scholarly journals Limited Availability of PCR for the Detection of Renibacterium salmoninarum, the Causative Agent of Bacterial Kidney Disease

2008 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-33 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ritsuko Okuda ◽  
Toyohiko Nishizawa ◽  
Mamoru Yoshimizu
Keyword(s):  
Kidney Disease ◽  
Causative Agent ◽  
Renibacterium Salmoninarum ◽  
Limited Availability ◽  
Bacterial Kidney Disease

scholarly journals Renibacterium salmoninarum—The Causative Agent of Bacterial Kidney Disease in Salmonid Fish

Pathogens ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (10) ◽  
pp. 845
Author(s):  
Mohammad Reza Delghandi ◽  
Mansour El-Matbouli ◽  
Simon Menanteau-Ledouble
Keyword(s):  
Kidney Disease ◽  
Causative Agent ◽  
Defense Mechanisms ◽  
Abdominal Cavity ◽  
Infected Fish ◽  
Salmonid Fish ◽  
Prolonged Treatment ◽  
Bacterial Disease ◽  
Renibacterium Salmoninarum ◽  
Bacterial Kidney Disease

Renibacterium salmoninarum is one of the oldest known bacterial pathogens of fish. This Gram-positive bacterium is the causative agent of bacterial kidney disease, a chronic infection that is mostly known to infect salmonid fish at low temperatures. Externally, infected fish can display exophthalmia as well as blebs on the skin and ulcerations alongside haemorrhages at the base of the fins and alongside the lateral line. Internally, the kidney, heart, spleen and liver can show signs of swelling. Granulomas can be seen on various internal organs, as can haemorrhages, and the organs can be covered with a false membrane. Ascites can also accumulate in the abdominal cavity. The bacterium is generally cultivated on specialized media such as kidney disease medium-1 (KDM-1), KDM-2 and selective kidney disease medium (SKDM), and a diagnostic is performed using molecular tools such as PCRs or real-time quantitative PCRs (RT-qPCRs). Several virulence mechanisms have been identified in R. salmoninarum, in particular the protein p57 that is known to play a role in both agglutination and immunosuppression of the host’s defense mechanisms. Control of the disease is difficult; the presence of asymptomatic carriers complicates the eradication of the disease, as does the ability of the bacterium to gain entrance inside the eggs. Bacterin-killed vaccines have proven to be of doubtful efficacy in controlling the disease, and even more recent application of a virulent environmental relative of R. salmoninarum is of limited efficacy. Treatment by antibiotics such as erythromycin, azithromycin and enrofloxacin can be effective but it is slow and requires prolonged treatment. Moreover, antibiotic-resistant strains have been reported. Despite being known for a long time, there is still much to be discovered about R. salmoninarum, notably regarding its virulence mechanisms and its vaccine potential. Consequently, these gaps in knowledge continue to hinder control of this bacterial disease in aquaculture settings.

Evaluation and development of diagnostic methods for Renibacterium salmoninarum causing bacterial kidney disease (BKD) in the UK

Aquaculture ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 269 (1-4) ◽  
pp. 114-122 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Bruno ◽  
Bertrand Collet ◽  
Anna Turnbull ◽  
Rachel Kilburn ◽  
Amanda Walker ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Kidney Disease ◽  
Diagnostic Methods ◽  
Renibacterium Salmoninarum ◽  
Bacterial Kidney Disease ◽  
The Uk
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