Microorganisms Associated with Valencia Peanut Affected by Pod Rot in New Mexico

2012 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 95-104 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Sanogo ◽  
N. Puppala
Keyword(s):  
New Mexico ◽  
Rhizoctonia Solani ◽  
Sclerotium Rolfsii ◽  
Average Frequency ◽  
Controlled Environment ◽  
Soilborne Pathogens ◽  
Plant Parts ◽  
Etiological Study ◽  
Primary Focus ◽  
Insight Into

Abstract Pod rot of peanut is a disease that occurs worldwide. Soilborne pathogens typically causing pod rot include Rhizoctonia solani, Sclerotium rolfsii, and Pythium spp. Although pod rot is known to occur in New Mexico, no etiological study has been conducted on this disease. In 2005 and 2006, 14 Valencia peanut fields were surveyed in eastern New Mexico where the majority of Valencia peanut is produced. The primary focus of the study was to isolate and identify microorganisms associated with pod rot. The secondary focus of the study was to characterize microorganisms from roots and stems from the same plants selected for pod rot assessment. Peanut plants were collected and processed for isolation of microorganisms by plating seeds, pieces of hull, root, and stem on acidified potato dextrose agar. In both years, the average incidence of pods with hull discoloration or pod rot symptoms varied from 55–60 to over 90%, and disease severity ranged from 5 to over 90% across all fields surveyed. A diverse group of microorganisms representing more than 10 fungal and Oomycete genera were recovered from all plant part tissues, with R. solani as the most predominantly isolated mycelial microorganism. Rhizoctonia solani was found in all fields with average frequency of isolation from approximately 20 to 27% for pod tissue, 19 to 36% for root, and 20 to 27% for stem. In controlled-environment studies, all isolates of R. solani from different plant parts were shown to be pathogenic to Valencia peanut. This etiological study is the first in New Mexico to provide an insight into microorganisms associated with peanut affected by pod rot. Breeding Valencia peanuts for resistance to Rhizoctonia pod rot should be a priority.

Designing an Energy Efficient Scheme in MANET using Reconfigurable Directional (RDA) Algorithm

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 92
Author(s):  
Rinkle Chhabra ◽  
Anuradha Saini
Keyword(s):  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Energy Savings ◽  
Setup Time ◽  
Directional Antennas ◽  
Directional Antenna ◽  
Efficient Scheme ◽  
Primary Focus ◽  
Hoc Networks ◽  
Energy Gains ◽  
Insight Into

Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANET) are autonomous, infrastructure less and self-configuring networks. MANETs has gained lots of popularity due to on the fly deployment i.e. small network setup time and ability to provide communication in obstreperous terrains. Major challenges in MANETs include routing, energy efficiency, network topology control, security etc. Primary focus in this article is to provide method and algorithm to ensure significant energy savings using re-configurable directional antennas. Significant energy gains can be clinched using directional antenna. Key challenges while using directional antenna are to find destination location, antenna focusing, signal power and distance calculations. Re-configurable directional antenna can ensure significant energy gains if used intelligently. This article provides a brief insight into improved energy savings using re-configurable directional antennas and an associated algorithm

scholarly journals Activity of Alkanediol Alkanoates against Pathogenic Plant Fungi Rhizoctonia solani and Sclerotium rolfsii

2012 ◽  
Vol 7 (9) ◽  
pp. 1934578X1200700 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paraj Shukla ◽  
Suresh Walia ◽  
Vivek Ahluwalia ◽  
Balraj S. Parmar ◽  
Muraleedharan G. Nair
Keyword(s):  
Antifungal Activity ◽  
Ethylene Glycol ◽  
Rhizoctonia Solani ◽  
Diethylene Glycol ◽  
Sclerotium Rolfsii ◽  
Phytopathogenic Fungi ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Acyl Chlorides ◽  
Mass Spectral ◽  
Dose Dependent

Thirty known dialkanoates of ethylene, propylene and diethylene glycols were synthesized by reacting the glycols with acyl chlorides and their structures confirmed by IR, NMR and mass spectral analyses. They exhibited significant antifungal activity against two phytopathogenic fungi Rhizoctonia solani Kuehn and Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc in a dose dependent manner. Propylene glycol dipentanoate was the most active against R. solani. followed by diethylene glycol dibutanoate and ethylene glycol dibutanoate. Against S. rolfsii ethylene glycol diheptanoate was found to be most active followed by diethylene glycol diisobutanoate As compared to the standard reference benomyl (EC50 5.16 μg/mL), the potential alkanediol dialkanoates showed EC50 in the range of 33 – 60 μg/mL.

Purification of a chitinase from Trichoderma sp. and its action on Sclerotium rolfsii and Rhizoctonia solani cell walls.

1997 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-37 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luzia H. C. Lima ◽  
Cirano J. Ulhoa ◽  
Adrienne P. Fernandes ◽  
Carlos R. Felix
Keyword(s):  
Rhizoctonia Solani ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Sclerotium Rolfsii ◽  
Trichoderma Sp

scholarly journals Irrigation Timing Impacts the Efficacy of Foliar-Applied Fungicides Toward Foliar and Soilborne Pathogens of Peanut

Plant Disease ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 96 (12) ◽  
pp. 1785-1790 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. E. Woodward ◽  
T. B. Brenneman ◽  
B. G. Mullinix
Keyword(s):  
Disease Control ◽  
Leaf Spot ◽  
Southeastern United States ◽  
Sclerotium Rolfsii ◽  
Quadratic Function ◽  
Soilborne Pathogens ◽  
Cercospora Arachidicola ◽  
Lesion Development ◽  
Fungicide Residues ◽  
Fungicide Residue

Fungicides not reaching target organisms result in decreased disease control. In the southeastern United States, foliar-applied fungicides are routinely used to manage peanut (Arachis hypogaea) diseases. Irrigation is often applied to wash fungicides from treated foliage to obtain maximum control of diseases caused by soilborne pathogens. Administering irrigation before fungicide residues have dried may adversely impact foliar disease control. A microplot study was conducted in 2003, 2004, and 2005 to evaluate the redistribution of azoxystrobin, tebuconazole, and flutolanil plus chlorothalonil following different irrigation timings. Standard fungicide regimes were subjected to 1.3-cm of irrigation 0, 6, 12, 24, 48, or 96 h after application, and a nonirrigated control was included. Microplots not receiving irrigation were covered while irrigation treatments were administered. Irrigation timing was significant for the number of early leaf spot (Cercospora arachidicola) lesions per leaf. Leaf spot was more severe when irrigation was administered immediately following fungicide applications, and was significantly reduced with a 6- and 12-h delay prior to an irrigation event, whereas maximum control was obtained when irrigation was delayed for 24 h or later. To further quantify fungicide residue distribution, Sclerotium rolfsii was used to bioassay foliage and pods. Lesion development on leaflets, which was greater for earlier irrigation timings, did not differ for the 12-h and later timings and was generally similar to the nonirrigated controls. Pod colonization for all fungicides increased according to a quadratic function of irrigation timing, with the least colonization occurring at the 0-h timing. Colonization of pods treated with azoxystrobin was similar for all irrigation timings; whereas, suppression was greatest for tebuconazole at earlier irrigation timings. This study demonstrates that irrigation can be used to redistribute fungicides applied to peanut foliage to improve control of soilborne pathogens but administering irrigation within 24 h may decrease leaf spot control.

scholarly journals Trypanosoma (Herpetosoma) diversity in rodents and lagomorphs of New Mexico with a focus on epizootological aspects of infection in Southern Plains woodrats (Neotoma micropus)

PLoS ONE ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (12) ◽  
pp. e0244803
Author(s):  
Irina Goodrich ◽  
Clifton McKee ◽  
Michael Kosoy
Keyword(s):  
New Mexico ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
Wild Rodents ◽  
Southern Plains ◽  
Geographic Ranges ◽  
Dipodomys Ordii ◽  
Infection Dynamics ◽  
Pcr Targeting ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Host Associations

Protozoan parasites of the genus Trypanosoma infect a broad diversity of vertebrates and several species cause significant illness in humans. However, understanding of the phylogenetic diversity, host associations, and infection dynamics of Trypanosoma species in naturally infected animals is incomplete. This study investigated the presence of Trypanosoma spp. in wild rodents and lagomorphs in northern New Mexico, United States, as well as phylogenetic relationships among these parasites. A total of 458 samples from 13 rodent and one lagomorph species collected between November 2002 and July 2004 were tested by nested PCR targeting the 18S ribosomal RNA gene (18S rRNA). Trypanosoma DNA was detected in 25.1% of all samples, with the highest rates of 50% in Sylvilagus audubonii, 33.1% in Neotoma micropus, and 32% in Peromyscus leucopus. Phylogenetic analysis of Trypanosoma sequences revealed five haplotypes within the subgenus Herpetosoma (T. lewisi clade). Focused analysis on the large number of samples from N. micropus showed that Trypanosoma infection varied by age class and that the same Trypanosoma haplotype could be detected in recaptured individuals over multiple months. This is the first report of Trypanosoma infections in Dipodomys ordii and Otospermophilus variegatus, and the first detection of a haplotype phylogenetically related to T. nabiasi in North America in S. audubonii. This study lends important new insight into the diversity of Trypanosoma species, their geographic ranges and host associations, and the dynamics of infection in natural populations.

scholarly journals INSIGHT INTO PHARMACEUTICAL IMPORTANCE OF BRYOPHYTES

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 84-88
Author(s):  
Greeshma G.M ◽  
Manoj G.S ◽  
Murugan K
Keyword(s):  
Arid Regions ◽  
Soil Formation ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Economic Importance ◽  
Peat Moss ◽  
Biotic Factor ◽  
Plant Parts ◽  
Average Size ◽  
Water Holding ◽  
Insight Into

Historically, Bryophytes were accounted to be a monophyletic group and were placed in an inclusive Bryophyta. Some species are aquatic though some can adapt and live in arid regions. Bryophytes size ranges from microscopic to 12 inches in length, the average size is between 0.5 – 2 inches long and colors vary from green to black and sometimes colorless. Bryophytes plays a vital role in the biosphere even their size is insignificant. As a biotic factor in the environment, they provide food for numerous herbivorous birds and animals. They prevent soil erosion by carpeting the soil. Bryophytes cause the outer portion of rock to slowly crumble as they grow with lichens on rock surfaces. And because of it they contribute and help to soil formation. When mixed with the soil, bryophytes increase the water-holding capacity of the soil and the amount of organic matter in the soil. Some bryophytes like sphagnum or peat moss has some economicimportance. It is used as packing material for breakable or fragile objects such as figurines and dinnerware’s. It is also used as packing materials for transporting plants and plant parts, since sphagnum holds water and hence prevent plants from drying during transport. As a whole, bryophytes are of little economic importance to man.

1692–1712: The Rock Is Abandoned

2020 ◽  
pp. 89-99
Author(s):  
Mark Walczynski
Keyword(s):  
Human Activity ◽  
Illinois River ◽  
Foreign Missions ◽  
Primary Focus ◽  
Rock Lake ◽  
Insight Into

This chapter assesses how, for the decade following the French withdrawal from Starved Rock, Lake Peoria would become the primary focus for French traders and missionaries. Most of the Illinois subtribes, including the Kaskaskia and Peoria, also became well established at Lake Peoria. With the Indians and the French gone, the land in the Starved Rock area began to heal. Human activity at Starved Rock between 1691 and 1712 appears to have been very limited, as are any surviving records that could provide knowledge of the site's occupation. Occasionally, a party of canoe men or Indians passed the once-famous Rock, and some of them surely told of what they had once observed there. One of the more interesting accounts occurred in November of 1698, when four canoes en route to the Mississippi from Michilimackinac passed Starved Rock. At that time, three missionaries of the Société des Missions Étrangères (Society of the Foreign Missions)—Fathers Jean-François Buisson de St. Cosme, Antoine Davion, and François Jolliet de Montigny—made their way down the Illinois River, guided by none other than Henri Tonti. St. Cosme's perceptions recorded in his journal are interesting as they provide insight into his concerns regarding the deteriorating relations between the French and the Mesquakie.

Some diseases of forest tree seedlings in India caused by Sclerotium rolfsii and Rhizoctonia solani

1985 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 187-190 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. J. Maria Florence ◽  
J. K. Sharma ◽  
K. V. Sankaran ◽  
C. Mohanan
Keyword(s):  
Rhizoctonia Solani ◽  
Sclerotium Rolfsii ◽  
Forest Tree ◽  
Tree Seedlings
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