Progress of Seismic Design of Bridges and Future Direction － 25 Years since the 1995 Kobe Earthquake

2020 ◽  
Vol 58 (9) ◽  
pp. 665-670
Author(s):  
K. Kawashima
Keyword(s):  
Seismic Design ◽  
Kobe Earthquake ◽  
Future Direction

Seismic Design of Bridges After 1995 Kobe Earthquake

2006 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 262-271 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kazuhiko Kawashima ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Seismic Design ◽  
Near Field ◽  
The United States ◽  
Ground Movement ◽  
Response Analysis ◽  
Design Codes ◽  
Design Philosophy ◽  
Kobe Earthquake ◽  
Nonlinear Static ◽  
Recent Earthquakes

The 1995 Kobe earthquake extensively damaged bridges and triggered research and review as a consequence of recent earthquakes that have led to significant advances in bridge seismic design. This paper presents how this has affected design philosophy and design codes in Japan compared to seismic design codes in EC, New Zealand, and the United States concerning design philosophy, near-field ground motions, design force and ductility requirements, linear/nonlinear static/dynamic response analysis, and treatment of liquefaction and liquefaction-induced lateral ground movement.

A Short Note for Dr. Shibata's Review in 1975

2006 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 189-189
Author(s):  
Kohei Suzuki ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Seismic Design ◽  
Earthquake Engineering ◽  
Nuclear Power ◽  
Power Plants ◽  
Short Note ◽  
Pressure Vessels ◽  
Professor Emeritus ◽  
Industrial Facilities ◽  
Kobe Earthquake ◽  
And Control

Dr. Heki Shibata, Professor Emeritus of the University of Tokyo, who authored this paper, is a pioneer in earthquake engineering in Japan and the leading expert in mechanical engineering and seismic design of involving pressure vessels and piping equipment of nuclear power plants and high-pressure gas plants. In this paper, he classifies and analyzes mode failures and failure mechanisms in a variety of equipment based on his experience in surveying the damage to industrial facilities caused by the 1964 Niigata Earthquake and the 1971 San Fernando Earthquake. He proposes introducing the "factor of importance" based on potential of danger in seismic design, developing basic seismic design calculating the maximum response of a structure using seismic coefficients including those defined using this factor of importance. This idea has been effectively implemented as the basis for seismic design of structures and equipment to this day, and its historical value has been proven. He points out the importance of the reliability of seismic design and the safe design of instrumentation and control in seismic design. Dr. Shibata emphasizes the importance of learning the lessons presented by the damage experienced in earthquakes, the 1995 Kobe Earthquake - yet another example of his invaluable foresight.

Earthquake Damage to Industrial Facilities and Development of Seismic and Vibration Control Technology – Based on Experience from the 1995 Kobe (Hanshin-Awaji) Earthquake –

2006 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 177-188 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kohei Suzuki ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Vibration Control ◽  
Seismic Design ◽  
Nuclear Power ◽  
Design Method ◽  
Earthquake Damage ◽  
Control Technology ◽  
Manufacturing Companies ◽  
Industrial Facilities ◽  
Kobe Earthquake ◽  
Seismic Design Code

This paper reviews the situations and features of earthquake damage to industrial facilities, manufacturing companies, energy supply facilities, and mechanical structures and installations in Japan, and traces trends of countermeasure technology developed focusing on earthquake resistance and vibration control. In Japan, with the 1964 Niigata earthquake as the turning point, earthquake damage to industrial facilities became a social problem. With power stations being constructed in the 1960s, it also became an important technological policy to establish seismic design method for nonbuilding structures such as equipment and piping systems related to nuclear power. The Kobe earthquake in 1995 damaged production companies including leading manufacturers so extensively that it brought a new focus to seismic considerations. We studied the damage to typical equipment and installations and, based on this experience, investigated the features of damage modes to industrial facilities and machinery and considered corresponding technical measures. We present some examples and discuss progressive trends in seismic and vibration control technology following the Kobe earthquake. In particular, we focus on the new seismic design code for high-pressure gas facilities and the development of seismic and vibration control dampers and their applications.

Introduction to Dr. Iwasaki’s Paper Entitled “Response Analysis of Civil Engineering Structures Subjected to Earthquake Motions”

2006 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 272-273
Author(s):  
Kazuhiko Kawashima ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Ground Motion ◽  
Seismic Design ◽  
Safety Evaluation ◽  
Soil Liquefaction ◽  
Response Analysis ◽  
Design Codes ◽  
Kobe Earthquake ◽  
Seismic Design Code ◽  
Liquefaction Assessment ◽  
Extensive Damage

Seismic design of Japanese bridges started in 1925, triggered by the extensive damage of the 1923 Kanto earthquake. "Drafted Structural Details of Road Structures," issued by Japan's Ministry of the Interior in 1925, recommended the use of static seismic analysis based on working stress design, which was used for a long time. "Design Specifications of Steel Bridges," issued by the Japan Road AssoCiation in 1964, was an important code used for design of a number of bridges during restoration after World War II and the early high economic growth periods that followed. There was no independent seismic design code in those days, so only limited descriptions were provided for seismic design, e.g., pages in the code related to seismic design numbered only 2 or 3, and seismic knowledge was limited. Most bridges damaged in the 1995 Kobe earthquake were designed based on this code. Extensive damage in the 1964 Niigata earthquake initiated intensified research on the structural response and seismic design of bridges. Accomplishments of research were reflected in the 1971 "Guide Specifications on Seismic Design of Bridges" (Japan Road Association), the first design guidelines focusing on the seismic design of bridges. Pages of the main text and explanations related to seismic design increased to 30, and included the natural period dependent lateral seismic coefficient and preliminary evaluation of soil liquefaction assessment and unseating prevention devices. This was the first time that preliminary liquefaction assessment and unseating prevention devices innovated by Japanese bridge engineers were included in bridge codes. The 1971 Guide Specification of Seismic Design of Bridges was compiled with other design codes and issued in 1980 as "Part V Seismic Design" of "Design Specifications of Highway Bridges" (Japan Road Association). Assessment of soil liquefaction based on FL was introduced in Part V, but other parts remained almost unchanged. Part V was completely revised in 1990 to include (1) new static analysis evaluating lateral force in continuous bridges based on the stiffness of superstructures and substructures, (2) safety evaluation (level 2) ground motion for the design of reinforced concrete columns, and (3) design response spectra and design-spectra-compatible ground acceleration for dynamic response analysis. This was the first in Japan to include safety evaluation ground motion and static design for ductility evaluation of bridge columns. Pages on code related to seismic design increased to 96 greatly enhanced as a modern seismic design code. Based on the extensive damage sustained in the 1995 Kobe earthquake, Part V on seismic design was further revised in 1996 and 2002 to include lessons learned from this damage. Pages of code related to seismic design increased to 227 in the 1996 code and 280 in the 2002 code. Figure 1 shows the increase in the number of pages related to seismic design. Extensive improvement was conducted in 1990 and 1996. Although we have had over 80 years in experience of seismic bridge design, only in the last 15 years has seismic bridge design been enhanced to include modern requirements. Codes before the 1971 Guide Specification and the 1980 Part V on seismic design had insufficient scientific knowledge, although they were used for design in a number of bridges. The paper by Dr. Iwasaki has contributed much to establishing modern seismic design codes for bridges. His contributions include, but are not limited to, the clarification of dynamic response characteristics of bridges based on extensive field measurements, the deployment of strong motion recording networks, the development of soil liquefaction evaluation based on FL, and the development of ground motion attenuation equations. All of his activities and research helped enhance seismic design codes for bridges in Japan.

A "Future Direction" for Social Psychology Texts?

1972 ◽  
Vol 17 (6) ◽  
pp. 341-342
Author(s):  
STEPHEN T. MARGULIS
Keyword(s):  
Social Psychology ◽  
Future Direction
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