Life-Cycle Analysis of Production and Recycling of Lithium Ion Batteries

2011 ◽  
Vol 2252 (1) ◽  
pp. 57-65 ◽  
Author(s):  
Linda Gaines ◽  
John Sullivan ◽  
Andrew Burnham ◽  
Ilias Belharouak
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Lithium Ion Batteries ◽  
Life Cycle Analysis ◽  
Lithium Ion

Environmental impact, life cycle analysis and battery performance of upcycled carbon anodes

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (5) ◽  
pp. 1237-1250 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea L. Hicks ◽  
Arthur D. Dysart ◽  
Vilas G. Pol
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Environmental Impact ◽  
Lithium Ion Batteries ◽  
Life Cycle Analysis ◽  
Lithium Ion ◽  
Environmental Costs ◽  
Graphite Anodes ◽  
Synthetic Graphite ◽  
Carbon Anodes ◽  
Natural And Synthetic

For rechargeable lithium ion batteries, natural and synthetic graphite anodes come with great economic and environmental costs.

scholarly journals Life Cycle Analysis of Lithium-Ion Batteries for Automotive Applications

Batteries ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 48 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qiang Dai ◽  
Jarod C. Kelly ◽  
Linda Gaines ◽  
Michael Wang
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Lithium Ion Batteries ◽  
Environmental Impacts ◽  
Life Cycle Analysis ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Energy Use ◽  
Lithium Ion ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Battery Life

In light of the increasing penetration of electric vehicles (EVs) in the global vehicle market, understanding the environmental impacts of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) that characterize the EVs is key to sustainable EV deployment. This study analyzes the cradle-to-gate total energy use, greenhouse gas emissions, SOx, NOx, PM10 emissions, and water consumption associated with current industrial production of lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide (NMC) batteries, with the battery life cycle analysis (LCA) module in the Greenhouse Gases, Regulated Emissions, and Energy Use in Transportation (GREET) model, which was recently updated with primary data collected from large-scale commercial battery material producers and automotive LIB manufacturers. The results show that active cathode material, aluminum, and energy use for cell production are the major contributors to the energy and environmental impacts of NMC batteries. However, this study also notes that the impacts could change significantly, depending on where in the world the battery is produced, and where the materials are sourced. In an effort to harmonize existing LCAs of automotive LIBs and guide future research, this study also lays out differences in life cycle inventories (LCIs) for key battery materials among existing LIB LCA studies, and identifies knowledge gaps.

scholarly journals Advances of 2nd Life Applications for Lithium Ion Batteries from Electric Vehicles Based on Energy Demand

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (10) ◽  
pp. 5726
Author(s):  
Aleksandra Wewer ◽  
Pinar Bilge ◽  
Franz Dietrich
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Lithium Ion Batteries ◽  
Electric Vehicles ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Lithium Ion ◽  
Life Cycles ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Research Areas ◽  
Study Results ◽  
The Impact

Electromobility is a new approach to the reduction of CO2 emissions and the deceleration of global warming. Its environmental impacts are often compared to traditional mobility solutions based on gasoline or diesel engines. The comparison pertains mostly to the single life cycle of a battery. The impact of multiple life cycles remains an important, and yet unanswered, question. The aim of this paper is to demonstrate advances of 2nd life applications for lithium ion batteries from electric vehicles based on their energy demand. Therefore, it highlights the limitations of a conventional life cycle analysis (LCA) and presents a supplementary method of analysis by providing the design and results of a meta study on the environmental impact of lithium ion batteries. The study focuses on energy demand, and investigates its total impact for different cases considering 2nd life applications such as (C1) material recycling, (C2) repurposing and (C3) reuse. Required reprocessing methods such as remanufacturing of batteries lie at the basis of these 2nd life applications. Batteries are used in their 2nd lives for stationary energy storage (C2, repurpose) and electric vehicles (C3, reuse). The study results confirm that both of these 2nd life applications require less energy than the recycling of batteries at the end of their first life and the production of new batteries. The paper concludes by identifying future research areas in order to generate precise forecasts for 2nd life applications and their industrial dissemination.

scholarly journals Comparative Life Cycle Assessment of Merging Recycling Methods for Spent Lithium Ion Batteries

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (19) ◽  
pp. 6263
Author(s):  
Zhiwen Zhou ◽  
Yiming Lai ◽  
Qin Peng ◽  
Jun Li
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Lithium Ion Batteries ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Acid Leaching ◽  
Lithium Ion ◽  
H2o2 Production ◽  
Life Cycle Impact ◽  
Regeneration Phase ◽  
Hydrometallurgical Method

An urgent demand for recycling spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) is expected in the forthcoming years due to the rapid growth of electrical vehicles (EV). To address these issues, various technologies such as the pyrometallurgical and hydrometallurgical method, as well as the newly developed in-situ roasting reduction (in-situ RR) method were proposed in recent studies. This article firstly provides a brief review on these emerging approaches. Based on the overview, a life cycle impact of these methods for recovering major component from one functional unit (FU) of 1 t spent EV LIBs was estimated. Our results showed that in-situ RR exhibited the lowest energy consumption and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions of 4833 MJ FU−1 and 1525 kg CO2-eq FU−1, respectively, which only accounts for ~23% and ~64% of those for the hydrometallurgical method with citric acid leaching. The H2O2 production in the regeneration phase mainly contributed the overall impact for in-situ RR. The transportation distance for spent EV LIBs created a great hurdle to the reduction of the life cycle impact if the feedstock was transported by a 3.5–7.5 t lorry. We therefore suggest further optimization of the spatial distribution of the recycling facilities and reduction in the utilization of chemicals.

Optimization for a Life Cycle Assessment of Lithium-ion Batteries

ATZ worldwide ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 122 (4) ◽  
pp. 56-59
Author(s):  
Andreas Bärmann ◽  
Lucia Bäuml ◽  
Alexander Martin
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle Assessment ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
Lithium Ion Batteries ◽  
Lithium Ion
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