CHINA’S ECONOMIC DIPLOMACY IN EUROPE: THE “17+1” INITIATIVE AND IMPLICATIONS FOR NATO’S EASTERN FLANK SECURITY

2021 ◽  
Vol 79 (2) ◽  
pp. 7-22
Author(s):  
Tudor CHERHAȚ
Keyword(s):  
Eastern Europe ◽  
Central And Eastern Europe ◽  
Political Influence ◽  
People's Republic Of China ◽  
Security Issue ◽  
Member States ◽  
Republic Of China ◽  
Economic Diplomacy ◽  
Eastern Flank ◽  
Chinese State

This paper illustrates how People’s Republic of China has applied a form of economic diplomacy to Central and Eastern Europe in order to extend its regional political influence. Using the “17+1” Initiative, the Chinese state sought to provide financial privileges to member states so that they would later become dependent on Beijing’s political and economic visions. However, despite the European Union’s concern, the results of the project were not as expected, with great doubts about the initiative’s future. These were confirmed by the position of NATO, which considered that China’s efforts do not represent a security issue for the Alliance’s eastern flank.

Diplomatic heritage of a prominent live

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tatyana L. Musatova
Keyword(s):  
Gold Mining ◽  
100Th Anniversary ◽  
Soviet Period ◽  
Cement Plant ◽  
Strategic Decisions ◽  
Cultural Objects ◽  
Economic Diplomacy ◽  
Creative Contribution ◽  
Bilateral Cooperation ◽  
Foreign Ministry

22.06.2021 marks the 100th anniversary of the prominent Soviet diplomat, Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of the USSR L. N. Musatov (1921–2001). His handwritten legacy reflects the stages of a great life, from the party leadership (since 1957-second secretary of the Ulyanovsk Regional Party Committee) to work in the USSR Foreign Ministry, where he became "one of the best ambassadors"-Africanists. Ambassador to Mali (late 1965–1970), Guinea (1973–1978), Guinea-Bissau (1974–1975), Madagascar (1980–1986), he always worked with enthusiasm, achieving great achievements, for which he was awarded orders. He was a non-capitalist theorist with an "African face", in the most flexible economic forms. He focused on economic diplomacy, the study of which during the Soviet period is just beginning. These developing countries now rely on the bauxite plant in Guinea, Kindia, a cement plant and gold mining in Mali. L. N. Musatov emphasized common values in the development of cooperation, the donation of cultural objects, the sending of Africans to study in the USSR, which helped to form a benevolent elite towards Russia. Such facts contributed to the birth of the traditions of Russian-African cooperation and the holding of the Russia-Africa Summit in Sochi in 2019, as well as to the adoption of strategic decisions on the revival of bilateral cooperation. L. N. Musatov made a great contribution to the study of classical diplomacy, "the diplomacy of trust " (first, on the experience of his communication with the President of Madagascar). He loved working with people, and a whole galaxy of new Russian diplomats with the rank of ambassadors and envoys came out of his embassies. In general, the memory of a diplomat is determined not only and not so much by appointments and business trips, but by the creative contribution of everyone in their field of work, embodied in constructive deeds. Only they remain in history and are in demand by descendants.

The Turkey-UK Free Trade Agreement in Terms of Economic Diplomacy

2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (Fall 2021) ◽  
pp. 193-211
Author(s):  
Kaan Yiğenoğlu
Keyword(s):  
Free Trade ◽  
Free Trade Agreement ◽  
Bilateral Trade ◽  
Free Trade Agreements ◽  
Trade Agreement ◽  
Trade Agreements ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Economic Relations ◽  
Economic Diplomacy ◽  
The Uk

This article scrutinizes relations between economic diplomacy and free trade agreements by focusing on the Turkey-UK free trade agreements which came into force in 2021. Accordingly, the article first introduces the concept of economic diplomacy, an important issue as it has been shown that bilateral trade agreements, nowadays preferred by many countries, can be used as a tool of economic diplomacy. The article then discusses the history and development of free trade agreements signed by Turkey, including its long-running experience of economic integration with the European Union. Although Turkey began establishing free trade agreements in the 1990s, it has been concentrating on and accelerating its use since 2000. Based on economic and political reasons underlying the free economic agreements, the reasons why Turkey and the UK have reached such an agreement are summarized. Economic relations between the two countries are then analyzed and the details of the agreement are investigated in the context of the changes that it provides.

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