Ukrainian products are also Turkey, China, India, Egypt. Ukrainian exports should be expanded to Asian and Eastern countries. The key problems that put the brakes on the development of the foreign economic activity of the enterprises of agrarian and industrial complex and hinder the competitiveness increase of domestic agrarian products in the international market are identified. A number of measures are proposed to promote the further development of the foreign economic activity of the enterprises of agrarian and industrial complex, including the development of appropriate strategies taking into account global market trends, harmonization and compliance with the quality and safety standards of agrarian products, improving the innovative component, strengthening state support (including financial) of the export-oriented agrarian enterprises, improving the investment climate, and more.

scholarly journals Chinese Investments in Brazil: Economic Diplomacy in Bilateral Relations

2021 ◽  
Vol 43 (3) ◽  
pp. 541-564
Author(s):  
Virginia Soledad Busilli ◽  
María Belén Jaime
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Development Strategy ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Republic Of China ◽  
Trade Relations ◽  
Economic Diplomacy ◽  
Economic Development Strategy ◽  
Bilateral Relations ◽  
Chinese Foreign Direct Investment ◽  
Do So

Abstract The People’s Republic of China has consolidated its status as a great power and strengthened its presence in different regions of the planet. In accordance with its economic development strategy, Beijing’s growing bond with Latin America is part of China’s need to guarantee access to raw materials and energy resources. In this framework and through economic diplomacy, China has strengthened its trade relations, as well as loans and investments in most of the region’s countries.Brazil is an example of this relationship pattern, as one of China’s most important partners and top investment destination in Latin America. It became Beijing’s top commercial partner in 2012. This paper will analyse the composition and evolution of Chinese foreign direct investment (FDI) in Brazil between the years of 2004 and 2020. In order to do so, we will study the main projects carried out by the country, as well as the characteristics of the Chinese companies (state or non-state) that participated in the process, in order to understand their most important features. Likewise, we will analyse the articulation of the Chinese FDI with its trade flows. We will start from the premise that Chinese investments in Brazil are directly linked to Beijing’s strategic interests, while at the same time guided by market logics that try to maximise profits. In this vein, within the framework of the ‘going out strategy’,state companies play a fundamental role.

High-tech export of the Russian Federation: current state and key trends

2021 ◽  
pp. 679-691
Author(s):  
Natalya Jurievna Rodigina ◽  
Liudmila Anatolievna Obuhovskaya ◽  
Oxana Eduardovna Kirtoake
Keyword(s):  
Russian Federation ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
High Technology ◽  
Machine Building ◽  
High Tech ◽  
Business Climate ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
Consulting Services ◽  
Technology Services ◽  
The Russian Federation

Nowadays countries are focused on the development of high-techology industries, which will allow them to increase their competitiveness. However, Russia specializes in the export of raw materials and goods with a low degree of processing. In this regard, one of the key aims of Russia is to develop high-technoligy production and expand its presence in the markets of goods with a high degree of processing. The abstract reveals the export of high-technology goods and services. The article analyzes position of the Russian Federation in the world market of high-technology goods and services. Russia specializes in the export of such high-technology goods as aerospace production, nuclear technologies and weapons. Russia specializes in the export of such high-technology services as telecommunications, computer and information services, professional and consulting services, engineering services, services in technical fields and in the field of architecture. Special attention is paid to the promising directions of high-technology exports, the importers of Russian high-technology products and trends in exports and imports of high-technology goods as well as trends in exports of high-technology services. For example, Russia should develop exports of such high-technology goods as jet engines, nuclear reactors and their components, fuel rods, nuclear technologies and weapons. The most promising export directions from the machine-building industry are vehicles and equipment production. Russia should focus on the export of such high-technology services as information, telecommunications, computers, professional and consulting services. To stimulate the export of these services, it is necessary to create a favorable business climate in Russia, eliminate the shortage of specialists in the field of ICT, as well as improve the quality of their training.

The “Poor” in Ancient Israel – and in Contemporary African Biblical Studies

2016 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 209-221
Author(s):  
Knut Holter
Keyword(s):  
Human Dignity ◽  
Practical Theology ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Academic Discipline ◽  
Biblical Studies ◽  
Systematic Theology ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Ancient Israel ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Do So

The academic discipline of biblical studies experiences an increasing tendency to engage in burning issues of our own time. The contemporary globalization of the subject – with more and stronger exponents outside its traditional Western habitat – challenges a discipline that used to be defined as a purely historical enterprise whose only purpose was that of providing textual and historical raw materials for others, such as the supposedly “real” theologians of systematic theology, practical theology, or missiology. Using examples provided by African biblical scholars who interpret biblical concepts of poverty, the article argues that the academic discipline of biblical studies has a mandate to participate in the current struggle for justice and human dignity, and to do so with its particular insights and tools vis-à-vis the biblical texts.

scholarly journals “Unable to Determine”: Limits to Metrical Governance in Agricultural Supply chains

2019 ◽  
Vol 45 (4) ◽  
pp. 738-760 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susanne Freidberg
Keyword(s):  
Supply Chains ◽  
Food Industry ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Farm Sustainability ◽  
On Farm ◽  
Do So ◽  
Agricultural Supply

Metrics have long served as tools for governing at a distance. In the food industry, major manufacturers have embraced metrics as tools to govern the sustainability of the farms producing their commodity raw materials. This metrical turn has been influenced but also complicated by agricultural datafication, that is, the increasing quantities of data generated on and about farms. Despite the sheer abundance of data that companies might use to measure and drive improvement in on-farm sustainability, they have struggled to collect data suitable for such purposes. Attention to the different kinds of distance and diversity across which metrics are supposed to govern suggests reasons why they may fail to do so, even when wielded by otherwise powerful corporations.

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