scholarly journals The fertilization problems of cultivated red- and black currant varieties in Hungary

2002 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Porpáczy
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Set ◽  
Fruit Production ◽  
Important Change ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Commercial Production ◽  
Black Currant ◽  
Small Fruit ◽  
Soft Fruit ◽  
Labour Power ◽  
Red Currant

Small fruits have a modest share in the fruit production of Hungarys. Red currant was grown traditionally in home gardens 60-70 years ago. Commercial production was established only in the surroundings of some town. The black currant was unknown until after Wold War II. An important change occured in small fruit production in the 1950s. Socialist countries, which had cheaper labour power, made efforts to meet these demands. In this time we produced 25.000 t. Presently the country produces 13-15.000 tons currant fruit yearly 60% from this is black currant, which has a better market. It is our own interest to make our currant production more profitable. The currant is the second most widely cultivated soft fruit. Our product is disposed mostly on EU markets. There was no breeding activity in this field in Hungary earlier. Cultivars used were mostly of foreign origin (W. European; Boskoop Giant, Silvergieter, Wellington XXX, Russian; Altaiskaya Desertnaya, Neosupaiuschaiasya, N. European; Brikltorp, Ojebyn). Besides well-known advantageous this cultivars have also some defects mainly unfavourable—adaptation to climatic conditions, which caused fertilisation problems, reduced the fruit set and uneven growth with decreased yields (Dénes & Porpáczy, 1999). About 140 black currant cultivars were investigated during the last four decades in our variety trials and only four of them were introduced with satisfying yielding capacity (3.5-5.5 t/ha).

scholarly journals 660 Reducing Floral Initiation and Return Bloom in Stone Fruit Trees: Applications and Implications in Fruit Production

HortScience ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 561F-562
Author(s):  
Stephen M. Southwick
Keyword(s):  
Prunus Persica ◽  
Fruit Set ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Fruit Production ◽  
Prunus Armeniaca ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Stone Fruit ◽  
Labor Costs ◽  
Flower Number ◽  
Prunus Salicina

Commercially grown apricots (Prunus armeniaca), peaches (Prunus persica), nectarines (Prunus persica), plums (Prunus salicina and Prunus domestica), and pluots (Prunus salicina × Prunus armeniaca) have a tendency to produce high numbers of flowers. These flowers often set and produce more fruit than trees can adequately size to meet market standards. When excessive fruit set occurs, removal of fruit by hand-thinning is common to ensure that fruit size meets market standards. Over the years there have been numerous attempts to find chemical or physical techniques that would help to reduce costs associated with and improve efficiencies of hand-thinning; however, using alternate strategies to hand-thinning have not been widely adopted in stone fruit production. In the past 10 years, through the continuing efforts of scientists throughout the world in public and private institutions and business, it appears that there are chemical sprays capable of reducing the need for hand-thinning in stone fruit. Management of flowering by reducing the number of flowers on apricot, peach, nectarine, plum, and prune has shown promise under climatic conditions such as those found in the San Joaquin Valley of California. By applying gibberellins during May through July, flowers in many stone fruit cultivars can be reduced in the following season. The reduction in flower number does not generally lead to an increase in fruit set. As a result, fruit numbers are reduced, the need for hand thinning can be reduced, and in some cases eliminated. There are risks associated with reducing flower number before climatic conditions during bloom or final fruit set are known. However, given the changes in labor costs and market demands, especially in the developed world, the benefits may outweigh the risks. The application and implications of these summer gibberellin applications toward reducing flower numbers will be discussed as it relates to commercial stone fruit growing.

scholarly journals Reducing Flowering with Gibberellins to Increase Fruit Size in Stone Fruit Trees: Applications And Implications in Fruit Production

2000 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 744-751 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen M. Southwick ◽  
Kitren Glozer
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Set ◽  
Relevant Literature ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Fruit Trees ◽  
Fruit Production ◽  
Prunus Armeniaca ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Stone Fruit ◽  
Labor Costs ◽  
Floral Buds

Many commercially grown stone fruit including apricots (Prunus armeniaca L.), peaches and nectarines [P. persica (L.) Batsch], plums (P. salicina Lindl., P. domestica L.), prunes (P. domestica L.), and pluots (P. salicina × P. armeniaca) have a tendency to produce high numbers of flowers. These flowers often set and produce more fruit than trees can adequately size to meet market standards. When excessive fruit set occurs, removal of fruit by hand thinning is necessary in most Prunus L. species to ensure that remaining fruit attain marketable size and reduce biennial bearing. Over the years there have been numerous attempts to find chemical or physical techniques that would help to reduce the costs associated with and improve efficiencies of hand thinning, however, alternate strategies to hand thinning have not been widely adopted for stone fruit production. In the past 10 years, several chemical treatments have shown promise for reducing hand thinning needs in stone fruit. Management of flowering by chemically reducing the number of flowers has been particularly promising on stone fruit in the Sacramento and San Joaquin Valleys of California. Gibberellins (GAs) applied during May through July, have reduced flowering in the following season in many stone fruit cultivars without affecting percentage of flowers producing fruit. As a result, fruit numbers are reduced, the need for hand thinning is reduced and in some cases eliminated, and better quality fruit are produced. There are risks associated with reducing flower number before climatic conditions during bloom or final fruit set are known. However, given the changes in labor costs and market demands, the benefits may outweigh the risks. This paper reviews relevant literature on thinning of stone fruit by gibberellins, and summarizes research reports of fruit thinning with GAs conducted between 1987 and the present in California. The term thin or chemically thin with regard to the action of GA on floral buds is used in this paper, consistent with the literature, although the authors recognize that the action of GA is primarily to inhibit the initiation of floral apices, rather than reduce the number of preformed flowers. At relatively high concentrations, GA may also kill floral buds. Chemical names used: gibberellic acid, potassium gibberellate.

scholarly journals Yield and quality of the Tetsukabuto squash fruits induced with 2,4-D doses under dry conditions

2017 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 271-277
Author(s):  
Roberto CF Queiroga ◽  
Gabriel D Silva ◽  
Auderlan M Pereira ◽  
Ricardo RP Almeida ◽  
Ariano B Silva
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Set ◽  
Fruit Production ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
Plant Production ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Yield And Quality ◽  
Dry Conditions ◽  
Fruit Mass

ABSTRACT Squashes and pumpkins are known and grown worldwide, including the Tetsukabuto type, a hybrid of Japanese origin. On this work, we evaluated yield and quality of parthenocarpic fruits of hybrid Tetsukabuto developed with the use of 2,4-D doses, in the climatic conditions of the Brazilian semiarid, in the city of Pombal, state of Paraíba, Brazil. The experiment was carried out from February to May 2013, in complete blocks at random and five replications. Treatments corresponded to five 2,4-D doses (0, 90, 180, 270, and 360 mg/L) applied to female flowers, and a control treatment, where fruits developed out of insect pollinated flowers. We evaluated number of flowers per plant, duration of flowering, number of fruits per plant (used to estimate number of fruits per hectare), fruit set index, fruit mass and transversal and longitudinal diameters, pulp thickness and content of soluble solids, total fruit production and yield. Number of fruits per plant and fruit mass increased 269.5 and 15.4%, respectively, with 212.1 mg/L and 360.0 mg/L of 2,4-D, when compared to the control treatment. Increasing the 2,4-D dose from 0.0 to 241.4 mg/L resulted in 38.2% rise in plant production. Correlations were significant only for number of flowers x number of fruits per plant (NF) and NF x yield, with coefficients of 87.5 and 82.7%, respectively. These results indicate that fruit induction using 2,4-D resulted in higher fruit set, independent of the 2,4-D dose applied.

Determination most of adapted varieties of cultivated plants on the base of the assessment of biology and dynamics of development of epiphyte and endophyte microbiota

2020 ◽  
Vol 62 ◽  
pp. 179-186
Author(s):  
M. I. Kozaeva ◽  
K. V. Zaitseva ◽  
I. V. Luk’yanchuk
Keyword(s):  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Practical Interest ◽  
The State ◽  
Cultivated Plants ◽  
Black Currant ◽  
Small Fruit ◽  
Adaptive Ability ◽  
High Level ◽  
Red Currant

The article presents long-term (2003-2016) data on the study of the adapted potential of small fruit plant varieties based on the parameters of endophytic and epiphytic microbiota. The general condition of plants was assessed. Various varieties of red currant, black currant, gooseberry, strawberry were tested for the presence of endophytic microbiota. Samples of washouts from the surface of leaves of healthy plants were taken. It was found that both endophytic and epiphytic microbiota include bacteria belonging to the genus Pseudomonas, fungi (from the genera Alternaria, Fusarium, Penicillium). It was found that the parameters of endophytic microbiota clearly refl ect the state of plants. Longterm studies have shown that the endophytic microbiota is an parameter of the state of the plant organism and is an important criteria for assessing the adaptive ability of plants. In plants with a high level of adaptation, there is an increase in the frequency of testing for a bacterium that suppresses the growth of dangerous fungal pathogens in pure form and as part of a mixed infection, as well as a low percentage of negative tests. Varieties of red currant, black currant, gooseberry, strawberry with a high level of adaptation are identified. These varieties are of practical interest, both for the breeding process and for production.

NEW VARIETIES OF CURRANTS AND GOOSEBERRY BREEDING PLANTS

1970 ◽  
pp. 41-46
Author(s):  
O. D. Golyaeva ◽  
O. V. Kurashev ◽  
S. D. Knyazev ◽  
А. Yu. Bakhotskaya
Keyword(s):  
Powdery Mildew ◽  
Genetic Basis ◽  
Black Currant ◽  
Leaf Spots ◽  
Agricultural Sciences ◽  
Berry Crops ◽  
New Varieties ◽  
First Time ◽  
Red Currant

The main goal of the scientific institution was and remains to improve the assortment of fruit and berry crops for the development of domestic horticulture. Black currant breeding at VNIISPK was started by A.F Tamarova and continued by the doctor of agricultural Sciences T.P.Ogoltsova and doctor of agricultural Sciences S.D. Knyazev. A long-term breeding program has been developed. The main goals of the program are to create black currant cultivars with continuous resistance to diseases, first of all powdery mildew, as wells resistance to pests, i.e. bud mite. As a result of the long-term work, over 40 black currant cultivars have been developed, 14 of them are zoned. Red currant breeding was led by the candidate of agricultural Sciences L.V. Bayanova; since 2001 the work has been continued by the candidate of agricultural Sciences O.D. Golyaeva. ‘Heinemanns Rote Spӓtlese’, the descendant of R. multiflorum Kit., was involved in the red currant breeding for the first time in Russia. On its genetic basis, a series of late maturing cultivars with long and dense racemes was created. At the Institute, in total 21cultivars of red currants have been developed, 13 of them are zoned. At present, red currant cultivars make up 25.5% of the zoned assortment in Russia. The first research on gooseberries was stated by V.P. Semakin and A.F Tamarova; since 1992 the systematic gooseberry breeding has been carried out by the candidate of agricultural Sciences O.V. Kurashev. On the basis of Grossularia robusta, we have created gooseberry forms that are resistant to powdery mildew and leaf spots. These forms are highly productive, weakly thorned, having bush habit suitable for mechanized harvest. The result of breeding activities was the transfer of 6 gooseberry cultivars to State agricultural testing: ‘Solnechny Zaychik’, ‘Nekrasovsky’, ‘Yupiter’, ‘Zemlianichny’, ‘Moryachok’ and ‘Discovery’.

Fungus Spaeropsis Malorum peck. One of the currant stalk drying agents

2020 ◽  
Vol 62 ◽  
pp. 172-178
Author(s):  
S. E. Golovin
Keyword(s):  
Causative Agent ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Frequency Of Occurrence ◽  
Ribes Nigrum ◽  
Black Currant ◽  
Causative Agents ◽  
Pear Trees ◽  
Red Currant

The article highlights the results of research carried out in 2019-2020 to study the reasons for the drying out of the stems of black currant (Ribes nigrum L.), red currant (Ribes rubrum L.) and golden currant (Ribes aureum L.). As a result of research, the fungus Sphaeropsis malorum Peck. in the first in Russia it was revealed from the drying stems of three types of black currants, red currants and golden currants. This  pathogen inhabited currant stems together with fungi from the genus Cytospora spp., causative agents of stem drying. On red currants, it was established that S. malorum was the main causative agent of branch drying, as indicated by the high frequency of occurrence (75.0-83.3 %) of this fungus on the affected stems, compared with species from the genus Cytospora spp. (16.7-33.3 %) and Phomopsis ribesia (25.0 %). Due to the fact that the cultivation of currants in the immediate vicinity of apple and pear trees leads to infection of plants with the fungus S. malorum, it is necessary to avoid planting currants in the vicinity of fruit-bearing seed gardens.

Reproductive Responses of Capsicum annuum to High Temperatures

HortScience ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 543c-543
Author(s):  
Ami N. Erickson ◽  
Albert H. Markhart
Keyword(s):  
Capsicum Annuum ◽  
High Temperatures ◽  
Fruit Development ◽  
Flower Development ◽  
Fruit Set ◽  
Fruit Production ◽  
Yield Reduction ◽  
Bud Size ◽  
Growth Chambers ◽  
Constant Growth

Fruit yield reduction due to high temperatures has been widely observed in Solanaceous crops. Our past experiments have demonstrated that Capsicum annuum cultivars Ace and Bell Boy completely fail to produce fruit when grown at constant 33 °C. However, flowers are produced, continually. To determine which stages of flower development are sensitive to high temperatures, pepper buds, ranging in size from 1 mm to anthesis, were exposed to high temperatures for 6 hr, 48 hr, 5 days, or for the duration of the experiment. Fruit set for each bud size was determined. Exposure to high temperatures at anthesis and at the 2-mm size stage for 2 or more days significantly reduced fruit production. To determine whether inhibition of pollination, inhibition of fertilization, and/or injury to the female or male structures prevents fruit production at high temperatures, flowers from pepper cultivars Ace and Bell Boy were grown until flowers on the 8th or 9th node were 11 mm in length. Plants were divided between 25 °C and 33 °C constant growth chambers for 2 to 4 days until anthesis. At anthesis, flowers from both treatments were cross-pollinated in all combination, and crosses were equally divided between 33 or 25 °C growth chambers until fruit set or flowers abscised. All flower crosses resulted in 80% to 100% fruit set when post-pollination temperatures were 25 °C. However, post-pollination temperatures of 33 °C significantly reduced fruit production. Reduced fruit set by flowers exposed to high temperatures during anthesis and pollination is not a result of inviable pollen or ovule, but an inhibition of fertilization or initial fruit development.

scholarly journals Chemical and sensorial characteristics of fruit spirits produced from different black currant (Ribes nigrum l.) and red currant (Ribes rubrum l.) cultivars

2012 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 217 ◽  
Author(s):  
Todor Vulić ◽  
Ninoslav Nikićević ◽  
Ljubiša Stanković ◽  
Milovan Veličković ◽  
Marina Todosijević ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gas Chromatography ◽  
Ethyl Acetate ◽  
Sensory Evaluation ◽  
Chemical Characteristics ◽  
Ribes Nigrum ◽  
Black Currant ◽  
Fruit Spirits ◽  
Red Currant

Chemical characteristics of fruit spirits produced from three black currant cultivars (Malling Juel, Ometa, Ben Sarek) and two red currant cultivars (Rondom and Versailles) grown in Serbia were examined using gas chromatography. In addition, sensory evaluation of the spirit samples was performed using the Buxbaum model of positive rating. Fruit spirits produced from black currant cultivars displayed the highest contents of methanol (267.2 - 595.0 g/hl A. A) and amyl alcohols (74.2 - 204.8 g/hl A. A). Total sensory scores of currant brandies ranged between 17.60 and 18.40, while currant brandy produced from Ben Sarek black currant cultivar received the highest score (18.40). All tested samples of currant brandies fulfilled EU requirements as regards their content of methanol and other components such as acetaldehyde, ethyl acetate and high alcohols. The currant distillates were compared with other commercial spirits, including plum and grape brandies.

scholarly journals Carbohidratos y Floración en Hesperaloë funifera (Koch) Trel. (Samandoque)

2017 ◽  
pp. 67
Author(s):  
Steven P. Mclaughlin ◽  
Ryan R. Williams
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Set ◽  
Fruit Production ◽  
Hesperaloe Funifera

Several researchers have noted that flowering in Agavaceae requires substantial resources, but few studies have attempted to directly measure such resources. T his study addresses the hypothesis that fruit set in Hesperaloë funifera is limited by available carbohydrates. The accumulation of total non-structural carbohydrates (TNC) prior to flowering was measured, and total requirements for carbohydrate were estimated. Hesperaloë funifera was found to accumulate fructans, and roots were an important organ for storage of accumulated carbohydrates. Carbohydrates stored in the plant prior to flowering are sufficient to meet only about onethird of the carbohydrate needed to produce an average inflorescence with 1 % to 2% fruit set. All of the carbohydrate produced by photosynthesis from May through August is needed to support flowering and fruit production. Low percentage fruit set in Hesperaloë funifera is probably due to a deficiency of carbohydrate resources.

scholarly journals Octabor (boron) as a Low Toxicity Control Tactic for the Spotted Wing Drosophila, Drosophila suzukii (Matsumura)

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 63
Author(s):  
Troy Cloutier ◽  
Francis Andrew Drummond ◽  
Judith Collins
Keyword(s):  
Field Study ◽  
The United States ◽  
Fruit Production ◽  
Spotted Wing Drosophila ◽  
Drosophila Suzukii ◽  
Delayed Effect ◽  
Control Fruit ◽  
Small Fruit ◽  
Sugar Addition ◽  
Wild Blueberry

The recently introduced spotted wing drosophila is one of the most serious pests in small fruit production in the United States and Europe. Most control relies upon multiple applications of synthetic insecticides. In an effort to find less-toxic insecticides to consumers, farm workers, and wildlife, we conducted two laboratory trials and a semi-field trial in order to assess the potential for disodium octaborate tetrahydrateformulated and sold as Octabor®(U.S. Borax, Inc.) as a control for spotted wing drosophila in wild blueberry. We found that Octabor at 0.6 and 1.0% (w/v) applied to wild blueberry fruit resulted in higher mortality of flies than non-treated control fruit. Addition of sugar to Octabor enhanced mortality in one of the two trials, with an interaction between sugar addition and Octabor rate suggesting that the addition of sugar provided the greatest enhancement at the low rate. Our semi-field study showed that an apparent repellency effect of Octabor provided protection of fruit from infestation for up to 3 days. Also in the semi-field study, we observed a delayed effect on fly mortality. Increased fly mortality occurred over time, relative to the non-treated control fruit. The greatest fly mortality, relative to the non-treated control, resulted from flies being exposed to fruit treated 3 and 7 days prior to fly exposure, but not immediately after the treatment of Octabor. We speculate on why this type of delay in mortality might have occurred.    

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