scholarly journals Yield loss caused by fruit rot fungi on sweet cherry in Kyustendil region, Bulgaria

2004 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Borovinova
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Fertilization ◽  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Sweet Cherry ◽  
Yield Loss ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
Fruit Rot ◽  
Monilinia Fructigena ◽  
Rainy Period ◽  
Growing Seasons

The aim of the study was to determine the incidence of fruit rot caused by several fungal pathogens from 1999 to 2003. The study was conducted in three sweet cherry orchards at the Institute of Agriculture (Kyustendil, Bulgaria). One copper containing fungicide was applied in late autumn and early spring. During the growing seasons, 2-5 sprays were applied against fungal diseases. Trees were not sprayed specifically against fruit rot during the growing season, with the exception of 1999, when a spray of myclobutanil was applied after a long rainy period during the maturity of fruits. In one orchard, two nitrogen fertilization treatments were also prepared. In treatment 1, trees were fertilized with ammonium-nitrate 10 g/m2 and in the other treatments trees were not. Incidence of the five most important fruit rot pathogens, Monilinia fructigena, M. laxa, Botritys cinerea, Alternaria alternata and Rhizopus stolonifer was assessed in all orchards. The most severe yield loss (14.80 %) was measured in 1999, when weather conditions were the most favourable for fruit rot development. In this year, brown rots (M. fructigena and M. laxa) caused the highest damage (9.22 and 4.04 %, respectively) out of all assessed fruit rot pathogens. In all other years, yield loss was significantly lower than in 1999. In 2002, A. alternata caused the main fruit rot (4.46%) and all other fungi were less important, while in 2003, B. cinerea caused considerable yield loss (2.28 %) compared to all other fruit rot pathogens. Experiments on fertilization showed that nitrogen significantly increased fruit rot damage in 1999, 2001, 2002 and 2003. The effect of nitrogen fertilization was higher in years with rainy periods around harvest (1999 and 2002) compared to more dry years (2000 and 2001). Results were compared with similar studies and biological interpretations of the results are discussed.

scholarly journals Assessment of genetic resources of representatives of the genus Prunus L. in the conditions of the Crimea

2020 ◽  
Vol 25 ◽  
pp. 02005
Author(s):  
Valentina Gorina ◽  
Vadim Korzin ◽  
Nikita Saplev ◽  
Ekaterina Melkozerova
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Resources ◽  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Botanical Garden ◽  
Stress Factors ◽  
Late Flowering ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
The Crimea ◽  
Modern Level ◽  
Selection Of

The aim of the work is a comprehensive assessment of the genetic resources of apricot in the Nikitsky Botanical Garden, determination of the main directions of breeding and the selection of appreciable genotypes for further most effective breeding use for creating competitive varieties, and their introduction into production. Based on the conducted studies, it was revealed that the main directions of apricot breeding at the modern level is to determine the possibility of effective targeted selection of parental pairs for creating varieties with high commercial qualities of fruits, high-yielding, resistant to abiotic and biotic stress factors, adapted to intensive cultivation technologies. It has been determined that the Zard variety, up to the second generation, transmits to its offspring late flowering and small fruiting size. The most promising apricot genotypes for cultivation in areas with unstable weather conditions in Southern Russia have been identified: Boyarin, Yaltinec, 84-951, 89-653, 99-396, 8316, 10841, 84-941, they are characterized by large or medium-sized fruits, good taste (tasting score 4.1-4.7 points, on a 5-point scale) and attractive appearance, late or mid-late flowering of plants. For breeding for late flowering is of interest: Zapozdalyj, Ozornik, 84-383, 84-895, 8319, 84-875; weak susceptibility to fungal pathogens: clasterosporium and moniliosis 84-919, 84-880, 84-383, 84-915, 84-875, 84-909, 84-803, 84-769, 84-803, 89-545, 10841; drought resistance: Krokus, Yaltinec, 87-2, 84-651, 84-942, 84-988, 84-639, 89-359, 89-526, 89-166 и 89-169. Against the background of dry growing seasons, the yield of the selected breeding forms was at the level of the control variety and higher (2.6-3.9 points).

scholarly journals Realization of sweet cherry varieties productivity in stressful conditions in the south of Russia

2021 ◽  
Vol 34 ◽  
pp. 01005
Author(s):  
Rimma Zaremuk ◽  
Yulia Dolya ◽  
Tatiana Kopnina
Keyword(s):  
Sweet Cherry ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
Stress Factors ◽  
The South ◽  
Sweet Cherries ◽  
Productive Potential ◽  
Favorable Weather ◽  
Spring Frosts ◽  
Generative Organs

The main stress factors for sweet cherries in the Krasnodar region are: late return frosts and early exposure to frost after a warm autumn. Against the background of late return frosts, the death of the generative organs of sweet cherry was 95%, the realization of the productive potential − 3.3%; after early spring frosts, freezing of cherry fruit buds was 30%, the realization of productive potential − 47.8%. The early impact of frost after a warm autumn, the death of the generative organs of sweet cherry was 90%, the realization of the productive potential − 5.6%. Under favorable weather conditions, i.e. in the absence of any type of stress, the yield of sweet cherry varieties reached 40.5 kg/tree or 27 t/ha, and the implementation of the production potential − 57.8%. Mathematical analysis showed a high correlation (R2 = 0.97) of the yield of varieties from the abnormal temperatures in March and the degree of exposure to stress, i.e. damage to generative organs (R2 = 0.9). Domestic varieties Alaya, Sashenka and Volshebnitsa, can be recommended for creating sustainable plantations in the south of Russia.

Weed Control in Grape After Fall and Spring Application of Selected Herbicides

2006 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 74-80 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sorkel Kadir ◽  
Kassim Al-Khatib
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Warm Weather ◽  
Weed Emergence ◽  
Fall Application

Soil-residual herbicides can be applied to the soil under grapevines during fall or spring before weed emergence. But, early spring moisture and warm weather conditions may enhance weed emergence before spring herbicide applications. Therefore, fall application of herbicide can be useful if the herbicides provide adequate weed control the following spring and summer. Fall and spring applications of oryzalin or norflurazon, applied alone or in combination with diuron, simazine, or oxyfluorfen, were evaluated for weed control in grape at Oskaloosa and Eudora in northeast Kansas in the 2002 to 2003 and 2003 to 2004 growing seasons. Weeds were not controlled adequately with oryzalin or norflurazon applied alone. At the end of the growing season, weed control was 10 to 20% greater when herbicides were applied in the spring than when applied in the fall. In addition, weed control with norflurazon was slightly greater than with oryzalin. In general, norflurazon or oryzalin applied in combination with simazine, diuron, or oxyfluorfen gave greater weed control than norflurazon or oryzalin applied alone. The greatest control was with norflurazon or oryzalin applied with oxyfluorfen. In general, all herbicide combinations provided similar weed control 4 mo after spring treatment in 2003 and 3 mo after spring treatment in 2004. This study showed that acceptable weed control can be achieved when norflurazon or oryzalin is applied with oxyfluorfen or diuron in the fall.

scholarly journals Effects of application terms of three soil active herbicides on herbicide efficacy and reproductive ability for weeds in maize

2014 ◽  
Vol 60 (No. 10) ◽  
pp. 452-458 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Andr ◽  
V. Hejnák ◽  
M. Jursík ◽  
V. Fendrychová
Keyword(s):  
Seed Production ◽  
Yield Loss ◽  
Chenopodium Album ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Amaranthus Retroflexus ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Reproductive Ability ◽  
Average Precipitation ◽  
Mercurialis Annua

The aim of this work was to compare herbicide efficacy and reduction of weed reproduction after the application of three frequently used soil residual herbicides during pre-emergent (PRE) and early post-emergent (EPOST) application in maize. Plot field trials were carried out in Central Bohemia during two growing seasons (2010 and 2011). Good efficacy (88%, resp. 83%) was found in isoxaflutole + thiencarbazone (ISF + THC) and terbuthylazin + S-metolachlor (TBA + SMC) on Echinochloa crus-galli, especially in PRE application use. Efficacy on Amaranthus retroflexus was 91% at both tested application periods and there were no significant differences between experimental years. Significant differences in A. retroflexus control were recorded among all tested herbicides (ISF + THC > TBA + SMC > pendimethalin (PEM) + dimethenamid (DMA)). No significant differences between PRE and EPOST were recorded in efficacy on Chenopodium album. Significant differences in efficacy on C. album were recorded among all tested herbicides (ISF + THC > TBA + SMC > PEM + DMA). Mercurialis annua was the most tolerant tested weed, which was significantly better controlled at EPOST herbicide application (73%) compared to PRE application (32%). TBA + SMC showed a significantly higher efficacy on M. annua compared with other tested herbicides. Seed production of all tested weeds was strongly effected by weather conditions, which were significant during 2011, when there was higher than average precipitation during May and June. The most seeds were produced by A. retroflexus > C. album > E. crus-galli > M. annua. ISF + THC best reduced seed production of E. crus-galli, A. retroflexus and C. album, especially when applied at PRE. TBA + SMC best reduced seed production of M. annua. Weed competition on untreated control plots caused yield loss by 90%and 47% in 2011 and 2012, respectively, compared to treatments with the highest yield (ISF + THC).

scholarly journals Utilization of the cropgro-soybean model to estimate yield loss caused by Asian rust in cultivars with different cycle

Bragantia ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 71 (2) ◽  
pp. 308-317 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rafael de Ávila Rodrigues ◽  
João Eduardo Pedrini ◽  
Clyde William Fraisse ◽  
José Maurício Cunha Fernandes ◽  
Flávio Barbosa Justino ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Yield Loss ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Sowing Date ◽  
Soybean Rust ◽  
Pedotransfer Functions ◽  
Crop Models ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Asian Soybean Rust ◽  
Generalized Likelihood Uncertainty Estimation ◽  
Favorable Weather

In recent years, crop models have increasingly been used to simulate agricultural features. The DSSAT (Decision Support System for Agrotechnology Transfer) is an important tool in modeling growth; however, one of its limitations is related to the unaccounted-for effect of diseases. Therefore, the goals of this study were to calibrate and validate the CSM CROPGRO-Soybean for the soybean cultivars M-SOY 6101 and MG/BR 46 (Conquista), analyze the performance and the effect of Asian soybean rust on these cultivars under the environmental conditions of Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil. The experimental data for the evaluation, testing, and adjustment of the genetic coefficients for the cultivars, M-SOY 6101 and MG/BR 46 (Conquista), were obtained during the 2006/2007, 2007/2008 and 2009/2010 growing seasons. GLUE (Generalized Likelihood Uncertainty Estimation) was used for the estimation of the genetic coefficients, and pedotransfer functions have been utilized to estimate the physical characteristics of the soil. For all of the sowing dates, the early season cultivar, M-SOY 6101, exhibited a lower variance in yield, which represents more stability with regard to the interannual climate variability, i.e., the farmers who use this cultivar will have in 50% of the crop years analyzed, a higher yield than a late-season cultivar. The MG/BR 46 (Conquista) cultivar demonstrated a greater probability of obtaining higher yield in years with favorable weather conditions. However, in the presence of the Asian soybean rust, yield is heavily affected. The early cultivar, M-SOY 6101, showed a lower risk of being affected by the rust and consequently exhibited less yield loss considering the scenario D90 (condensation on the leaf surface occurs when the relative humidity is greater than or equal to 90%), for a sowing date of November 14.

Vulnerability of sweet cherry cultivars to continuous periods of spring frosts in Plovdiv, Bulgaria

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 348-352
Author(s):  
S. Malchev ◽  
S. Savchovska
Keyword(s):  
Sweet Cherry ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Frost Damage ◽  
Cold Weather ◽  
Bud Burst ◽  
Intermediate Group ◽  
Air Temperatures ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Group Form ◽  
Sweet Cherry Cultivars

Abstract. The periods with continuous freezing air temperatures reported during the spring of 2020 (13 incidents) affected a wide range of local and introduced sweet cherry cultivars in the region of Plovdiv. They vary from -0.6°C on March 02 to -4.9°C on March 16-17. The duration of influence of the lowest temperatures is 6 and 12 hours between March 16 and 17. The inspection of fruit buds and flowers was conducted twice (on March 26 and April 08) at different phenological stages after continuous waves of cold weather conditions alternated with high temperatures. During the phenological phase ‘bud burst’ (tight cluster or BBCH 55) some of the flowers in the buds did not develop further making the damage hardly detectable. The most damaged are hybrid El.28-21 (95.00%), ‘Van’ (91.89%) and ‘Bing’ (89.41%) and from the next group ‘Lapins’ (85.98%) and ‘Rosita’ (83.33%). A larger intermediate group form ‘Kossara’ (81.67%), ‘Rozalina’ (76.00%), ‘Sunburst’ (75.00%), ‘Bigarreau Burlat’ (69.11%) and ‘Kuklenska belitza’ (66.67%). Candidate-cultivar El.17-90 ‘Asparuh’ has the lowest frost damage values of 55.00% and El.17-37 ‘Tzvetina’ with damage of 50.60%.

scholarly journals Corn Yield Loss Due to Volunteer Soybean

Weed Science ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 64 (3) ◽  
pp. 495-500 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jill Alms ◽  
Sharon A. Clay ◽  
David Vos ◽  
Michael Moechnig
Keyword(s):  
Loss Function ◽  
Growth Stage ◽  
Yield Loss ◽  
Corn Yield ◽  
Yield Losses ◽  
Herbicide Resistant ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Previous Season ◽  
Control Volunteer ◽  
Soybean Plants

The widespread adoption of glyphosate-resistant corn and soybean in cropping rotations often results in volunteer plants from the previous season becoming problem weeds that require alternative herbicides for control. Corn yield losses due to season-long volunteer soybean competition at several densities in two growing seasons were used to define a hyperbolic yield loss function. The maximum corn yield loss observed at high volunteer soybean densities was about 56%, whereas, the incremental yield loss (I) at low densities was 3.2%. Corn yield loss at low volunteer soybean densities was similar to losses reported for low densities of velvetleaf and redroot pigweed, with 10% yield loss estimated to occur at 3 to 4 volunteer soybean plants m−2. Several herbicides, including dicamba with or without diflufenzopyr applied at the V2 growth stage of volunteer soybean, provided > 90% control, demonstrating several economical options to control volunteer glyphosate-resistant soybean in glyphosate-resistant corn. Reevaluation of control recommendations may be needed with commercialization of other genetically modified herbicide-resistant soybean varieties.

scholarly journals EARLY SPRING APPLICATION OF AMINOETHOXYVINILGLYCINE (AVG) INCREASES FRUIT SET AND YIELD OF ‘ROCHA’ PEARS

2017 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
MATEUS DA SILVEIRA PASA ◽  
BRUNO CARRA ◽  
CARINA PEREIRA DA SILVA ◽  
MARLISE NARA CIOTTA ◽  
ALBERTO FONTANELLA BRIGHENTI ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Quality ◽  
Fruit Set ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Quality Attributes ◽  
Fruit Weight ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
Full Bloom ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Randomized Block Design ◽  
Return Bloom

ABSTRACT The low fruit set is one of the main factors leading to poor yield of pear orchards in Brazil. Ethylene is associated with abscission of flowers and fruitlets. Then, the application of ethylene synthesis inhibitors, such as AVG, is a potential tool to increase fruit set of pears. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of AVG, sprayed at different rates and timings, on fruit set, yield and fruit quality of ‘Rocha’ pear. The study was performed in a commercial orchard located in the municipality of São Joaquim, SC, during the growing seasons of 2014/2015 and 2015/2016. Plant material consisted of ‘Rocha’ pear trees grafted on quince rootstock ‘BA29’. AVG was tested at different rates (60 mg L-1 and 80 mg L-1) and timings [full bloom, one week after full bloom (WAFB), and two WAFB), either alone or in combination. The experiment was arranged in a randomized block design, with at least five single-tree replications. The fruit set, number of fruit per tree, yield, estimated yield, fruit weight, return bloom, and fruit quality attributes were assessed. Fruit set and yield were consistently increased by single applications of AVG at 60 and 80 mg L-1 at both one and two weeks after full bloom, without negatively affecting fruit quality attributes and return bloom.

scholarly journals Early Spring Snowmelt and Summer Droughts Strongly Impair the Resilience of Key Microbial Communities in Subalpine Grassland Ecosystems

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Farhan Hafeez ◽  
Lionel Bernard ◽  
Jean-Christophe Clement ◽  
Franck Poly ◽  
Thomas Pommier
Keyword(s):  
Microbial Communities ◽  
Plant Biomass ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
Climatic Extremes ◽  
Soil Microbial ◽  
Cascading Effect ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Grassland Ecosystems ◽  
Microbial Responses ◽  
Early Snowmelt

Subalpine grassland ecosystems are important from biodiversity, agriculture, and touristic perspectives but their resilience to seasonally occurring climatic extremes is increasingly challenged with climate change, accelerating their vulnerability to tipping points. Microbial communities, which are central in ecosystem functioning, are usually considered as more resistant and highly resilient to such extreme events due to their functional redundancy and strong selection in residing habitats. To investigate this, we explored the soil microbial responses upon recurrent summer droughts associated with early snowmelt in grasslands mesocosms set-up at the Lautaret Pass (French Alps). Potential respiration, nitrification and denitrification were monitored over a period of two growing seasons along with quantification of community gene abundances of total bacteria as well as (de)nitrifiers. Results revealed that droughts had a low and short-term impact on bacterial total respiration supporting their hypothesized high resistance and ability to recover. Nitrification and abundances of the corresponding functional guilds showed relatively strong resistance to summer droughts but declined in response to early snowmelt. This triggered a cascading effect on denitrification but also on the abundances of denitrifying communities which could recover from all climatic extremes except from the summer droughts where nitrifiers were collapsed. Denitrification and the respective functional groups faced high impact of applied stresses with strong reduction in the abundance and activity of this specialized community. Although, the consequently lower microbial competition for nitrate may be positive for plant biomass production, warnings exist when considering the potential nitrogen leaching from these ecosystems as well as risks of greenhouses gases emission such as N2O

scholarly journals Carfentrazone Plus Pyroxasulfone Combinations for Weed Control in Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.)

2021 ◽  
pp. 52-63
Author(s):  
W. James Grichar ◽  
Peter A. Dotray ◽  
Todd Baughman
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
South Texas ◽  
High Plains ◽  
Complete Control ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Arachis Hypogaea L ◽  
Cucumis Melo L

Aims: To determine peanut response and weed control following the use of carfentrazone plus pyroxasulfone (C + P). Study Design:  Randomized complete block design with 3-4 reps depending on location. Place and Duration of Study: Studies were conducted during the 2015 and 2016 growing seasons in south Texas near Yoakum (29.276o N, 97.123o W), the High Plains of Texas near Lamesa (32.769o N, 101.977o W) or Brownfield (33.104o N, 102.161o W), and southwestern Oklahoma near Ft. Cobb (35.091o N, 98.275o W). Methodology: Plots were infested with naturally occurring weed populations. Pendimethalin was applied either preplant incorporated (PPI) or preemergence (PRE). Early postemergence (EPOST) applications varied according to weather conditions and peanut growth at each location. Postemergence (POST) treatments were applied 26 to 58 days after planting. Weed control and peanut stunting were visually estimated on a scale of 0 to 100 (0 indicating no control or plant death and 100 indicating complete control or plant death). Results: Peanut stunting with C + P was only noted at the High Plains and Oklahoma locations in 2015 but not 2016. Urochloa texana (Buckl.) control with C + P (PRE) varied from 75 to 93%. POST applications provided inconsistent control.  Amaranthus palmeri S. Wats. control with C + P (PRE) was at least 78% season-long while POST applications were inconsistent (24 to 100%).  Pendimethalin plus C + P controlled Cucumis melo L. var. Dudaim Naud. at least 80% late-season. Ipomoea hederacea Jacq. control was excellent season-long (> 80%) in 2015 but poor (< 60%) in 2016.  Reduced peanut yields were noted with C + P in Oklahoma in 2015 to excessive season-long injury.    Conclusion: The premix of C + P has potential for use in peanut especially for control of many small-seeded annual broadleaf weeds that continue to plague many peanut growers across the southwest.  For effective broad-spectrum annual weed control season-long, the addition of pendimethalin to PRE applications will be required.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document