The Iron Status of Canadian Adolescents and Adults: Current Knowledge and Practical Implications

2006 ◽  
Vol 67 (3) ◽  
pp. 130-138 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcia J. Cooper ◽  
Kevin A. Cockell ◽  
Mary R. L’abbé
Keyword(s):  
Work Performance ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Iron Status ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Reproductive Age ◽  
Physical Work ◽  
Growth Spurt ◽  
Dietary Iron ◽  
Teenage Girls ◽  
Adverse Pregnancy

Overview: Iron is an essential nutrient, playing a central role in oxygen transport and cellular energy metabolism. The importance of ensuring adequate bioavailable dietary iron stems from the severe consequences associated with iron deficiency (ID) and anemia, including reduced immune function and resistance to infection, developmental delays and irreversible cognitive deficits in young children, impaired physical work performance, and adverse pregnancy outcomes. Specific populations: Poor dietary iron intake and ID exist in Canada, particularly in women of reproductive age. Data from the provincial nutrition surveys suggest that the prevalence of inadequate iron intakes (and low intakes of absorbable iron) among women under 50 years of age is over 10%, which may reflect poor iron status. Teenage girls are at risk for low iron stores because of the adolescent growth spurt and the onset of menstruation; those who are vegetarian are at even greater risk. Conclusions: The Canadian diet has changed so that grain products are now the main source of dietary iron for all age groups. The public must be educated to ensure the consumption of adequate quantities of bioavailable iron and enhancing factors such as vitamin C. Industry, government, and health professionals must work together to promote healthy eating patterns and the selection of appropriate foods.

Iron status in Swedish teenage girls: impact of low dietary iron bioavailability

Nutrition ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 24 (7-8) ◽  
pp. 638-645 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Hoppe ◽  
Agneta Sjöberg ◽  
Leif Hallberg ◽  
Lena Hulthén
Keyword(s):  
Iron Status ◽  
Iron Bioavailability ◽  
Dietary Iron ◽  
Teenage Girls

scholarly journals Iron homeostasis in a mouse model of thalassemia intermedia is altered between adolescence and adulthood

PeerJ ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. e8802
Author(s):  
Chanita Sanyear ◽  
Punnee Butthep ◽  
Wiraya Eamsaard ◽  
Suthat Fucharoen ◽  
Saovaros Svasti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mouse Model ◽  
Mrna Expression ◽  
Iron Homeostasis ◽  
Pathological Condition ◽  
Iron Status ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Reticuloendothelial System ◽  
Growth Spurt ◽  
Thalassemia Intermedia ◽  
Hemoglobin Metabolism

Background Iron overload is one of common complications of β-thalassemia. Systemic iron homeostasis is regulated by iron-regulatory hormone, hepcidin, which inhibits intestinal iron absorption and iron recycling by reticuloendothelial system. In addition, body iron status and requirement can be altered with age. In adolescence, iron requirement is increased due to blood volume expansion and growth spurt. Heterozygous β-globin knockout mice (Hbbth3/+; BKO) is a mouse model of thalassemia widely used to study iron homeostasis under this pathological condition. However, effects of age on iron homeostasis, particularly the expression of genes involved in hemoglobin metabolism as well as erythroid regulators in the spleen, during adolescence have not been explored in this mouse model. Methods Iron parameters as well as the mRNA expression of hepcidin and genes involved in iron transport and metabolism in wildtype (WT) and BKO mice during adolescence (6–7 weeks old) and adulthood (16–20 weeks old) were analyzed and compared by 2-way ANOVA. Results The transition of adolescence to adulthood was associated with reductions in duodenal iron transporter mRNA expression and serum iron levels of both WT and BKO mice. Erythrocyte parameters in BKO mice remained abnormal in both age groups despite persistent induction of genes involved in hemoglobin metabolism in the spleen and progressively increased extramedullary erythropiesis. In BKO mice, adulthood was associated with increased liver hepcidin and ferroportin mRNA expression along with splenic erythroferrone mRNA suppression compared to adolescence. Conclusion Our results demonstrate that iron homeostasis in a mouse model of thalassemia intermedia is altered between adolescence and adulthood. The present study underscores the importance of the age of thalassemic mice in the study of molecular or pathophysiological changes under thalassemic condition.

scholarly journals Dietary Iron Intake in Women of Reproductive Age in Europe: A Review of 49 Studies from 29 Countries in the Period 1993–2015

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nils Thorm Milman
Keyword(s):  
United Kingdom ◽  
Iron Status ◽  
Heme Iron ◽  
Reproductive Age ◽  
Dietary Iron ◽  
Iron Intake ◽  
Women Of Reproductive Age ◽  
Nutrient Density ◽  
Dietary Reference Values ◽  
Dietary Surveys

Objective. Assessment of dietary iron intake in women of reproductive age in Europe. Design. Review. Setting. Literature search of dietary surveys reporting intake of iron using PubMed, Internet browsers, and national nutrient databases in the period 1993–2015. Subjects. Women of reproductive age. Results. 49 dietary surveys/studies in 29 European countries were included. Belgium, Bosnia, Denmark, Hungary, Italy, Northern Ireland, Serbia, Scotland, Sweden, Switzerland, United Kingdom/England, and Wales reported a median/mean iron intake of 7.6–9.9 mg/day. Finland, Iceland, Ireland, the Netherlands, Norway, Poland, and Spain reported an intake of 10.0–10.7 mg/day. Austria, Estonia, France, and Russia reported an intake of 11.0–11.9 mg/day. Latvia and Germany reported an intake of 12.0–12.2 mg/day. Croatia, Lithuania, Portugal, and Slovakia reported an intake of 15.9–19.0 mg/day. The percentage of dietary iron consisting of heme iron, reported in 7 studies, varied from 4.3% in United Kingdom to 25% in Spain. Nutrient density for iron (mg iron/10 MJ, median/mean) varied from 11.8 in Sweden to 23.0 in Lithuania. The correlation between nutrient density and dietary iron was significant (p=0.0006). In most countries, the majority of women had a dietary iron intake below 15 mg/day. In Belgium, Denmark, Hungary, and Sweden, 91–95% of women had an intake below 15 mg/day. In Ireland and Germany, 61–78% had an intake below 15 mg/day. Conclusions. In Europe, 61–97% of women have a dietary iron intake below 15 mg/day. This contributes to a low iron status in many women. We need common European standardized dietary methods, uniform dietary reference values, and uniform statistical methods to perform intercountry comparisons.

scholarly journals Excisional Treatment of Cervical Dysplasia in Australia 2004–2013: A Population-Based Study

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gregory Robertson ◽  
Stephen J. Robson
Keyword(s):  
Hpv Vaccination ◽  
Cervical Dysplasia ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
Reproductive Age ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
High Grade ◽  
Adverse Pregnancy

Background. Excisional treatment of preinvasive cervical dysplasia has been associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes. We aimed to examine trends in the rate of excisional treatment in reproductive age women in the era of HPV vaccination.Methods. National data for Australia regarding histological diagnoses of cervical dysplasia and excisional treatment for the period from 2004 to 2013 inclusive were obtained from two datasets and used to calculate age-stratified incidence rates of excisional treatment and of excisional treatments per diagnosis of dysplasia.Results.The incidence of low-grade squamous dysplasia fell in all age groups, while the incidence of high-grade dysplasia fell in the 20-to-24-year group but rose slightly for older age groups. The rate of excisional treatment fell in women aged under 35 but there was no significant change for women 35 years or older. The rate of all excisional treatments (loop excision + cone biopsy) per high-grade diagnosis (CIN2 + CIN3 + adenocarcinomain situ) fell across all three age-bands in both datasets.Conclusion. To ensure that the use of excisional treatment is appropriate, with lower rates for younger HPV-vaccinated women, close surveillance, audit, and ongoing education will be required.

scholarly journals Stillbirth outcome capture and classification in population-based surveys: EN-INDEPTH study

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (S1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hannah Blencowe ◽  
◽  
Matteo Bottecchia ◽  
Doris Kwesiga ◽  
Joseph Akuze ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gestational Age ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Healthcare Providers ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Reproductive Age ◽  
Group Discussions ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Vital Status ◽  
Neonatal Deaths ◽  
Adverse Pregnancy

Abstract Background Household surveys remain important sources of stillbirth data, but omission and misclassification are common. Classifying adverse pregnancy outcomes as stillbirths requires accurate reporting of vital status at birth and gestational age or birthweight for every pregnancy. Further categorisation, e.g. by sex, or timing (intrapartum/antepartum) improves data to understand and prevent stillbirth. Methods We undertook a cross-sectional population-based survey of women of reproductive age in five health and demographic surveillance system sites in Bangladesh, Ethiopia, Ghana, Guinea-Bissau and Uganda (2017–2018). All women answered a full birth history with pregnancy loss questions (FBH+) or a full pregnancy history (FPH). A sub-sample across both groups were asked additional stillbirth questions. Questions were evaluated using descriptive measures. Using an interpretative paradigm and phenomenology methodology, focus group discussions with women exploring barriers to reporting birthweight for stillbirths were conducted. Thematic analysis was guided by an a priori codebook. Results Overall 69,176 women reported 98,483 livebirths (FBH+) and 102,873 pregnancies (FPH). Additional questions were asked for 1453 stillbirths, 1528 neonatal deaths and 12,620 surviving children born in the 5 years prior to the survey. Completeness was high (> 99%) for existing FBH+/FPH questions on signs of life at birth and gestational age (months). Discordant responses in signs of life at birth between different questions were common; nearly one-quarter classified as stillbirths on FBH+/FPH were reported born alive on additional questions. Availability of information on gestational age (weeks) (58.1%) and birthweight (13.2%) was low amongst stillbirths, and heaping was common. Most women (93.9%) were able to report the sex of their stillborn baby. Response completeness for stillbirth timing (18.3–95.1%) and estimated proportion intrapartum (15.6–90.0%) varied by question and site. Congenital malformations were reported in 3.1% stillbirths. Perceived value in weighing a stillborn baby varied and barriers to weighing at birth a nd knowing birthweight were common. Conclusions Improving stillbirth data in surveys will require investment in improving the measurement of vital status, gestational age and birthweight by healthcare providers, communication of these with women, and overcoming reporting barriers. Given the large burden and effect on families, improved data must be made available to end preventable stillbirths.

Review of the Micronutrient Situation in Rwanda

2021 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 133-154
Author(s):  
Joanne E. Arsenault ◽  
Deanna K. Olney
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Young Children ◽  
Vitamin A ◽  
Vitamin A Deficiency ◽  
Grey Literature ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Reproductive Age ◽  
Micronutrient Deficiencies ◽  
Micronutrient Malnutrition ◽  
Context Specific

Background: Rwanda’s commitment to reducing malnutrition is evident in their multisectoral nutrition policy and wide array of nutrition partners. However, the prevalence of micronutrient deficiencies and the suitability of current strategies to address existing deficiencies is unclear. Objective: To review the available evidence related to the prevalence of micronutrient deficiencies across the life cycle and strategies in place to address them. Methods: We reviewed scientific and grey literature on nutritional problems in Rwanda, emphasizing micronutrient deficiencies and anemia, and current strategies to address micronutrient malnutrition. Results: Overall, there is scant evidence related to the types and prevalence of micronutrient deficiencies among populations across the life cycle in Rwanda. Existing evidence is primarily limited to outdated or small regional surveys focusing on iron or vitamin A among women and young children. Surveys have assessed the prevalence of anemia and indicate that anemia is very high among young children and moderately high among other age-groups. However, there are limited data on the context-specific causes of anemia in Rwanda across population groups. Current nutrition strategies mainly target women and young children and are primarily designed to reduce vitamin A deficiency and/or anemia caused by micronutrient deficiencies. Conclusions: Rwanda has many nutrition programs in place that address micronutrient deficiencies in young children and a few for women of reproductive age. However, gaps exist in knowledge of the extent of different types of micronutrient deficiencies among all populations across the life cycle and whether the delivery of nutrients through current programs is meeting actual needs.

Iron status and dietary iron intake of female blood donors

Transfusion ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 54 (3pt2) ◽  
pp. 770-774 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alison O. Booth ◽  
Karen Lim ◽  
Hugh Capper ◽  
David Irving ◽  
Jenny Fisher ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Donors ◽  
Iron Status ◽  
Dietary Iron ◽  
Iron Intake

scholarly journals Cereal-based dietary iron intervention for improvement of iron status in female runners

2015 ◽  
Vol 74 (OCE1) ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Alaunyte ◽  
V. Stojceska ◽  
A. Plunkett ◽  
E. Derbyshire
Keyword(s):  
Iron Status ◽  
Dietary Iron

scholarly journals Consumption of a Double-Fortified Salt Affects Perceptual, Attentional, and Mnemonic Functioning in Women in a Randomized Controlled Trial in India

2017 ◽  
Vol 147 (12) ◽  
pp. 2297-2308 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael J Wenger ◽  
Laura E Murray-Kolb ◽  
Julie EH Nevins ◽  
Sudha Venkatramanan ◽  
Gregory A Reinhart ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Iron Deficiency ◽  
Iron Status ◽  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Reproductive Age ◽  
Deficiency Anemia ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Attention And Memory ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Iron Deficient ◽  
Mnemonic Function

Abstract Background: Iron deficiency and iron deficiency anemia have been shown to have negative effects on aspects of perception, attention, and memory. Objective: The purpose of this investigation was to assess the extent to which increases in dietary iron consumption are related to improvements in behavioral measures of perceptual, attentional, and mnemonic function. Methods: Women were selected from a randomized, double-blind, controlled food-fortification trial involving ad libitum consumption of either a double-fortified salt (DFS) containing 47 mg potassium iodate/kg and 3.3 mg microencapsulated ferrous fumarate/g (1.1 mg elemental Fe/g) or a control iodized salt. Participants' blood iron status (primary outcomes) and cognitive functioning (secondary outcomes) were assessed at baseline and after 10 mo at endline. The study was performed on a tea plantation in the Darjeeling district of India. Participants (n = 126; 66% iron deficient and 49% anemic at baseline) were otherwise healthy women of reproductive age, 18–55 y. Results: Significant improvements were documented for iron status and for perceptual, attentional, and mnemonic function in the DFS group (percentage of variance accounted for: 16.5%) compared with the control group. In addition, the amount of change in perceptual and cognitive performance was significantly (P < 0.05) related to the amount of change in blood iron markers (mean percentage of variance accounted for: 16.0%) and baseline concentrations of blood iron markers (mean percentage of variance accounted for: 25.0%). Overall, there was evidence that the strongest effects of change in iron status were obtained for perceptual and low-level attentional function. Conclusion: DFS produced measurable and significant improvements in the perceptual, attentional, and mnemonic performance of Indian female tea pickers of reproductive age. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01032005.

The influence of high-altitude living on body iron

Blood ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 106 (4) ◽  
pp. 1441-1446 ◽  
Author(s):  
James D. Cook ◽  
Erick Boy ◽  
Carol Flowers ◽  
Maria del Carmen Daroca
Keyword(s):  
Standard Error ◽  
Transferrin Receptor ◽  
Quantitative Assessment ◽  
Iron Status ◽  
Dietary Iron ◽  
Body Iron ◽  
Iron Stores ◽  
Iron Deficient ◽  
Iron Based ◽  
Maternal Iron

Abstract The quantitative assessment of body iron based on measurements of the serum ferritin and transferrin receptor was used to examine iron status in 800 Bolivian mothers and one of their children younger than 5 years. The survey included populations living at altitudes between 156 to 3750 m. Body iron stores in the mothers averaged 3.88 ± 4.31 mg/kg (mean ± 1 SD) and 1.72 ± 4.53 mg/kg in children. No consistent effect of altitude on body iron was detected in children but body iron stores of 2.77 ± 0.70 mg/kg (mean ± 2 standard error [SE]) in women living above 3000 m was reduced by one-third compared with women living at lower altitudes (P &lt; .001). One half of the children younger than 2 years were iron deficient, but iron stores then increased linearly to approach values in their mothers by 4 years of age. When body iron in mothers was compared with that of their children, a striking correlation was observed over the entire spectrum of maternal iron status (r = 0.61, P &lt; .001). This finding could provide the strongest evidence to date of the importance of dietary iron as a determinant of iron status in vulnerable segments of a population. (Blood. 2005;106:1441-1446)

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