Medical Therapeutics Derived from Leeches (Phy. Annelida; Cl. Hirudinea)

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher Everett Warren Clarke
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Heart Attack ◽  
Blood Feeding ◽  
Vascular Trauma ◽  
Biological Molecules ◽  
Future Treatment ◽  
Medical Therapeutics

Of all blood feeding invertebrates, few are more notorious than leeches. Throughout their existence as ectoparasites, leeches have evolved to release biological molecules in their saliva that act to counter the responses of the prey’s body to vascular trauma. Inadvertently, these very molecules have been used by humans for centuries for medicinal purposes; however, it is only recently that their cellular action has been elucidated. As a result, these compounds have been isolated and mass produced to treat a wide variety of conditions ranging from heart attack to Alzheimer’s disease and continued work suggests that these isolates will be an important future treatment for metastasis.

Does Diabetes Protect or Provoke Alzheimer's Disease? Insights Into the Pathobiology and Future Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease

CNS Spectrums ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 8 (11) ◽  
pp. 815-822 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hillel Grossman
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Neurofibrillary Tangle ◽  
Insulin Degrading Enzyme ◽  
Future Treatment ◽  
Epidemiologic Evidence ◽  
Insulin Dysregulation ◽  
Glycation End Products ◽  
The Brain

ABSTRACTDiabetes mellitus has long been considered a risk factor for the development of vascular dementia. Epidemiologic evidence has suggested that diabetes mellitus significantly increases risk for the development of Alzheimer's disease, independent of vascular risk factors. As insulin's role as a neuromodulator in the brain has been described, its significance for AD has also emerged. Insulin dysregulation may contribute to AD pathology through several mechanisms including decreased cortical glucose utilization particularly in the hippocampus and entorhinal cortex; increased oxidative stress through the formation of advanced glycation end-products; increased Tau phosphorylation and neurofibrillary tangle formation; increased β-amyloid aggregation through inhibition of insulin-degrading enzyme. Future treatment of AD might involve pharmacologic and dietary manipulations of insulin and glucose regulation.

Insulin and the Future Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease

2016 ◽  
Vol 15 (6) ◽  
pp. 660-664
Author(s):  
Roberta Semprini ◽  
Giacomo Koch ◽  
Lorena Belli ◽  
Francesco D. Lorenzo ◽  
Mauro Ragonese ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Future Treatment ◽  
The Future

scholarly journals Target Enzymes Considered for the Treatment of Alzheimer’s Disease and Parkinson’s Disease

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
Namdoo Kim ◽  
Hyuck Jin Lee
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Parkinson’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Parkinson's Disease ◽  
Amyloid Β ◽  
Biological Molecules ◽  
Insulin Degrading Enzyme ◽  
Multiple Risk Factors ◽  
Amyloidogenic Proteins ◽  
Chemical Agents

Various amyloidogenic proteins have been suggested to be involved in the onset and progression of neurodegenerative diseases (ND) such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and Parkinson’s disease (PD). Particularly, the aggregation of misfolded amyloid-β and hyperphosphorylated tau and α-synuclein are linked to the pathogenesis of AD and PD, respectively. In order to care the diseases, multiple small molecules have been developed to regulate the aggregation pathways of these amyloid proteins. In addition to controlling the aggregation of amyloidogenic proteins, maintaining the levels of the proteins in the brain by amyloid degrading enzymes (ADE; neprilysin (NEP), insulin-degrading enzyme (IDE), asparagine endopeptidase (AEP), and ADAM10) is also essential to cure AD and PD. Therefore, numerous biological molecules and chemical agents have been investigated as either inducer or inhibitor against the levels and activities of ADE. Although the side effect of enhancing the activity of ADE could occur, the removal of amyloidogenic proteins could result in a relatively good strategy to treat AD and PD. Furthermore, since the causes of ND are diverse, various multifunctional (multitarget) chemical agents have been designed to control the actions of multiple risk factors of ND, including amyloidogenic proteins, metal ions, and reactive oxygen species. Many of them, however, were invented without considerations of regulating ADE levels and actions. Incorporation of previously created molecules with the chemical agents handling ADE could be a promising way to treat AD and PD. This review introduces the ADE and molecules capable of modulating the activity and expression of ADE.

scholarly journals Ethnic Differences in Perceptions of Alzheimer’s Disease

2014 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 71-82
Author(s):  
Charles Van Liew ◽  
Jennalee S. Wooldridge ◽  
Dhwani J. Kothari ◽  
Terry A. Cronan
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Hip Fracture ◽  
Ethnic Differences ◽  
Heart Attack ◽  
Pacific Islander ◽  
Cognitive State ◽  
Close Family Member ◽  
Asian Pacific Islander ◽  
Asian Pacific

Purpose: To examine ethnic differences in ratings of 1) condition severity, 2) need for medical assistance, and 3) likelihood of hiring a Healthcare Advocate (HCA) for an ill, elderly parent as a function of 1) parent’s cognitive state (Alzheimer’s disease [AD] or cognitively healthy), 2) parent’s physical malady (hip fracture or heart attack), and 3) distance (near or far from the parent), with an emphasis on the interaction between ethnicity and cognitive state. Method: Nine-hundred-seventy-four individuals who identified as White, Black, Hispanic, or Asian/Pacific Islander read a hypothetical vignette about an older man. The man’s physical malady (heart attack or hip fracture), cognitive state (AD or no AD), and physical distance from a close family member were manipulated in the vignette. Participants rated the severity of the medical condition and their likelihood of hiring an HCA. Results: Black and Asian/Pacific Islander participants did not differ from White participants on any outcomes. Unlike White participants, Hispanic participants did not rate the older man’s condition as more severe and were not more likely to seek assistance when he had AD than when he was cognitively healthy. Conclusion: Ethnic differences in perceptions of AD may be less extensive than previously thought. The medical severity of AD did not appear to be recognized among the Hispanic participants in our sample, suggesting that culturallysensitive AD education may be particularly important in this subgroup.

From Bitopic Inhibitors to Multitarget Drugs for the Future Treatment of Alzheimer’s Disease

2015 ◽  
Vol 22 (33) ◽  
pp. 3789-3806 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Perez ◽  
Ana Martinez ◽  
Carmen Gil ◽  
Nuria Campillo
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Future Treatment ◽  
The Future

scholarly journals Chronicles of Alzheimer’s Disease: A Medicinal & Therapeutic Overview in Bangladeshi Aspect

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
D. S. Kadir ◽  
G. M. Sadik
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Modern Technology ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Expert Opinions ◽  
Research Activities ◽  
Number Of Patients ◽  
Ultimate Outcome ◽  
Medical Therapeutics ◽  
Disease Present

Nervous system and Neurological disorder sounds like a deep-sea of neurobiological harmony, reflecting a glorious bond and symbolizing a deep sign of interrelated linkages. Neurodegenerative diseases especially; Alzheimer’s disease is a widely renowned disorder with a larger scope of research opportunities. Nowadays, there are an abundance of research activities been carried out on this specific topic. It’s quite frightening to witness the ultimate outcome of Alzheimer’s disease sometimes which can turn out to be the deaths of the patients. In our data analytical program, we have emphasized on Alzheimer’s disease present therapeutic condition in Bangladesh, where in recent times this disorder has transformed into a household scenario. A handful number of patients been analysed through the regular observations based on their previous therapeutic history, expert opinions of scientists and physicians, as well as a smartly organized collection of medicinal and therapeutic information’s been used in order to estimate and indicate an up to dated circumstance of Alzheimer’s disease in Bangladesh. However, it’s a matter of concern that even with the development of modern technology, this age-old innocence of the inability to treat such a class of apocalypse has raised a finger at the capability of civilized human beings. Here, we have also focused on the in-general medical therapeutics of Alzheimer’s disease from which we are able to formulate a portfolio on the medicinal agents used in Bangladesh. Additionally, a data graphic is provided to figure out an estimated analysis of the approximate number of Alzheimer’s disease affected patients in Bangladesh. 

Cognitive control constrains memory attributions

2019 ◽  
Vol 42 ◽  
Author(s):  
Colleen M. Kelley ◽  
Larry L. Jacoby
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Older Adults ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Traumatic Brain Injury ◽  
Brain Injury ◽  
Cognitive Control

Abstract Cognitive control constrains retrieval processing and so restricts what comes to mind as input to the attribution system. We review evidence that older adults, patients with Alzheimer's disease, and people with traumatic brain injury exert less cognitive control during retrieval, and so are susceptible to memory misattributions in the form of dramatic levels of false remembering.

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