scholarly journals Influence of Fuel Injection System and Engine-Timing Adjustments on Regulated Emissions from Four Biodiesel Fuels

2015 ◽  
Vol 2503 (1) ◽  
pp. 20-28
Author(s):  
Christopher Depcik ◽  
Joshua Jachuck ◽  
Dylan Jantz ◽  
Farshid Kiani ◽  
Michael Mangus ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Injection ◽  
Coconut Oil ◽  
Hydrocarbon Chain ◽  
Biofuel Production ◽  
Injection System ◽  
Injection Timing ◽  
Mobile Source ◽  
Fuel Injection Timing ◽  
Engine Design ◽  
Biodiesel Fuels

The use of biofuels for transportation has grown substantially in the past decade in response to federal mandates and increased concern about the use of petroleum fuels. As biofuels become more common, it is imperative to assess their influence on mobile source emissions of regulated and hazardous pollutants. This assessment cannot be done without first obtaining a basic understanding of how biofuels affect the relationship between fuel properties, engine design, and combustion conditions. Combustion studies were conducted on biodiesel fuels from four feedstocks (palm oil, soybean oil, canola oil, and coconut oil) with two injection systems, mechanical and electronic. For the electronic system, fuel injection timing was adjusted to compensate for physical changes caused by different fuels. The emissions of nitrogen oxides (NOx) and partial combustion products were compared across both engine injection systems. The analysis showed differences in NOx emissions based on hydrocarbon chain length and degree of fuel unsaturation, with little to no NOx increase compared with ultra-low sulfur diesel fuel for most conditions. Adjusting the fuel injection timing provided some improvement in biodiesel emissions for NOx and particulate matter, particularly at lower engine loads. The results indicated that the introduction of biodiesel and biodiesel blends could have widely dissimilar effects in different types of vehicle fleets, depending on typical engine design, age, and the feedstock used for biofuel production.

Two-Stroke Engine with Fuel Semi-Direct Injection Using FAI System

2011 ◽  
Vol 130-134 ◽  
pp. 796-799
Author(s):  
Ming Ming Wu ◽  
Yan Xiang Yang ◽  
Da Guang Xi ◽  
Ping Zhang ◽  
Zhong Guo Jin
Keyword(s):  
Gasoline Engine ◽  
Fuel Injection ◽  
Direct Injection ◽  
Injection System ◽  
Injection Timing ◽  
Fuel System ◽  
Power Performance ◽  
Fuel Injection Timing ◽  
Injection Quantity ◽  
Stroke Engine

This paper presents the feasibility of semi-direct injection on a 50cm3, two-stroke motorcycle gasoline engine, which is applied FAI semi-direct injection fuel system. The structure and fuel injection system is improved based on the original carburetor engine and the FAI injector is easily installed. The results of laboratory and drive test show that, compared with the original carburetor fuel system, through optimization calibration of fuel injection timing and injection quantity can improve power performance and fuel economy.

In-Cylinder Injection of Oxygen-Enriched Air to Reduce Diesel Exhaust Emissions

2006 ◽  
Author(s):  
Douglas E. Longman ◽  
Roger L. Cole ◽  
Suresh K. Aggarwal
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Injection ◽  
Engine Performance ◽  
Oxygen Enrichment ◽  
Air Injection ◽  
Injection System ◽  
Injection Technique ◽  
Injection Timing ◽  
Gaseous Emissions ◽  
Scanning Mobility Particle Sizer ◽  
Fuel Injection Timing

The long time challenge for diesel engine manufacturers has been to reduce both particulate matter (PM) and NOx emissions simultaneously without sacrificing engine performance. One technique for reducing PM has been to inject air or oxygen-enriched air directly into the combustion chamber. Previous studies using the KIVA-3V computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model have shown benefits and the importance of the gas injection’s characteristics on the technique’s effectiveness in reducing emissions. Using a Caterpillar 3401E single cylinder engine, an experimental investigation has been conducted to demonstrate the effectiveness of an oxygen-enriched air injection system and fuel injection timing retard in reducing the NOx and the PM emissions in terms of both the particulate size and concentration. The gaseous emissions were measured using a Pierburg AMA 2000 gaseous emissions bench which included a chemiluminescent analyzer for NOx volumetric measurements, non-dispersive infrared (NDIR) analyzer for CO and CO2 measurements, and a parametric fuel cell for O2 measurements. PM emissions (i.e., soot particle concentration and size distribution) were measured using a TSI Model 3936 Scanning Mobility Particle Sizer (SMPS). The experimental observations regarding the effects of oxygen-enriched air injection on NOx and PM emissions were in accord with the previously reported results for late-cycle gas injection from a KIVA-3V model. The air injection technique additionally provided a low level of oxygen-enrichment during the compression cycle, with results similar to previous intake air oxygen-enrichment studies. A simultaneous reduction of NOx and particulates was demonstrated when the fuel injection timing characteristics were optimized in conjunction with the oxygen-enriched air injection. The experimental PM emissions were analyzed for number and size distributions and also found to be consistent with previously reported trends.

Development of a Low Emissions Upgrade Kit for EMD GP20D and GP15D Locomotives

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven G. Fritz ◽  
John C. Hedrick ◽  
Tom Weidemann
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Injection ◽  
Diesel Oxidation Catalyst ◽  
Oxidation Catalyst ◽  
Particulate Filter ◽  
Injection Timing ◽  
Fuel Injection Timing ◽  
Tier 1 ◽  
Emission Regulations ◽  
Diesel Oxidation ◽  
Tier 3

This paper describes the development of a low emissions upgrade kit for EMD GP20D and GP15D locomotives. These locomotives were originally manufactured in 2001, and met EPA Tier 1 locomotive emission regulations. The 1,491 kW (2,000 HP) EMD GP20D locomotives are powered by Caterpillar 3516B engines, and the 1,119 kW (1,500 HP) EMD GP15D locomotives are powered by Caterpillar 3512B engines. CIT Rail owns a fleet of 50 of these locomotives that are approaching their mid-life before first overhaul. Baseline exhaust emissions testing was followed by a low emissions retrofit development focusing on fuel injection timing, crankcase ventilation filtration, and application of a diesel oxidation catalyst (DOC), and then later a diesel particulate filter (DPF). The result was a EPA Tier 0+ certification of the low emissions upgrade kit, with emission levels below EPA Line-Haul Tier 3 NOx, and Tier 4 HC, CO, and PM levels.

A STUDY ON FRACTURE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE SM53C USED IN THE CAM SHAFT

2008 ◽  
Vol 22 (09n11) ◽  
pp. 1846-1852 ◽  
Author(s):  
HYUN-BAE JEON ◽  
TAE-HOON SONG ◽  
SUNG-HO PARK ◽  
SUN-CHUL HUH ◽  
WON-JO PARK
Keyword(s):  
High Frequency ◽  
Fuel Injection ◽  
High Hardness ◽  
Induction Hardening ◽  
Injection Timing ◽  
Surface Strength ◽  
Fracture Characteristics ◽  
Fuel Injection Timing ◽  
Hardening Heat Treatment ◽  
High Frequency Induction

This experimental study investigates the fracture characteristics of the camshaft made with newly developed SM53C material. As part of the countermeasure, use the surface hardening heat treatment. Cam shaft which is a part of automobile engine is very essential when traveling and significant to fuel injection timing. Stiffness and efficiency are important for automobile sash which have a durability of the engine. High hardness and durability are necessary, because engine output is affected by cam shaft directly. So, high-frequency induction hardening is very important because of increasing the surface strength. The shape of hardening depth, hardened structure, hardness, and fracture characteristics of SM53C composed by carbon steel are also investigated.

Automated Engine Calibration Optimization Using Online Extremum Seeking

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ripudaman Singh ◽  
Andrew Mansfield ◽  
Margaret Wooldridge
Keyword(s):  
Control Parameter ◽  
Gasoline Engine ◽  
Fuel Injection ◽  
Engine Performance ◽  
Extremum Seeking ◽  
Injection System ◽  
Test Time ◽  
Injection Timing ◽  
Promising Alternative ◽  
Non Linear System

Emissions compliance during engine start-up conditions is a major obstacle for current automotive manufacturers across global markets. The challenges to meeting emissions targets are both due to increasingly stringent regulations and the difficulty in developing control strategies for a high degree-of-freedom and highly non-linear system. Online extremum-seeking (ES) methods offer a promising alternative to traditional optimization based on design-of-experiment based automotive calibration. With extremum-seeking methods, results from all prior experiments are used to intelligently and efficiently generate the next iteration of the control parameter(s). In this work, the applicability of the online extremum-seeking method is explored to optimize five performance variables (injection timing for two injection events, the injection fuel mass divided between the first and second injection events, air-fuel equivalence ratio and exhaust cam timing) to minimize brake specific fuel consumption while imposing different constraints on NOx emissions. The experiments were conducted using a production turbocharged four-cylinder gasoline engine with an advanced fuel injection system. The results show the utility of the ES strategy to quickly identify optimal control parameter combinations and the emissions and engine performance improvements during the calibration process. The results also demonstrate the dramatic benefit of the ES calibration strategy in terms of test time required.

scholarly journals Research on Fuel Efficiency and Emissions of Converted Diesel Engine with Conventional Fuel Injection System for Operation on Natural Gas

Energies ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (12) ◽  
pp. 2413 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lebedevas ◽  
Pukalskas ◽  
Daukšys ◽  
Rimkus ◽  
Melaika ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Natural Gas ◽  
Fuel Injection ◽  
Injection System ◽  
Dual Fuel ◽  
Injection Timing ◽  
Fuel Injection System ◽  
Significant Deterioration ◽  
Engine Operation ◽  
Conventional Fuel

This paper presents a study on the energy efficiency and emissions of a converted high-revolution bore 79.5 mm/stroke 95 mm engine with a conventional fuel injection system for operation with dual fuel feed: diesel (D) and natural gas (NG). The part of NG energy increase in the dual fuel is related to a significant deterioration in energy efficiency (ηi), particularly when engine operation is in low load modes and was determined to be below 40% of maximum continuous rating. The effectiveness of the D injection timing optimisation was established in high engine load modes within the range of a co-combustion ratio of NG ≤ 0.4: with an increase in ηi, compared to D, the emissions of NOx+ HC decreased by 15% to 25%, while those of CO2 decreased by 8% to 16%; the six-fold CO emission increase, up to 6 g/kWh, was unregulated. By referencing the indicated process characteristics of the established NG phase elongation in the expansion stroke, the combustion time increase as well as the associated decrease in the cylinder excess air ratio (α) are possible reasons for the increase in the incomplete combustion product emission.

Effect of Fuel Injection Timing Relative to Ignition Timing on the Natural-Gas Direct-Injection Combustion

2001 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zuohua Huang ◽  
Seiichi Shiga ◽  
Takamasa Ueda ◽  
Nobuhisa Jingu ◽  
Hisao Nakamura ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Release ◽  
Late Stage ◽  
Equivalence Ratio ◽  
Fuel Injection ◽  
Direct Injection ◽  
Injection Timing ◽  
Ignition Timing ◽  
Fuel Injection Timing ◽  
Initial Stage ◽  
Wide Range

Abstract Effect of fuel injection timing relative to ignition timing on natural gas direct-injection combustion was studied by using a rapid compression machine. The ignition timing was fixed at 80 ms from the compression start. When the injection timing was relatively earlier (injection start at 60 ms), the heat release pattern showed slower burn in the initial stage and faster burn in the late stage, which is similar to that of flame propagation of a premixed gas. In contrast to this, when the injection timing was relatively later (injection start at 75 ms), the heat release rate showed faster burn in the initial stage and slower burn in the late stage, which is similar to that of diesel combustion. The shortest duration was realized at the injection end timing of 80 ms (the same timing as the ignition timing) over the wide range of equivalence ratio. The degree of charge stratification and the intensity of turbulence generated by the fuel jet is considered to cause these behaviors. Earlier injection leads to longer duration of the initial combustion, whereas the later injection does longer duration of the late combustion. Earlier injection showed relatively lower CO emission while later injection produces relatively lower NOx emission. It was suggested that earlier injection leads to lower mixture stratification combustion and later injection leads to higher mixture stratification combustion. Combustion efficiency maintained high value over the wide range of equivalence ratio.

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