scholarly journals Pruning and incidences of diseases and pests in environmentally oriented apple growing systems: some aspects

2001 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
I. J. Holb ◽  
I. Gonda ◽  
K. Bitskey
Keyword(s):  
Plant Protection ◽  
Venturia Inaequalis ◽  
Integrated Systems ◽  
Plant Tissues ◽  
Podosphaera Leucotricha ◽  
Organic System ◽  
Apple Cultivars ◽  
Pruning Techniques ◽  
Pruning Technique ◽  
Main Factor

In Hungary, fruit growers are increasingly interested in environmentally oriented growing methods, such as organic and integrated systems. The main factor in creating such systems is the establishment of a system of cultivar-pruning-plant protection based on production technology. Therefore, our aim was to examine the susceptibility of apple cultivars to diseases and pests and the effect of pruning technique on diseases and pests in organic and integrated growing systems. Two pathogens (Venturia inaequalis, Podosphaera leucotricha) and two pests (Leueoptera malifoliella, Pannonychus ulmi) were observed in organic and integrated systems under "strong" and "weak" pruning techniques. Our results showed that, compared to integrated production, the pathogens and pests infected the trees more in the organic system. The pruning technique affected mainly the cultivars susceptible to diseases and pests. In general, the "weak" pruning technique correlated with a higher level of damage caused by diseases and pests than the "strong" pruning technique, especially in the organic growing system. The reason that techniques should be carefully chosen is that shoots grow faster and more vigorously after employing the "strong" pruning technique. This supports a better preservation of the trees, as a result of reduced susceptibility of plant tissues to diseases and pests.

scholarly journals Previous data on the relationship between the intensity of pruning and the degree of damage in integrated and organic applegrowing systems

2001 ◽  
pp. 47-52
Author(s):  
István Gonda ◽  
Imre Holb ◽  
Klára Bitskey
Keyword(s):  
Plant Protection ◽  
Venturia Inaequalis ◽  
Integrated Systems ◽  
Plant Tissues ◽  
Podosphaera Leucotricha ◽  
Organic System ◽  
Apple Cultivars ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Pruning Techniques ◽  
Pruning Technique

In Hungary, fruit growers are increasingly interested in environmentally friendly growing methods, such as organic and integrated systems. Vital is the establishment of a strengthened system of cultivar-pruning-plant protection in production technology. Consequently, our aim was to examine the susceptibility of apple cultivars to diseases and pests and the effect of pruning technique on diseases and pests in organic and integrated growing systems.Two pathogens (Venturia inaequalis, Podosphaera leucotricha) and two pests (Leucoptera malifoliella, Pannonychus ulmi) were observed in organic and integrated systems under „strong” and „weak” pruning techniques. Our results on six cultivars showed that the pathogens and pests infested the trees more in the organic system, as compared to that of integrated production. The pruning technique affected mainly the susceptiblecultivars to diseases and pests. The „weak” pruning technique caused a higher level of diseases and pests infestations than the „strong” pruning technique, especially in the organic growing system. The likely reason is that the shoots grow fast and powerfully under “strong” pruning technique. This supports better preservation of the trees supported by susceptibility of plant tissues to diseases and pests.

scholarly journals The efficacy of essential oils against Venturia inaequalis (Cooke) G. Winter and Podosphaera leucotricha (Ellis & Everh.) E. S. Salmon in vivo

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-19
Author(s):  
Tamás Hochbaum ◽  
Marietta Petróczy ◽  
Márta Ladányi ◽  
Géza Nagy
Keyword(s):  
Powdery Mildew ◽  
Essential Oils ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Plant Protection ◽  
Venturia Inaequalis ◽  
Apple Scab ◽  
Volatile Oils ◽  
Podosphaera Leucotricha ◽  
Synthetic Pesticides

Abstract Though profitable crop production can be more simply achieved by using synthetic pesticides, the research of alternative plant protection solutions is necessary. The effect of the volatile oils of cinnamon, thyme, and a copper ingredient fertilizer were tested for their activity against apple scab and powdery mildew in apple orchards in 2014 and 2017. Oils applied alone or in combination were effective against apple scab in 2014 and in 2017 and against powdery mildew on leaves in 2017. The copper ingredient fertilizer product improved the efficacy of the oils. The results of these trials show that the tested volatile oils are suitable candidates for further research and for the development of organic fungicides against the diseases of apple.

scholarly journals BIOFORMULATIONS OF PLANT PROTECTION PRODUCTS TO CONTROL PODOSPHAERA LEUCOTRICHA AND VENTURIA INAEQUALIS PHYTOPATHOGENS

2019 ◽  
Vol 35 ◽  
pp. 61-64
Author(s):  
Georgiana Cîrstea ◽  
◽  
Mirela Călinescu ◽  
Cătălin Ducu ◽  
Sorin Moga ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Protection ◽  
Venturia Inaequalis ◽  
Plant Protection Products ◽  
Podosphaera Leucotricha

scholarly journals Evaluation of reactions of commercial and autochthonous apple cultivars to common diseases in Serbia under natural infection

2017 ◽  
Vol 32 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 157-172 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jelica Balaz ◽  
Vladislav Ognjanov ◽  
Zoran Keserovic ◽  
Aleksandra Sucur ◽  
Jaap Janse ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Erwinia Amylovora ◽  
Venturia Inaequalis ◽  
Natural Infection ◽  
Gold Rush ◽  
Podosphaera Leucotricha ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
Golden Delicious ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Apple Cultivars ◽  
Moderately Resistant

This study presents the results of a multiple-year evaluation (1991-1996; 2005-2007) of susceptibility of more than 100 apple cultivars to Venturia inaequalis, Podosphaera leucotricha and Erwinia amylovora under agroecological conditions existing in Serbia. Some of the most popular cultivars were found highly susceptible to V. inaequalis (Cripps Pink, Mutsu, Gloster 69, Wellspur); while Golden Delicious, Richared, Gala, Cacanska pozna, Cadel and Jonagold were susceptible; Idared, Granny Smith and Jonathan moderately susceptible; Lord Lamburne and London Pepping, as well as several autochthonous cultivars were moderately resistant; and a group of resistant cultivars included Prima, Priscilla, Williams Pride, Dayton, Enterprise, Gold Rush, Golden Orange, many of the Re-cultivars (Germany), as well as Baujade, Selena, Duk?t, Produkta, Topaz, some older cvs. (Worcester Pearmain, Merton Worcester, James Grieve, Akane, Astilish, Astrachan Red and Discovery), some Co-op selections (USA) and NS hybrids (Serbia). Regarding powdery mildew, Idared and Jonathan were highly susceptible; Gala, Akane, Jonagold, Priscilla, Mutsu, Cacanska pozna, Golden Delicious, Granny Smith, Cadel and GoldRush were susceptible; Wellspur, Astrachan Red, Richared, Jonadel, Dayton and several autochthonous cultivars were moderately susceptible; Lord Lamburne, Astlisch, Prima, Champagne Reinette, Discovery and many autochthonous cultivars were moderately resistant; while most Re-cvs. (Germany), several cultivars from the Czech Republic, some selections from the USA and UK and most NS hybrids (Serbia) were resistant. Also, some cultivars showed variable susceptibility depending on location (Williams Pride, Gloster 69, Baujade and Produkta). E. amylovora was observed only in 2007 and at relatively low intensity (up to 12% infection). The highest disease severity was observed on cv. Elstar, then Granny Smith, Idared and Jonagored; while the lowest was found on Red Chief and Hapke apple trees.

Susceptibility of apple cultivars to apple scab and powdery mildew in Victoria, Australia

1998 ◽  
Vol 38 (6) ◽  
pp. 625 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. S. Washington ◽  
O. N. Villalta ◽  
J. Ingram ◽  
D. Bardon
Keyword(s):  
Powdery Mildew ◽  
Venturia Inaequalis ◽  
Natural Infection ◽  
Apple Scab ◽  
Podosphaera Leucotricha ◽  
Commercial Cultivars ◽  
Apple Cultivars ◽  
High Level

Summary. Twenty apple cultivars were assessed over 3 seasons for their susceptibility to natural infection with scab (caused by Venturia inaequalis) and powdery mildew (caused by Podosphaera leucotricha). It was evident that a number of important commercial cultivars are highly susceptible to leaf scab (average incidence of leaf scab: Pink Lady, 40.2% of leaves; Lady William, 37.1%; Braeburn, 20.0%; and New Jonagold, 18.7%) and powdery mildew (average incidence of leaf mildew: New Jonagold, 23.0%; Pink Lady, 17.8%). There was a high level of resistance to leaf scab in the cultivars Florina-Quérina, Redfree and Jonafree (all less than 1% incidence on leaves) and to powdery mildew in the cultivar Earlidel (no infection observed). The cultivars Jonathan, Bonza and Red Elstar showed a useful level of resistance to scab (average incidence of leaf scab between 1.6 and 3.2%), while the cultivars Red Fuji, HiEarly and Redfree all showed some resistance to powdery mildew (average incidence of mildew between 2.6 and 5.9%). Observations made on the low and variable numbers of fruit produced by some trees in their third year after planting showed that Pink Lady and Lady William were highly susceptible to fruit scab (67.6 or 57.6% scabbed fruit respectively). Twig infection by scab was also observed on shoots of the current season’s growth of Pink Lady.

scholarly journals Apple Autotetraploids with Enhanced Resistance to Apple Scab (Venturia inaequalis) Due to Genome Duplication-Phenotypic and Genetic Evaluation

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 527
Author(s):  
Małgorzata Podwyszyńska ◽  
Monika Markiewicz ◽  
Agata Broniarek-Niemiec ◽  
Bożena Matysiak ◽  
Agnieszka Marasek-Ciolakowska
Keyword(s):  
Venturia Inaequalis ◽  
Leaf Shape ◽  
Apple Scab ◽  
Early Period ◽  
Physiological Parameters ◽  
Aflp Analysis ◽  
Poor Growth ◽  
Enhanced Resistance ◽  
Apple Cultivars ◽  
Old Trees

Among the fungal diseases of apple trees, serious yield losses are due to an apple scab caused by Venturia inaequalis. Protection against this disease is based mainly on chemical treatments, which are currently very limited. Therefore, it is extremely important to introduce cultivars with reduced susceptibility to this pathogen. One of the important sources of variability for breeding is the process of polyploidization. Newly obtained polyploids may acquire new features, including increased resistance to diseases. In our earlier studies, numerous tetraploids have been obtained for several apple cultivars with ‘Free Redstar’ tetraploids manifesting enhanced resistance to apple scab. In the present study, tetraploids of ‘Free Redstar’ were assessed in terms of phenotype and genotype with particular emphasis on the genetic background of their increased resistance to apple scab. Compared to diploid plants, tetraploids (own-rooted plants) were characterized with poor growth, especially during first growing season. They had considerably shorter shoots, fewer branches, smaller stem diameter, and reshaped leaves. In contrast to own-rooted plants, in M9-grafted three-year old trees, no significant differences between diplo- and tetraploids were observed, either in morphological or physiological parameters, with the exceptions of the increased leaf thickness and chlorophyll content recorded in tetraploids. Significant differences between sibling tetraploid clones were recorded, particularly in leaf shape and some physiological parameters. The amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) analysis confirmed genetic polymorphism of tetraploid clones. Methylation-sensitive amplification polymorphism (MSAP) analysis showed that the level of DNA methylation was twice as high in young tetraploid plants as in a diploid donor tree, which may explain the weaker vigour of neotetraploids in the early period of their growth in the juvenile phase. Molecular analysis showed that ‘Free Redstar’ cultivar and their tetraploids bear six Rvi genes (Rvi5, Rvi6, Rvi8, Rvi11, Rvi14 and Rvi17). Transcriptome analysis confirmed enhanced resistance to apple scab of ‘Free Redstar’ tetraploids since the expression levels of genes related to resistance were strongly enhanced in tetraploids compared to their diploid counterparts.

scholarly journals The effectiveness of weed regulation methods in spring wheat cultivated in integrated, conventional and organic crop production systems

2012 ◽  
Vol 52 (4) ◽  
pp. 486-493 ◽  
Author(s):  
Beata Feledyn-Szewczyk
Keyword(s):  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Integrated System ◽  
Integrated Systems ◽  
Conventional System ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Organic System ◽  
Weed Communities

Abstract The research was conducted from 2008 to 2010, and compared the influence of different weed control methods used in spring wheat on the structure of the weed communities and the crop yield. The study was carried out at the Experimental Station of the Institute of Soil Science and Plant Cultivation - State Research Institute in Osiny as part of a long-term trial where these crop production systems had been compared since 1994. In the conventional and integrated systems, spring wheat was grown in a pure stand, whereas in the organic system, the wheat was grown with undersown clover and grasses. In the conventional system, herbicides were applied two times in a growing season, but in the integrated system - only once. The effectiveness of weed management was lower in the organic system than in other systems, but the dry matter of weeds did not exceed 60 g/m2. In the integrated system, the average dry matter of weeds in spring wheat was 4 times lower, and in the conventional system 10 times lower than in the organic system. Weed diversity was the largest in spring wheat cultivated in the organic system. In the conventional and integrated systems, compensation of some weed species was observed (Viola arvensis, Fallopia convolvulus, Equisetum arvense). The comparison of weed communities using Sorenson’s indices revealed more of a similarity between systems in terms of number of weed species than in the number of individuals. Such results imply that qualitative changes are slower than quantitative ones. The yield of grain was the biggest in the integrated system (5.5 t/ha of average). It was 35% higher than in the organic system, and 20% higher than in conventional ones.

scholarly journals Performance of Winter Wheat Cultivars Grown Organically and Conventionally with Focus on Fusarium Head Blight and Fusarium Trichothecene Toxins

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tomasz Góral ◽  
Aleksander Łukanowski ◽  
Elzbieta Maluszynska ◽  
Kinga Stuper-Szablewska ◽  
Maciej Buśko ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Fusarium Head Blight ◽  
Organic Farming ◽  
Consumer Preferences ◽  
Plant Protection ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Plant Stress ◽  
Head Blight ◽  
Organic System ◽  
Conventional Agriculture

Growing acreage and changing consumer preferences cause increasing interest in the cereal products originating from organic farming. Lack of results of objective test, however, does not allow drawing conclusions about the effects of cultivation in the organic system and comparison to currently preferred conventional system. Field experiment was conducted in organic and conventional fields. Thirty modern cultivars of winter wheat were sown. They were characterized for disease infection including Fusarium head blight, seed sowing value, the amount of DNA of the six species of Fusarium fungi as well as concentration of ergosterol and trichothecenes in grain. The intensity Fusarium head blight was at a similar level in both systems. However, Fusarium colonization of kernels expressed as ergosterol level or DNA concentration was higher for the organic system. It did not reflect in an increased accumulation of trichothecenes in grain, which was similar in both systems, but sowing value of organically produced seeds was lower. Significant differences between analyzed cropping systems and experimental variants were found. The selection of the individual cultivars for organic growing in terms of resistance to diseases and contamination of grain with Fusarium toxins was possible. Effects of organic growing differ significantly from the conventional and grain obtained such way can be recommended to consumers. There are indications for use of particular cultivars bred for conventional agriculture in the case of organic farming, and the growing organic decreases plant stress resulting from intense fertilization and chemical plant protection.

scholarly journals Performance of Winter Wheat Cultivars Grown Organically and Conventionally with Focus on Fusarium Head Blight and Fusarium Trichothecene Toxins

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (10) ◽  
pp. 439 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tomasz Góral ◽  
Aleksander Łukanowski ◽  
Elżbieta Małuszyńska ◽  
Kinga Stuper-Szablewska ◽  
Maciej Buśko ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Fusarium Head Blight ◽  
Organic Farming ◽  
Consumer Preferences ◽  
Plant Protection ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Plant Stress ◽  
Head Blight ◽  
Organic System ◽  
Conventional Agriculture

Growing acreage and changing consumer preferences cause increasing interest in the cereal products originating from organic farming. Lack of results of objective test, however, does not allow drawing conclusions about the effects of cultivation in the organic system and comparison to currently preferred conventional system. Field experiment was conducted in organic and conventional fields. Thirty modern cultivars of winter wheat were sown. They were characterized for disease infection including Fusarium head blight, seed sowing value, the amount of DNA of the six species of Fusarium fungi as well as concentration of ergosterol and trichothecenes in grain. The intensity Fusarium head blight was at a similar level in both systems. However, Fusarium colonization of kernels expressed as ergosterol level or DNA concentration was higher for the organic system. It did not reflect in an increased accumulation of trichothecenes in grain, which was similar in both systems, but sowing value of organically produced seeds was lower. Significant differences between analyzed cropping systems and experimental variants were found. The selection of the individual cultivars for organic growing in terms of resistance to diseases and contamination of grain with Fusarium toxins was possible. Effects of organic growing differ significantly from the conventional and grain obtained such way can be recommended to consumers. There are indications for use of particular cultivars bred for conventional agriculture in the case of organic farming, and the growing organic decreases plant stress resulting from intense fertilization and chemical plant protection.

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