scholarly journals PRZYIMKI JAKO ZNACZNIKI RÓŻNYCH KONCEPTUALIZACJI: ANALIZA ZAGADNIENIA NA PRZYKŁADZIE JĘZYKA WŁOSKIEGO

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (XIX) ◽  
pp. 135-145
Author(s):  
Katarzyna Kwapisz-Osadnik
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Grammar ◽  
Cognitive Schema ◽  
Conceptual Schema ◽  
Relational Schemas ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Mutual Distribution

This article is devoted to the uses of different Italian prepositions in expressionsdescribing the same fragment of reality, as exemplified by: una ragazza dai capellirossi and con una ragazza (i) capelli rossi, both referring to a red-haired girl. Situatingthe research in the field of Cognitive Grammar by R. Langacker (the relation betweena trajector and a landmark) and based on the conception of pre-cognitive schema, thefollowing hypotheses were verified: 1. preposition, as a relational category, reconstructsin a sentence the relation between the trajector and the landmark; 2. preposition, asa localistic category, illustrates the spatial and/or temporal mutual distribution of thetrajector and the landmark; 3. the ordering of the trajector and the landmark doesnot necessarily reflect the order of perceived elements: the element expressed aftera preposition can be a starting point to the perception of a scene; 4. differences inthe choice of prepositions express different ways to conceptualize the same fragmentof reality; 5. prototypical uses of prepositions refer to relational schemas and localisticpre-conceptual schema; 6.there exist asemantic uses of prepositions, as indicatedby language users’ preferences; 7. each preposition has its own semantic invariant.

scholarly journals Obserwator i jego pozycja w opowiadaniu Tadeusza Borowskiego „Odwiedziny”

LingVaria ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (28) ◽  
Author(s):  
Łukasz Wnuk
Keyword(s):  
Short Story ◽  
Full Text ◽  
Cognitive Linguistics ◽  
Vantage Point ◽  
Cognitive Grammar ◽  
Main Character ◽  
Main Argument ◽  
The Third ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Literary Output

The Observer and His Position in Tadeusz Borowski’s Short Story Odwiedziny (‘The Visit’) The article is an analysis of Tadeusz Borowski’s short story Odwiedziny (‘The visit’). It focuses on linguistic and narrative devices through which the speaker influences the recipient’s perception, and so shapes the reading of his work. The first part is introductory, it presents the goals of the paper. The next part recalls the most important existing interpretations, both of Borowski’s literary output as a whole, and of the text at hand. They form the starting point to an analysis of the position of the character-narrator with regard to the events he is describing, and to the relation between the author, the narrator, and the main character of the story. These considerations constitute the third part of the present paper. It begins with a citation of the full text of the story, and is followed by the main argument announced in the title which refers to Ronald Langacker’s cognitive grammar and takes into special consideration such notions as scene, current discourse space, and vantage point. The closing part of the paper contains conclusions, contrasted with the theses put forward in the context of Borowski’s work, as well as suggestions of possible directions of further analysis of the story within the framework of cognitive linguistics.

Review of Szawerna (2007): A Corpus-Based Study of Nominalizations Predicated by English Deverbal Nouns In -tion

2021 ◽  
pp. 132-137
Author(s):  
Liesbet Heyvaert
Keyword(s):  
Traditional Approach ◽  
Cognitive Grammar ◽  
Discourse Context ◽  
Word Level ◽  
Starting Point

In A Corpus-Based Study of Nominalizations Predicated by English Deverbal Nouns in -tion, Michal Szawerna presents the results of his PhD research on -tion nominalizations. Szawerna’s approach is couched in the Cognitive Grammar framework as developed primarily by Langacker (1987 and 1991) and fits in with the traditional approach to nominalization in that it is essentially word-based (i.e. it focuses on the word level rather than on the nominalized NP as a whole or the discourse context in which it functions). As in most traditional analyses of nominalization, Szawerna takes the lexical-descriptive and aspectual properties of the base verb as starting point (described in cognitive terms) and then attempts to capture the distinct ‘profiles’ of the derivations in -tion in a schematic network of interrelated meanings. Since there are relatively few publications that have nominalizations as their sole focus (other monographs on nominalization are Marchand 1969; Heyvaert 2003; Nordrum 2007) and even fewer that consider derived nouns in -ion, Szawerna’s book is a welcome addition to the literature. Unfortunately, the carefulness with which the author tackles the issue is obscured by the book’s heavy-going style, long-winded explanations, repetitions and extensive use of abbreviations and cognitive terminology. The overall structure of the book, with only three chapters, two of which take up more than 100 pages, moreover makes for hard reading. Those willing to work their way through it, however, will find a rich overview of subtypes of -ion nominalizations and a serious attempt to map out the semantic intricacies of the -ion nominalization system.

Conceptualizations of time in French depuis ‘since, for’ constructions

2018 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 163-195
Author(s):  
James Law
Keyword(s):  
Fourteenth Century ◽  
Cognitive Grammar ◽  
Corpus Study ◽  
Temporal Duration ◽  
The Past ◽  
Pragmatic Analysis ◽  
Starting Point

AbstractThe two most common constructions with the French preposition depuis ‘since, for’ represent alternate temporal conceptualizations of events. The temporal point (tp) construction situates events with respect to a starting point in the past from which mental scanning tracks to the present. The temporal duration (td) construction situates events by reference to their duration. Adoption of the Cognitive Grammar framework leads to the insight that all other depuis constructions are variations of the tp construction, while the td construction is distinct in its construal of situations. This corpus study gives an account of how the td construction developed as an extension of the tp construction starting in the fourteenth century, as well as a pragmatic analysis of the contexts that favor use of the td construction in modern French. The findings show that the td construction is nearly always used to emphasize duration for some communicative purpose.

scholarly journals Spoken language usage events

2015 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 499-514 ◽  
Author(s):  
ALAN CIENKI
Keyword(s):  
Spoken Language ◽  
Written Language ◽  
Linguistic Meaning ◽  
Cognitive Grammar ◽  
Language Usage ◽  
Conceptual Content ◽  
Language Structure ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Linguistic Units

abstractAs an explicitly usage-based model of language structure (Barlow & Kemmer, 2000), cognitive grammar draws on the notion of ‘usage events’ of language as the starting point from which linguistic units are schematized by language users. To be true to this claim for spoken languages, phenomena such as non-lexical sounds, intonation patterns, and certain uses of gesture should be taken into account to the degree to which they constitute the phonological pole of signs, paired in entrenched ways with conceptual content. Following through on this view of usage events also means realizing the gradable nature of signs. In addition, taking linguistic meaning as consisting of not only conceptual content but also a particular way of construing that content (Langacker, 2008, p. 43), we find that the forms of expression mentioned above play a prominent role in highlighting the ways in which speakers construe what they are talking about, in terms of different degrees of specificity, focusing, prominence, and perspective. Viewed in this way, usage events of spoken language are quite different in nature from those of written language, a point which highlights the need for differentiated accounts of the grammar of these two forms of expression taken by many languages.

scholarly journals Wybrane somatyzmy z komponentem oko w języku młodzieży szkolnej

2005 ◽  
pp. 119-133
Author(s):  
Małgorzata Święcicka ◽  
Eliza Tarary
Keyword(s):  
Young People ◽  
Semantic Analysis ◽  
Cognitive Grammar ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Dictionary Definitions

This article is an attempt at showing the ways of functioning of selected phrases in the language of young people. This analysis covers student’s interpretations of somatisms with the EYE component (to pull the wool over somebody’s eyes, eyeball to eyeball, to have blinders on, to be the apple of somebody’s eye, somebody’s eyes popped). With the use of the principles of cognitive grammar, semantic structures of these phrases have been constructed. Dictionary definitions are the starting point for the assessment of the ways of understanding the meaning. Owing to the semantic analysis, the following interpretations of meanings have been specified: concretizations, generalizations, asemantizations, dephraseologizations, defining one phrase with the use of another one (not always semantically identical).

How far out is ‘out’? On the grammatical functions of the Estonianvälja‘out’

2013 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 375-408
Author(s):  
Tuomas Huumo ◽  
Kersten Lehismets
Keyword(s):  
Three Dimensional ◽  
The Other ◽  
Initial Configuration ◽  
Cognitive Grammar ◽  
Cognitive State ◽  
Perfective Aspect ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Change Of State ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Grammatical Functions

AbstractAmong the typologically agglutinative Finno-Ugric languages, Estonian is in many ways exceptional since it has developed a long way towards the analytic type. One indicator of this is the extensive use of particles and adverbs to indicate grammatical relations such as aspect. Our paper discusses, in a Cognitive Grammar framework, the grammatical functions of the adverbvälja‘out’, which is originally an illative (‘into’) case form of the lexical nounväli‘field’. Our study shows how the meanings evolve along a continuum from concrete senses to more abstract ones, and we set out to find motivations for the development. The formväljahas developed numerous usages as an adverb and a verb particle. Its concrete spatial meaning is that of indicating a relation where a mover exits a (typically three-dimensional) container and moves from its inside to its outside. The abstract functions of this multi-functional gram include the following ones: 1) a change in the cognitive state of an animate participant (e.g., as the result of acquiring information), 2) changes-of-state metaphorically represented as motion out of a container, 3) terminative direction or distance (‘all the way to X’) and 4) perfective aspect. We argue that a crucial factor in the development of these functions is the placement of the conceptualizer's viewpoint either inside or outside the container which the mover exits. A viewpoint outside the container means that in the initial configuration the mover is hidden from the conceptualizer's view, and when exiting the container it becomes accessible to the conceptualizer. This meaning motivates abstract functions whereväljaindicates incipient availability or accessibility of the mover. On the other hand, a viewpoint situated inside the container results in the meaning where the mover (that exits the container) escapes from the conceptualizer's view, or, in abstract expressions, its cognitive dominion. This motivates the use of the gram in many expressions of a change of state, and in particular builds a link to its aspectual functions where it indicates the spatiotemporal extent of an event or an entity by measuring the distance from the starting point of such (concrete or metaphorical) motion.

The Tool Noun and Tool Verb Alternation in Gesture

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Suwei Wu
Keyword(s):  
Spoken Language ◽  
Cognitive Grammar ◽  
Grammatical Categories ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Do So

Abstract In recent years, increasing attention has been devoted to investigating what aspects of grammar in spoken language are coordinated with gesture. However, previous studies have focused on gesture use in relation to other grammatical categories rather than the basic grammatical categories of nouns and verbs. Against this background, this study, taking the tool noun and tool verb alternation as a starting point, considers to what extent gesture relates to the tool frame and to what extent it relates to the choice of nouns or verbs and accordingly the means of construal afforded by nouns and verbs. It is found that the number of gestures produced and the dominant gesture mode are largely dependent on the tool frame, but some other aspects in gesture do vary depending on the choice of nouns or verbs in speech, and these differences in gesture seem to correlate with the difference between how speakers conceptualize nouns and verbs, as hypothesized in the theory of cognitive grammar: nouns profile THINGS while verbs profile PROCESSES. This finding adds to previous studies about which aspects of grammar relate to gesture and how they do so, thereby furthering our understanding of the integrated nature of speech and gesture.

scholarly journals COGNITIVE-PRAGMATIC APPROACH TO CATEGORIZATION: THEORY OF ROBERT MACLAURY

2021 ◽  
pp. 94-100
Author(s):  
Lyubymova S.A.
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Linguistics ◽  
Explanatory Power ◽  
Space Time ◽  
Cognitive Grammar ◽  
Primitive People ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
American Media ◽  
Fixed Space ◽  
Categorization Model

The purpose of the article is to determine the principles of Robert MacLaury’s Vantage Theory and to review its application in various linguistic studies.Methods, used in the paper, include analysis and description, the application of which was conditioned by the task to distinguish the main tenets of the Vantage Theory and to present experience of its application in various linguistic studies. Results. A groundbreaking theory of R. MacLaury has overcome the lack of explanatory power of cognitive grammar and the prototype theory. The starting point of the Vantage Theory is the recognition that categorization takes place on analogy of human’s orientation on terrain with regard to movement. Adapted by primitive people for information processing, the cognitive mechanism of orientation in space and time is deeply rooted in human consciousness. Any category appears in comparison with images or other types of discrete ideas that correspond to fixed space-time coordinates to which observer’s attention is drawn while detecting similarities and differences in the object of perception. The categorization model consists of three levels, which correspond to a pair of fixed and variable coordinates. A person can focus on only one pair of coordinates at a time, others are stored in memory as proven facts, which become a prerequisite for inference and an integral part of the categorization model. Apart from numerous works on colour semantics, the theory is applied to address a wide range of issues in sociolinguistic studies, discourse analysis, cognitive grammar, etc. The theory is also applicable in the study of verbalized sociocultural stereotypes. The author of the article uses the Vantage Theory in the cognitive-linguistics study of sociocultural stereotypes in American media discourse. As verbalized, conventionally evaluative patterns of social groups, sociocultural stereotypes are formed in comparison with the ethical, behavioural, and aesthetic standards of American culture that act as fixed coordinates of mental space.Conclusions. The Vantage Theory of Robert MacLaury is a further step in the development of cognitive linguistics. The universality of this theory lies in its ability to explain many linguistic facts and therefore it can be applied in the study of a wide range of issues related to the linguistic representation of knowledge, such as concepts and stereotypes, which are categories of a verbalized picture of the world.Key words: vantage theory, categorization, space-time orientation, perspectivization, sociocultural stereotype. Мета статті полягає у визначенні основних положень теорії побудови перспектив Роберта Маклорі та огляді її застосування у лінгвістичних студіях різної спрямованості.Методи дослідження включають аналіз та опис, застосування яких зумовлене завданням виділити окремі положення, представити складну для розуміння теорію, виявити можливості її пристосування для різних дослідницьких цілей у лінгвістичних дослідженнях.Результати. Вихідним положенням цієї теорії є визнання того, що категоризація проходить за глибоко вкоріненою в людську свідомість аналогією орієнтації людини на місцевості з урахуванням руху. Категорії виникають у процесі пізнавальної взаємодії з фіксованими та змінними координатами, які створюють різні перспективи, аналогічні тим, що люди використо-вують для орієнтації у фізичному просторі. Будь-яка категорія формується у зрівнянні з визначеними образами чи іншими видами дискретних ідей, при цьому увага людини фіксується на подібності та різниці до встановлених образів. Модель категоризації складається з трьох рівнів, що співвідносяться з парою фіксованої і змінної координати. Людина може концентрувати увагу тільки на одній парі координат, інші зберігаються в пам’яті як доведені факти, які стають передумовою умовиводів та невід’ємною частиною категоризаційної моделі. Теорія успішно використовується у дослідженнях дискурсу, лексичній семантиці, у соціолінгвістиці та когнітивній граматиці. Автор статті використає теорію Маклорі у лінгвокогнітивному дослідженні соціокультурних стереотипів американського медіадискурсу. Як вербалізовані конвенційно-оцінні зразки соціальних груп, соціокультурні стереотипи формуються у зрівнянні з етичними, поведінковими та естетичними стандартами американської культури, що діють як фіксовані координати ментального простору.Висновки. Теорія Маклорі є подальшим кроком у розвитку когнітивної лінгвістики. Універсальність цієї теорії полягає в тому, що вона може бути застосована у дослідженнях широкого кола питань, що стосуються мовної репрезентації знання у вербалізованих концептах та стереотипах як категоріях мовленнєвої картини світу.Ключові слова: теорія побудови перспектив, просторово-часова орієнтація, фіксовані і змінні координати, перспективізація, вербалізований соціокультурний стереотип.

Crystal structure images of large gold clusters and growing crystals by HRTEM

1984 ◽  
Vol 42 ◽  
pp. 428-429
Author(s):  
L.R. Wallenberg ◽  
J.-O. Bovin ◽  
G. Schmid
Keyword(s):  
Crystal Structure ◽  
Nucleation And Growth ◽  
Close Packing ◽  
Gold Clusters ◽  
Molecular Weight Determination ◽  
Growth Mechanisms ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Nucleation And Growth Mechanisms ◽  
Points Of View

Metallic clusters are interesting from various points of view, e.g. as a mean of spreading expensive catalysts on a support, or following heterogeneous and homogeneous catalytic events. It is also possible to study nucleation and growth mechanisms for crystals with the cluster as known starting point.Gold-clusters containing 55 atoms were manufactured by reducing (C6H5)3PAuCl with B2H6 in benzene. The chemical composition was found to be Au9.2[P(C6H5)3]2Cl. Molecular-weight determination by means of an ultracentrifuge gave the formula Au55[P(C6H5)3]Cl6 A model was proposed from Mössbauer spectra by Schmid et al. with cubic close-packing of the 55 gold atoms in a cubeoctahedron as shown in Fig 1. The cluster is almost completely isolated from the surroundings by the twelve triphenylphosphane groups situated in each corner, and the chlorine atoms on the centre of the 3x3 square surfaces. This gives four groups of gold atoms, depending on the different types of surrounding.

Two isoprenylated flavonoids from Dorstenia psilurus activate AMPK, stimulate glucose uptake, inhibit glucose production and lower glycemia

2019 ◽  
Vol 476 (24) ◽  
pp. 3687-3704 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aphrodite T. Choumessi ◽  
Manuel Johanns ◽  
Claire Beaufay ◽  
Marie-France Herent ◽  
Vincent Stroobant ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Glucose Uptake ◽  
Human Cancer ◽  
Glucose Production ◽  
Liver Mitochondria ◽  
New Drugs ◽  
Structural Isomer ◽  
Rat Liver Mitochondria ◽  
Ionization Mass ◽  
Ampk Activation ◽  
Starting Point

Root extracts of a Cameroon medicinal plant, Dorstenia psilurus, were purified by screening for AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activation in incubated mouse embryo fibroblasts (MEFs). Two isoprenylated flavones that activated AMPK were isolated. Compound 1 was identified as artelasticin by high-resolution electrospray ionization mass spectrometry and 2D-NMR while its structural isomer, compound 2, was isolated for the first time and differed only by the position of one double bond on one isoprenyl substituent. Treatment of MEFs with purified compound 1 or compound 2 led to rapid and robust AMPK activation at low micromolar concentrations and increased the intracellular AMP:ATP ratio. In oxygen consumption experiments on isolated rat liver mitochondria, compound 1 and compound 2 inhibited complex II of the electron transport chain and in freeze–thawed mitochondria succinate dehydrogenase was inhibited. In incubated rat skeletal muscles, both compounds activated AMPK and stimulated glucose uptake. Moreover, these effects were lost in muscles pre-incubated with AMPK inhibitor SBI-0206965, suggesting AMPK dependency. Incubation of mouse hepatocytes with compound 1 or compound 2 led to AMPK activation, but glucose production was decreased in hepatocytes from both wild-type and AMPKβ1−/− mice, suggesting that this effect was not AMPK-dependent. However, when administered intraperitoneally to high-fat diet-induced insulin-resistant mice, compound 1 and compound 2 had blood glucose-lowering effects. In addition, compound 1 and compound 2 reduced the viability of several human cancer cells in culture. The flavonoids we have identified could be a starting point for the development of new drugs to treat type 2 diabetes.

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