scholarly journals Anatomical relations of the leaves in strawberry

2005 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Papp ◽  
P. Gracza ◽  
A. Szenthe ◽  
E. Sárdi ◽  
G. Simon
Keyword(s):  
Cross Sections ◽  
Leaf Blade ◽  
Simple Structure ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Gradual Change ◽  
Fragaria Ananassa ◽  
Palisade Parenchyma ◽  
True Leaf ◽  
Intermediate Size ◽  
Main Vein

In the present study histology of the leaves of strawberry (Fragaria ananassa Duch.) variety Elsanta was the objective, which has been performed with the beginning of seedling stage, cotyledons, primary leaves and later true leaves, first cataphyll of the runner shoot as well as the bracteoles of the inflorescence. Structures of the leaf blade, the upper and lower epidermis, the petiole have been also observed. The leaf blade of cotyledons already contains a typical palisade as well as spongy parenchyma tissues, i.e. being bifacial showing a structure similar to that of the true leaf. However, the petiole displays differences from the true leaf. There are a narrow (4-5 layer) primary cortex and a tiny central cylinder. Primary leaves bear already hairs on the adaxial surface and the transporting tissue-bundles are recognised in cross sections having a "V" shape. The first true leaf composed by three leaflets is of a simple structure showing characters reminding of cotyledons and primary leaves. Leaves of intermediate size continue to grow, whereas their inner anatomy changes dramatically. In the central region of the leaflets, near to the main vein, a second palisade parenchyma appears, further on, transporting tissue bundles are branching in the petiole. Collenchyma tissues enhance the stiffness and elasticity of the petiole. Older true leaves develop thick collenchyma tissues around the transporting bundles being represented by increasing numbers. The doubled palisade parenchyma layers of the leaf blades are generally observed. The cataphylls of the runners have a more simple structure, their mesophyll is homogenous, no palisade parenchyma appears. It is evident that leaves grown at successive developmental stages are different not only in their morphological but also anatomical structure. There is a gradual change according to the developmental stage of the leaves.

scholarly journals The comparative analysis of anatomical traits of four largefruited hazelnut cultivars showing different susceptibility to filbert aphid (Myzocallis coryli Goetze) feeding

2012 ◽  
Vol 59 (2) ◽  
pp. 69-83
Author(s):  
Elżbieta Weryszko-Chmielewska ◽  
Magdalena Gantner ◽  
Jadwiga Kostrzewska-Kuczumow
Keyword(s):  
Cross Sections ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Leaf Blade ◽  
Susceptible Cultivar ◽  
Abaxial Epidermis ◽  
Adaxial Epidermis ◽  
Aphid Feeding ◽  
Main Vein ◽  
Scanning Electron ◽  
Made In

Investigations related to morphological and anatomical traits of leaves of four largefruited hazelnut (<i>Corylus</i> L.) cultivars characterised by different susceptibility to filbert aphid (<i>Myzocallis coryli</i> Goetze) feeding. The following parameters were measured: the thickness of leaf blade, the number of stomata, the length of secretory and mechanical hairs and their density on the leaf, the thickness of adaxial and abaxial epidermis and the thickness of their external cell walls. Observations of cross sections of the leaves were made in a light microscope and the surface of the adaxial epidermis was analysed in a scanning electron microscope. It was shown that leaves of the cultivars susceptible to <i>M. coryli</i> feeding had the thinnest leaf blade, especially in the main vein, and many more stomata. Besides, the cultivar most resistant to filbert aphid feeding, White Filbert, was marked by the largest height of the adaxial epidermis cells and the strongest striation of the cuticle in abaxial epidermis. On leaves of this cultivar, the number of mechanical hairs was the highest, while the lowest number of them was noted on Wonder from Bollwiller, the most susceptible cultivar.

scholarly journals Leaf anatomy and micromorphology of six Posoqueria Aublet species (Rubiaceae)

Rodriguésia ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 61 (3) ◽  
pp. 505-518 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rosani do Carmo de Oliveira Arruda ◽  
Doria Maria Saiter Gomes ◽  
Aline Carvalho de Azevedo ◽  
Michelle Lima Magalhães ◽  
Mario Gomes
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Anatomy ◽  
Leaf Blade ◽  
Vascular System ◽  
Glandular Trichomes ◽  
Atlantic Rain Forest ◽  
Leaf Margin ◽  
Anticlinal Wall ◽  
Wax Deposition ◽  
Palisade Parenchyma ◽  
Cuticular Layer

Abstract The present study deals with the leaf anatomy and leaf surface of Posoqueria acutifolia Mart., P. latifolia Mart., P. longiflora Aublet, P. macropus Mart., P. palustris (Rudge) Roem. and Posoqueria sp., collected in fragments of Atlantic rain forest, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The epicuticular wax may occur in the form of filaments, granules or crusts. The leaves are covered by a thick cuticular layer that may be smooth or striated. Paracytic stomata, and non-glandular trichomes are limited to the abaxial surface; the latter are numerous in P. palustris, and rare in P. longiflora and P. latifolia. Leaves have a dorsiventral structure, with only one layer of palisade parenchyma and varied amounts of spongy parenchyma. Idioblasts containing crystalliferous sand were observed, and were more abundant in P. latifolia. The leaf blade vascular system is formed by collateral bundles with a parenchymatous sheath, associated with fibers. The vascular system of the petiole and the leaf blade forms an arch. Some of the anatomical features observed can be used to distinguish the species studied. Anatomical leaf characters could be used in the recognition of six species of Posoqueria studied, such as anticlinal wall of epidermal cells, wax deposition, trichomes and shape of the leaf margin.

Phenotypic plasticity in leaves of four species of arctic Festuca (Poaceae)

1995 ◽  
Vol 73 (11) ◽  
pp. 1810-1823 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicole S. Ramesar-Fortner ◽  
Nancy G. Dengler ◽  
Susan G. Aiken
Keyword(s):  
Phenotypic Plasticity ◽  
Cross Sections ◽  
Leaf Blade ◽  
Growth Traits ◽  
Continuous Light ◽  
Taxonomic Status ◽  
Trichome Density ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
University Of Toronto ◽  
Species Specific

Leaf phenotypic plasticity of 12 morphological, anatomical, and growth traits was investigated using four species of arctic Festuca (F. baffinensis, F. brachyphylla, F. edlundiae, and F. hyperborea). Plants collected around 78°N in the Canadian Arctic Archipelago were grown for 10 weeks at the University of Toronto in growth chambers in continuous light, under four regimes of temperature and moisture. Significant differences were found between leaves at the time of field collection and leaves of the same plant at the end of the experiment in (i) leaf blade length, (ii) surface vestiture, both in trichome density and angle of the trichomes to the blade surface, and (iii) characters seen in leaf cross sections: blade width, rib thickness, and inter-rib thickness. The four species responded similarly to the experimental conditions, indicating that most of these changes represent part of the developmentally inevitable component of plasticity rather than species-specific adaptations. Trichome density was the only characteristic for which species showed different patterns of response, with a unique pattern of response in F. edlundiae. This and certain growth traits support the taxonomic status of this newly recognized species. The significant effects of temperature and to a lesser degree, water treatments on these leaf anatomical traits indicate that they should be used with caution for the purposes of taxonomy and identification. Key words: Festuca, leaf blade anatomy, phenotypic plasticity.

167 VISUALISATION OF FAT ACCUMULATION IN BOVINE PREANTRAL AND ANTRAL OOCYTES USING 2-PHOTON MICROSCOPY

2011 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 186
Author(s):  
A. Langbeen ◽  
J. L. M. R. Leroy ◽  
I. Pintelon ◽  
P. E. J. Bols
Keyword(s):  
Cross Sections ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Nile Red ◽  
Fat Distribution ◽  
Enzymatic Digestion ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Excitation Wavelength ◽  
Limiting Factor ◽  
Fat Accumulation ◽  
Preantral Follicles

Fat metabolism is important in oocyte development (Kim et al. 2001; Sturmey et al. 2009). Our main objective was to develop a straightforward method that allows us to describe fat distribution and quantify fat accumulation in bovine oocytes throughout folliculogenesis. Fat accumulation dynamics can be studied by making microscopically repeated cross-sections or Z-stacks through oocytes of different developmental stages. The most important limiting factor in oocyte 3D visualisation studies is the size of the oocyte (between 110 and 120 μm in diameter), making it impossible to visualise it as a whole. If visualisation of the bottommost hemisphere is desirable, overlying Z-stacks will disperse the excitation and emission light, creating artefacts that will distort the image and trouble the results (indicated by former unpublished results). Therefore, we investigated the use of an alternative visualisation protocol staining the oocytes with Nile Red as an intracellular, triglyceride-specific (when emission is captured at 590 nm), fluorescent dye (Greenspan et al. 1985; Leroy et al. 2005), this combined with 2-photon excitation technology. In total, ovaries from 10 cows were collected at slaughter. Ovaries were pooled per cow. Only cows with apparent follicular activity on both ovaries were selected. Antral follicles with a diameter of <3 mm, between 3 and 6 mm, and >6 mm were aspirated. Apart from oocytes collected from each of these 3 follicle classes, preantral follicles were harvested from ovarian cortex tissue through mechanical isolation and enzymatic digestion by collagenase type IA. In total, 3 oocytes per follicle class were collected for each pair of ovaries. They were fixed in 2% glutaraldehyde and 2% formaldehyde and stained with Nile Red (1 μg mL–1). After mounting, images were acquired with a Zeiss LSM 510 reversed 2-photon microscope (Carl Zeiss GmbH, Jena, Germany) using an excitation wavelength of 807 nm, with an emission spectrum covered between 580 and 591 nm. Our results show that even with biphoton excitation, it remains very difficult to visualise fat droplet distribution in >100-μm oocytes. However, accurate images can be obtained of the upper hemisphere of the oocyte. These images can be used in future research on the dynamics of the distribution and the accumulation of lipid. Preliminary descriptive results clearly show that the relative amount of lipid droplets is lower and their size is smaller in oocytes from preantral follicles compared with antral counterparts. We can preliminary conclude that fat accumulation and the aggregation in fat droplets might take place preceding or even during antral development. We can visualise preantral oocytes as a whole in contrast to antral oocytes where only the upper hemisphere is visible without distortions. Image analysis software is currently applied to allow for a more quantitative interpretation. D. De Rijck.

Leaf structure in Amorimia and closely related Neotropical genera and implications for their systematics and leaf evolution in Malpighiaceae

2019 ◽  
Vol 191 (1) ◽  
pp. 102-127
Author(s):  
Ana Caroline Marques Pereira Mello ◽  
Rafael Felipe De Almeida ◽  
André Marcio Araújo Amorim ◽  
Denise Maria Trombert Oliveira
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Tree ◽  
Vascular Bundle ◽  
Leaf Blade ◽  
Leaf Structure ◽  
Palisade Parenchyma ◽  
Generic Delimitation ◽  
Leaf Evolution ◽  
Comprehensive Study

AbstractAmorimia (Malpighiaceae) was recently segregated from the polyphyletic Mascagnia and placed in the malpighioid clade; identifying new characters based on leaf structure is among the first steps towards a proper generic delimitation of these segregates of Mascagnia. A comprehensive study describing and testing the relevance of leaf-structure characters in the evolution of Amorimia and related Neotropical genera is presented. We sampled all 15 Amorimia spp. and, as outgroups, eight species from the closely related Neotropical genera (Diplopterys, Ectopopterys, Mascagnia, Peixotoa and Stigmaphyllon). We scored 85 structural characters and mapped them on the most recent phylogenetic tree recovered for the genera. The presence of druses in the palisade parenchyma, the position of fibres alongside the vascular bundle and the occurrence of fibre blocks near the margin of the leaf blade were recovered as anatomical synapomorphies for Amorimia. Our results are a first step towards recovering anatomical and macromorphological synapomorphies for newly identified lineages of Malpighiaceae, such as Amorimia.

Variability of leaf blade anatomical traits in the Sesleria juncifolia complex (Poaceae) on the Balkan Peninsula

Phytotaxa ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 442 (3) ◽  
pp. 138-152
Author(s):  
TIJANA ĐENADER ◽  
DMITAR LAKUŠIĆ ◽  
NEVENA KUZMANOVIĆ
Keyword(s):  
Cross Sections ◽  
Leaf Blade ◽  
Function Analysis ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Balkan Peninsula ◽  
Character State ◽  
Adaxial Side ◽  
Qualitative Characters ◽  
Different Populations

This paper presents the results of a detailed study of leaf blade anatomical traits of populations of the Sesleria juncifolia complex from the Balkan Peninsula. The measurements were performed on cross sections of 302 tiller leaf blades from 24 populations. We calculated basic descriptive statistics for each character state. Principal component and canonical discriminant analyses were used to identify the structure of variability and the characters that majorly contributed to the differentiation of the defined groups. Cluster analysis was done to estimate the distances among the studied populations. We provide a detailed description of the leaf blade anatomy of the different populations of S. juncifolia complex investigated within Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, Serbia and North Macedonia. The results show that most of the characters exhibit moderate degrees of variation. The principal component analysis shows slight separation of populations from northwestern Croatia. Canonical discriminant analysis shows that the three a priori defined groups—three species, S. interrupta, S. juncifolia and S. ujhelyii, can be distinguished based on leaf blade anatomical characters. In addition to the characters that were singled out as statistically most significant for differentiation of the three species in discriminant function analysis, the most useful characters for their delimitation are the length of the trichomes on the adaxial side of the leaf, as well as qualitative characters such as the sclerenchyma on the abaxial side of the leaf (continuous or interrupted) and the type of indumentum of the adaxial side of the leaf (very hairy, hairs long vs. very weakly hairy, hairs short). The northwestern populations of S. juncifolia mostly have glabrous leaves or single hairs on the adaxial side of the leaf, while in S. interrupta and S. ujhelyii populations, individuals always have hairy leaves. The presence of continuous subepidermal sclerenchyma has proven to be a good differential character for separating S. ujhelyii from the S. juncifolia and S. interrupta.

Heteroblastic seedlings of green ash. III. Cell division activity and marginal meristems

1986 ◽  
Vol 64 (11) ◽  
pp. 2662-2668 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. K. Merrill
Keyword(s):  
Cell Division ◽  
Leaf Blade ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Leaf Primordia ◽  
Leaf Margin ◽  
Green Ash ◽  
Histological Differentiation ◽  
Cell Counts ◽  
Histological Criteria ◽  
Early Developmental

The early developmental stages of simple and compound leaves of green ash (50–400 μm long) were used to relate cell division activity (mitotic index) to developing leaf form and histological differentiation. Densely cytoplasmic cells within cross-sectioned leaf primordia have higher mitotic indices than protodermal cells and other internal cells that are more vacuolate. Among densely cytoplasmic cells mitotic indices decrease from the primordial leaf margin toward the procambium. Ground meristem cells within three to five cell widths of the primordial margin had the highest mitotic indices. Actual cell counts indicate that densely cytoplasmic cells increase in number in areas of leaf blade or leaflet initiation more than do vacuolate cells or protodermal cells. It is proposed that marginal meristems defined by spatial and histological criteria are important in producing new cells that are the basis for the generation of simple and compound leaf forms.

Effect of Solution Composition on Morphological and Structural Features of Carbonated Calcium Apatites

1990 ◽  
Vol 69 (11) ◽  
pp. 1731-1740 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Shimoda ◽  
T. Aoba ◽  
E.C. Moreno ◽  
Y. Miake
Keyword(s):  
Cross Sections ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
High Resolution Electron Microscopy ◽  
Structural Features ◽  
Alkaline Media ◽  
Alkaline Solutions ◽  
Molar Ratios ◽  
Neutral Ph ◽  
Apatite Crystals ◽  
Wide Range

The composition of enamel mineral corresponds to that of a calcium carbonato-apatite. For insight to be gained into the precipitation of carbonato-apatites having specific properties (crystal size, morphology, and carbonate incorporation into the crystal lattice), apatites were prepared at 80°C in aqueous systems having various CO3 concentrations and pH values of around 7.5 or 10.5 (± 0.5). The various preparations had a wide range (0.005 to 0.19) of CO3/Ca molar ratios that bracket the ratios found in porcine enamel mineral at various developmental stages. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and x-ray diffraction analyses showed that the calcium apatites precipitating at neutral pH incorporated the carbonate into both the hydroxyl and phosphate ion sites in their lattices (A,B-types), whereas the preparations made at the alkaline pH (high OH-CO32- competition) or in the presence of fluoride (F--CO32- competition) yielded only the B-type carbonato-apatite. It was also ascertained that the size and morphology of the carbonato-apatites, assessed by specific surface area determination and high-resolution electron microscopy, were highly dependent on the driving force for precipitation and the presence of regulators (CO 32- and F-) in solution. In neutral media, early precipitates were thin-ribbon in appearance, but grew into crystals having flattened-hexagonal cross-sections. In the presence of fluoride or in alkaline media, acicular apatite crystals, precipitated initially, grew into large rod-like carbonato-apatites having a symmetric-hexagonal cross-section. In both neutral and alkaline solutions, carbonate inhibited the growth of apatite crystals along their c axis, leading to the formation of bulkier crystals. The formation of carbonato-apatites at the neutral pH and their properties are consistent with observations made on enamel minerals formed in the early developmental stages.

scholarly journals Surface and Ultrastructural Feeding Injury to Strawberry Leaves by the Twospotted Spider Mite

HortScience ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 25 (8) ◽  
pp. 948-951 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard J. Campbell ◽  
Randolph L. Grayson ◽  
Richard P. Marini
Keyword(s):  
Spider Mite ◽  
Leaf Surface ◽  
Twospotted Spider Mite ◽  
Fragaria Ananassa ◽  
Lower Leaf Surface ◽  
Palisade Parenchyma ◽  
Mesophyll Cells ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Vascular Elements ◽  
Twospotted Spider

Scanning and transmission electron microscopy were used to investigate damage to strawberry (Fragaria ×ananassa Duch.) leaves caused by twospotted spider mite (Tetranychus urticae Koch.). Mites damaged epidermal cells on the lower leaf surface, but did not damage major vascular elements of the leaf. Mite-damaged spongy and palisade parenchyma cells had coagulated protoplasts, with some cells devoid of cellular contents. Mesophyll cells adjacent to damaged regions showed no ultrastructural distortion or disruption of chloroplasts.

scholarly journals Preliminary morphological and anatomical study of Orthosiphon stamineus

2013 ◽  
Vol 1 (04) ◽  
pp. 01-06 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manaf Almatar ◽  
Zaidah Rahmat ◽  
Faezah Mohd Salleh
Keyword(s):  
Medicinal Plant ◽  
Cross Sections ◽  
Morphological Study ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Anatomical Study ◽  
Medical Application ◽  
Orthosiphon Stamineus ◽  
Phenolics Compounds ◽  
Wide Usage

This study focuses on the characterization of morphological and anatomical traits of Orthosiphon stamineus which belongs to the Lamiaceae family. Orthosiphon stamineus, better known as “Misai Kucing” or “cats whiskers” by the locals, contained active phenolics compounds such as flavanoids. Despite its wide usage as a medicinal plant, information regarding Orthosiphon stamineus specific developmental stages is relatively scarce. Furthermore, to date, no anatomical data of this plant is available. Therefore, this study aims to systematically identify the developmental stages and its anatomy which may provide more insight to its medical application. The result showed some distinct morphological and anatomical characteristics. In the morphological study, it was observed that Orthosiphon stamineus is a herbal shrub with well-developed creeping rootstock. The leaves are simple, green, and arranged in opposite pairs. The stem is approximately 28 cm in height at the stage (12 days). The flowers have long wispy stamens shaped with pale purple color. In anatomical study, the cross sections of the stem for tow stage (32) and (62) days of this plant were examined. All the detailed systematic study of this plant has not worked earlier.

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