Parking Spaces in the Age of Shared Autonomous Vehicles: How Much Parking Will We Need and Where?

2017 ◽  
Vol 2651 (1) ◽  
pp. 80-91 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wenwen Zhang ◽  
Subhrajit Guhathakurta
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Urban Form ◽  
Autonomous Vehicles ◽  
Travel Demand ◽  
Transportation Network ◽  
Land Use Patterns ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
New Era ◽  
Use Patterns ◽  
Parking Demand

The world is on the cusp of a new era in mobility given that the enabling technologies for autonomous vehicles (AVs) are almost ready for deployment and testing. Although the technological frontiers for deploying AVs are being crossed, transportation planners and engineers know far less about the potential impact of such technologies on urban form and land use patterns. This paper attempts to address those issues by simulating the operation of shared AVs (SAVs) in the city of Atlanta, Georgia, by using the real transportation network with calibrated link-level travel speeds and a travel demand origin–destination matrix. The model results suggest that the SAV system can reduce parking land by 4.5% in Atlanta at a 5% market penetration level. In charged-parking scenarios, parking demand will move from downtown to adjacent low-income neighborhoods. The results also reveal that policy makers may consider combining charged-parking policies with additional regulations to curb excessive vehicle miles traveled and alleviate potential social equity problems.

The Demand for Travel

2001 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marlon Boarnet ◽  
Randall C. Crane
Keyword(s):  
Travel Behavior ◽  
Urban Form ◽  
Travel Demand ◽  
Resource Constraints ◽  
Land Use Patterns ◽  
Use Patterns ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Relative Attractiveness ◽  
Conventional Manner

As described in chapter 1, the new urban designs are part philosophy, part art, part economics, and part social optimism. Still, a key to their popularity is the open embrace of conventional and even conservative standards of neighborhood form, scale, and style. Many new urban designs self-consciously recall small town settings where neighbors walk to get a haircut and stop on the way to chat with neighbors sitting on the front porch watching the kids play. The attraction of these ideas is subjective, personal, yet pervasive. After all, in principle, what is not to like about pretty homes in quiet, friendly, and functional neighborhoods? But will they improve the traffic? Chapter 3 concluded that existing evidence is unsatisfactory in several respects. Among the problems identified in the literature was the common absence of a conceptual framework for hypothesizing how urban form might be expected to influence travel behavior. In particular, only a small share of the studies in this area even attempt to model travel behavior in the conventional manner, that is, as travel demand. In this chapter, we develop a framework for consistently evaluating the net travel impacts of changing land-use patterns, such as many new urban designs propose. The idea is to adapt a simple model of travel demand to measurable urban form elements. This permits us to derive specific conclusions that follow directly from the assumptions of the model as well as specific hypotheses that can be tested only with data on observed behavior. These assumptions are summarized in figure 4.2. The last part of the chapter develops an empirical implementation of the model and these hypotheses, which is applied to data in chapter 5. The theory of demand provides perhaps the most straightforward way to analyze travel behavior, by emphasizing how overall resource constraints force trade-offs among available alternatives, such as travel modes and trip distances, and how the relative attractiveness of those alternatives in turn depends on relative costs, such as trip times. This framework assumes that individuals make choices, either alone or as part of a family or other group, based on their preferences over the goods in question, the relative costs of those goods, and available resources (e.g., Kreps, 1990).

Urban Land-Use Patterns: An International Comparison

1979 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-49 ◽  
Author(s):  
N J Glickman ◽  
Michelle J White
Keyword(s):  
Urban Form ◽  
The United States ◽  
Urban Land Use ◽  
West Germany ◽  
Lower Income ◽  
Spatial Change ◽  
Land Use Patterns ◽  
Large Cities ◽  
Use Patterns ◽  
The 1960S

This paper performs a comparative analysis of urban form and metropolitan spatial change by use of estimates of population-density functions for samples of cities in the United States, Great Britain, West Germany, and Japan. We find widespread evidence of decentralization during the 1960s in cities in all countries except West Germany. Comparing small and large cities, we also find that central density levels are higher and density gradients flatter for larger cities in all four samples. Both of these results tend to verify the predictions of the standard urban economic models. However, contrary to these models, we find that cities in richer countries are not necessarily more decentralized than cities in countries with lower income levels.

scholarly journals Will autonomous vehicles undermine Ontario provincial policies to concentrate jobs and housing? Evidence from the Greater Toronto-Hamilton area

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tyler Olsen
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Autonomous Vehicles ◽  
Land Use Patterns ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Travel Mode ◽  
Use Patterns ◽  
Transit Use ◽  
The City ◽  
The Way

Fully autonomous vehicles (AVs) may drastically alter the way people travel and where they choose to live and work. AVs could lead to either more dispersed or concentrated land use patterns. The concentration of employment and residences—along with travel mode emphasis on transit, cycling and walking—is a central priority for Ontario’s Growth Plan for the Greater Golden Horseshoe. This study explores responses to a 2016 survey of residents of the Greater Toronto and Hamilton Area, regarding the potential relocation of work or residence in response to AVs, to understand the locations and characteristics related and the potential impacts on land use that may result. There is potential for high-quality shared AV service to act as a concentrating force for residences in the City of Toronto and its western and northern suburbs. But there is also potential for AVs to disrupt travel mode-based objectives, eroding pedestrian and transit use. Key Words: Autonomous Vehicles, Land Use, Toronto

Do local employment centers modify the association between neighborhood urban form and individual obesity?

2018 ◽  
Vol 50 (5) ◽  
pp. 1128-1143 ◽  
Author(s):  
YongJin Ahn ◽  
JiYoung Park ◽  
Tim A Bruckner ◽  
Simon Choi
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Los Angeles ◽  
Health Survey ◽  
Urban Form ◽  
New Urbanism ◽  
Land Use Patterns ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Use Patterns ◽  
Employment Centers ◽  
Local Employment

Extensive literature examines the relation between land use patterns and obesity, but less work explores whether local employment centers may reduce obesity. Local employment centers may affect obesity via providing agglomeration benefits such as increased job/transportation opportunities and closer proximity to local facilities/destinations. We utilized a large serial cross-sectional health survey from Los Angeles, California, conducted over three periods, to examine whether the presence of local employment centers modifies the association between land use patterns and individual body mass index. We retrieved individual health and sociodemographic data from the Los Angeles County Health Survey (2002, 2005, and 2007). To this Health Survey, we linked land use attributes at the census tract level collected from the Southern California Association of Governments. Our log-transformed regression models present interactions between local employment centers, neighborhood urban form features, and body mass index. Although most findings are consistent with previous studies, some of land use factors hypothesized to reduce the risk of obesity could have counterintuitive associations unless local employment centers were controlled. The unexpected results of our land use coefficients indicate that the tenet of New Urbanism may not necessarily promote health benefits. Our findings suggest that modifying the built environment may be effective in reducing obesity only in areas with high degree of local employment centers. Future studies would benefit from longitudinal and experimental, rather than cross-sectional, study designs that rigorously test the potential causal role of New Urbanism on obesity.

scholarly journals Geographical Modelling of Transit Deserts in Cape Town

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 997
Author(s):  
Marianne Vanderschuren ◽  
Robert Cameron ◽  
Alexandra Newlands ◽  
Herrie Schalekamp
Keyword(s):  
Public Transport ◽  
Urban Form ◽  
Cape Town ◽  
City Centre ◽  
Bus Rapid Transit ◽  
Land Use Patterns ◽  
Use Patterns ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Global North

The World Bank calculated South Africa’s 2018 Gini Coefficient to be 0.63, which made it the world’s most unequal country. Such inequality is perpetuated by land-use patterns still influenced by the apartheid past. The resulting urban form necessitates long travel distances, often relying on fragmented transit modes, each with their own geographical and temporal constraints. This study applies work on transit deserts in cities in the global north to Cape Town, aiming to assess the methodological transferability to the global south, and generating case study results. In the Cape Town case, the study first analyses transit deserts based on formal public transport supply (bus rapid transit, traditional bus and train), identifying that ten out of 18 traffic analysis zones were classified as transit gaps (some unserved demand), while three of these zones qualified as transit deserts (significant undersupply). Like its U.S. counterparts, excess supply is found near Cape Town’s city centre. In Cape Town, the transit gaps/deserts are partly filled by unscheduled minibus-taxis. When this informal public transport service is added, the transit deserts disappear; however, half of the transport analysis zones still qualify as having transit gaps. It is, therefore, concluded that informal public transit in Cape Town reduces the transit gap, but does not eliminate it.

scholarly journals Will autonomous vehicles undermine Ontario provincial policies to concentrate jobs and housing? Evidence from the Greater Toronto-Hamilton area

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tyler Olsen
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Autonomous Vehicles ◽  
Land Use Patterns ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Travel Mode ◽  
Use Patterns ◽  
Transit Use ◽  
The City ◽  
The Way

Fully autonomous vehicles (AVs) may drastically alter the way people travel and where they choose to live and work. AVs could lead to either more dispersed or concentrated land use patterns. The concentration of employment and residences—along with travel mode emphasis on transit, cycling and walking—is a central priority for Ontario’s Growth Plan for the Greater Golden Horseshoe. This study explores responses to a 2016 survey of residents of the Greater Toronto and Hamilton Area, regarding the potential relocation of work or residence in response to AVs, to understand the locations and characteristics related and the potential impacts on land use that may result. There is potential for high-quality shared AV service to act as a concentrating force for residences in the City of Toronto and its western and northern suburbs. But there is also potential for AVs to disrupt travel mode-based objectives, eroding pedestrian and transit use. Key Words: Autonomous Vehicles, Land Use, Toronto

Getting There, Being There

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Oluf Emerson ◽  
Kevin T. Smiley
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Urban Planning ◽  
Public Transit ◽  
Transportation Network ◽  
Land Use Patterns ◽  
Use Patterns ◽  
Private Car ◽  
Being There

Chapter 5 begins a new section of the book: why it matters. Here we investigate the large differences in transportation and land use in Market Cities and People Cities. We describe how Copenhagen promotes alternatives to cars, especially through cycling but also with public transit and for pedestrians. By contrast, Houston is in thrall to sprawl, and the transportation network is almost totally built for private car ridership. The second section focuses on differences in housing, particularly with constraints and opportunities in the owning and renting markets in each city. We also discuss the land-use patterns, particularly each city’s commitment (or lack thereof) to urban planning. We conclude by discussing how the cities plan for their waterways.

scholarly journals Os espaços livres no habitar doméstico

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (18) ◽  
pp. 106-115
Author(s):  
Patrícia De Freitas Nerbas ◽  
Márcia Azevedo de Lima
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Social Vulnerability ◽  
Design Strategies ◽  
Urban Centers ◽  
Land Use Patterns ◽  
Open Spaces ◽  
Use Patterns ◽  
Green Areas ◽  
Building Project

In the Brazilian context, the open areas along the urban blocks remain residual spaces, with irregular and small geometries, configuring urban slices without continuity and connectivity. This scenario can be seen in the images of large urban centers and is repeated, even more permissively and negatively, in the domestic housing of low-income populations. In this context, the article seeks to awaken the dialogue on formal strategies for open spaces around social housing and the respective environmental qualities related to human health. The intention is to debate the spaces of intermediation between the buildings, the urban voids as continuity and connectivity strategies for the integration of networks of green areas and their benefits. Thus, it contributes to the debate on land use patterns in communities in situations of social vulnerability and the benefits of free spaces in cities, raising questions about design strategies for green areas in communities in situations of social vulnerability. Therefore, developing the building project synchronously with open spaces, considering its possible benefits, seems to be opportune for the residents' quality of life, in addition to contributing to the production of more sustainable and healthy cities.

Tamils and the Haunting of Justice

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew C. Willford
Keyword(s):  
Migrant Workers ◽  
Race And Ethnicity ◽  
Kuala Lumpur ◽  
Labor Costs ◽  
Way Of Life ◽  
Land Use Patterns ◽  
Use Patterns ◽  
Critical Issues ◽  
The Law ◽  
Law And Justice

In 2006, dejected members of the Bukit Jalil Estate community faced eviction from their homes in Kuala Lumpur where they had lived for generations. City officials classified plantation residents as squatters and questioned any right they might have to stay. This story epitomizes the dilemma faced by Malaysian Tamils in recent years as they confront the collapse of the plantation system where they have lived and worked for generations. Foreign workers have been brought in to replace Tamil workers to cut labor costs. As the new migrant workers do not bring their whole families with them, the community structures need no longer be sustained, allowing more land to be converted to mechanized palm oil production or lucrative housing developments. Tamils find themselves increasingly resentful of the fact that lands that were developed and populated by their ancestors are now claimed by Malays as their own; and that the land use patterns in these new townships, are increasingly hostile to the most symbolic vestiges of the Tamil and Hindu presence, the temples. This book is about the fast-approaching end to a way of life, and addresses critical issues in the study of race and ethnicity. It demonstrates which strategies have been most “successful” in navigating the legal and political system of ethnic entitlement and compensation. It shows how, through a variety of strategies, Tamils try to access justice beyond the law-sometimes by using the law, and sometimes by turning to religious symbols and rituals in the murky space between law and justice.

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