Change and Clearance Interval Design on Red-Light Running and Late Exits

2003 ◽  
Vol 1856 (1) ◽  
pp. 193-201 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kerrie L. Schattler ◽  
Tapan K. Datta ◽  
Colleen L. Hill
Keyword(s):  
Red Light ◽  
The United States ◽  
Signalized Intersections ◽  
Traffic Crashes ◽  
Red Light Running ◽  
Video Cameras ◽  
Oakland County ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Clearance Interval ◽  
Before And After Study

Red-light violations (RLV) have been an ongoing concern to many engineering professionals, because a large portion of crashes that occur at signalized intersections involve red-light running and such crashes often result in injuries and fatalities. It has been estimated that in the United States, about 260,000 traffic crashes occur per year that involve drivers who run red lights, of which 750 are fatal. A before-and-after evaluation of the impacts in terms of RLV and late exits at signalized intersections was performed with a change and clearance interval calculated according to ITE guidelines. The study included three signalized intersections located in Oakland County, Michigan. RLV data were collected with video cameras at intersection approaches before and after implementation of the change, and clearance intervals were calculated according to ITE guidelines. The results of the before-and-after study on RLV indicated mixed results. At one of the study intersections, the RLV rates were reduced after the modified change and clearance intervals were installed. However, at the other two study locations, no significant differences were found in RLV rates in the before and after periods. The rates of late exits significantly decreased after installation of the test change and clearance intervals at all three study intersections. Therefore, the effects of implemented all-red clearance intervals were effective in reducing the opportunity and risk of late-exiting vehicles being exposed to oncoming traffic at the three study intersections.

Automated Enforcement of Red Light Running Technology and Programs: A Review

2000 ◽  
Vol 1734 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-37 ◽  
Author(s):  
David M. Smith ◽  
John McFadden ◽  
Karl A. Passetti
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
New York ◽  
New York City ◽  
Traffic Control ◽  
York City ◽  
Red Light ◽  
The United States ◽  
Signalized Intersections ◽  
Successful Implementation ◽  
Red Light Running

Automated enforcement involves the use of image capture technology to monitor and enforce traffic control laws, regulations, or restrictions. The increase in aggressive driving and the high percentage of crashes that occur at intersections led to the development and implementation of automated enforcement technology to detect and cite motorists who enter a signalized intersection in violation of the red phase. The primary focus of this research was to establish how well the automated enforcement system achieves its principal objective: reducing crashes and red light running (RLR) violations at signalized intersections. Evaluations of automated enforcement programs at three locations in the United States were performed as part of this research. The automated enforcement programs in New York City; Polk County, Florida; and Howard County, Maryland, were reviewed as a part of this research. Some of the major findings from this research are as follows: ( a) In 1997 there were over 789,000 crashes at signalized intersections, of which 97,000 were attributed to RLR; ( b) In 1997, 961 deaths were attributed to RLR; ( c) Electronic enforcement is a proven technique used globally to curb RLR violations and crashes; ( d) A synthesis of automated RLR enforcement programs in the United States showed promising results; ( e) New York City has the oldest automated RLR enforcement program in the United States and has yielded a 20 percent reduction in violations since 1993; ( f) Although additional data quantifying the effect of automated RLR enforcement campaigns are needed for Polk and Howard counties, preliminary findings are promising; ( g) A 10-step process for successful implementation of an automated RLR enforcement program was illustrated.

Abstract 138: A Before and After Study of Active Compression Decompression Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation With the Impedance Threshold Device in a Large Urban Pre-Hospital System

Circulation ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 138 (Suppl_2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Johanna C Moore ◽  
Michael Grahl ◽  
Tracy Marko ◽  
Ariel Blythe-Reske ◽  
Amber Lage ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cardiac Arrest ◽  
Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation ◽  
Response Time ◽  
First Responders ◽  
The United States ◽  
Threshold Device ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Mechanical Cpr ◽  
Impedance Threshold Device ◽  
Before And After Study

Introduction: Active Compression Decompression cardiopulmonary resuscitation with an impedance threshold device (ACD+ITD CPR) is available for use in the United States. However, little is known regarding integration of this CPR system into a large urban prehospital system with short response times, routine use of mechanical CPR and ITD, and transport of patients to cardiac arrest centers. This is an ongoing before and after study of the implementation of ACD+ITD CPR in non-traumatic cardiac arrest cases 6 months pre and post protocol change. Hypothesis: Neurologically intact rates of survival, defined by Cerebral Performance Category (CPC) score of 1 or 2, would be higher post protocol. Methods: Basic life support first responders (n = 420) and paramedics (n = 207) underwent training including didactic and hands-on sessions to learn ACD+ITD CPR. The protocol included ACD+ITD CPR initially, with the option to transition to mechanical CPR at 15 minutes. Demographics, response time, CPR duration, initial rhythm, signs of perfusion during CPR, and return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) were recorded prospectively by first responders. Chart review was performed to determine survival to hospital admission and CPC score at discharge. Results: Training occurred October 2016 to March 2017, with protocol change on May 1, 2017. Cases from November 2016-April 2017 (n = 136) and May 2017-November 2017 (n= 103) were reviewed. Complete data were available for 128 subjects pre-protocol change (94%) and 96 subjects (94%) post. Age, gender, response time, rhythm, total CPR time, and rates of bystander CPR and witnessed arrest were similar between groups. Post protocol change, 87% (89/102) received ACD+ITD CPR with median ACD+ITD CPR time of 15 minutes (range 2-300). Pre-protocol, 6/128 (4.7%) subjects survived with CPC score 1 or 2, versus 8/96 (13.5%) subjects post (difference 8.8%, 95% CI 1%-17%). ROSC rates were similar (pre: 54/127, 42.5% post: 44/93, 47%, difference 4.8%, 95% CI -8% - 18%) Conclusions: The change in protocol was straightforward with a high rate of adherence of the system for the recommended duration of therapy. Results are suggestive of a higher rate of neurological survival with the routine use of ACD+ITD CPR in a small cardiac arrest patient population.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Automated Enforcement Program in Amman

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hana Naghawi ◽  
Bushra Al Qatawneh ◽  
Rabab Al Louzi
Keyword(s):  
Traffic Safety ◽  
Questionnaire Survey ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Red Light ◽  
Crash Frequency ◽  
Red Light Running ◽  
Red Light Cameras ◽  
Percent Confidence Level ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Traffic Violations

This study aims, in a first attempt, to evaluate the effectiveness of using the Automated Enforcement Program (AEP) to improve traffic safety in Amman, Jordan. The evaluation of the program on crashes and violations was examined based on a “before-and-after” study using the paired t-test at 95 percent confidence level. Twenty one locations including signalized intersections monitored by red light cameras and arterial roads monitored by excessive speed cameras were selected. Nine locations were used to study the effectiveness of the program on violations, and twelve locations were used to determine the effectiveness of the program on frequency and severity of crashes. Data on number and severity of crashes were taken from Jordan Traffic Institution. Among the general findings, it was found that the AEP was generally associated with positive impact on crashes. Crash frequency was significantly reduced by up to 63%. Crash severities were reduced by up to 62.5%. Also, traffic violations were significantly reduced by up to 66%.  Finally, drivers’ opinion and attitude on the program was also analyzed using a questionnaire survey. The questionnaire survey revealed that 35.5% of drivers are unaware of AEP in Amman, 63.9% of drivers don’t know the camera locations, most drivers knew about excessive speed and red light running penalties, most drivers reduce their speed at camera locations, 44.4% of drivers think that the program satisfies its objective in improving traffic safety and 52% of drivers encourage increasing the number of camera devices in Amman.

Deep Reinforcement Learning Agent with Varying Actions Strategy for Solving the Eco-Approach and Departure Problem at Signalized Intersections

2020 ◽  
Vol 2674 (8) ◽  
pp. 119-131
Author(s):  
Saleh R. Mousa ◽  
Sherif Ishak ◽  
Ragab M. Mousa ◽  
Julius Codjoe ◽  
Mohammed Elhenawy
Keyword(s):  
Reinforcement Learning ◽  
Control Problem ◽  
Fuel Consumption ◽  
Red Light ◽  
Signalized Intersections ◽  
Red Light Running ◽  
Fuel Savings ◽  
Learning Agent ◽  
Target Network ◽  
Experience Replay

Eco-approach and departure is a complex control problem wherein a driver’s actions are guided over a period of time or distance so as to optimize fuel consumption. Reinforcement learning (RL) is a machine learning paradigm that mimics human learning behavior, in which an agent attempts to solve a given control problem by interacting with the environment and developing an optimal policy. Unlike the methods implemented in previous studies for solving the eco-driving problem, RL does not require prior knowledge of the environment to be learned and processed. This paper develops a deep reinforcement learning (DRL) agent for solving the eco-approach and departure problem in the vicinity of signalized intersections for minimization of fuel consumption. The DRL algorithm utilizes a deep neural network for the RL. Novel strategies such as varying actions, prioritized experience replay, target network, and double learning were implemented to overcome the expected instabilities during the training process. The results revealed the significance of the DRL algorithm in reducing fuel consumption. Interestingly, the DRL algorithm was able to successfully learn the environment and guide vehicles through the intersection without red light running violation. On average, the DRL provided fuel savings of about 13.02% with no red light running violations.

Using Focus Groups to Investigate Issues of Red Light Running

2000 ◽  
Vol 1734 (1) ◽  
pp. 38-45 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leanne M. Wissinger ◽  
Joseph E. Hummer ◽  
Joseph S. Milazzo
Keyword(s):  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Focus Groups ◽  
Traffic Safety ◽  
Traffic Engineering ◽  
Red Light ◽  
The United States ◽  
Red Light Running ◽  
Grace Period ◽  
The Public ◽  
Red Light Cameras

Red light running (RLR) has been an important issue among transportation officials seeking to make intersections safer for drivers and pedestrians. Many cities in the United States have started programs aimed at reducing the number of red light violations, and many of these programs include the use of automated enforcement utilizing a camera to record violations. Previous research on such enforcement has quantified the rate of its public acceptance through surveys; however, little research has been performed probing the reactions and concerns of the public toward red light cameras. For this study, focus groups were used to investigate the attitudes, beliefs, and perceptions of the public toward RLR and red light cameras. Fifteen focus groups were held throughout North Carolina with representatives from organizations interested in and knowledgeable about traffic safety, traffic engineering, and traffic law enforcement, as well as with people not professionally involved in law enforcement or traffic engineering. Some of the focus group discussions involved such issues as determining an appropriate RLR grace period, developing an educational campaign, addressing financial issues, and determining appropriate penalties for RLR violations. Participants voiced their opinions on both sides of the issues; for instance, many participants said they strongly believed there should be some sort of grace period with automated enforcement, whereas others said they felt a zero-tolerance policy should be used. Also, many participants voiced their unequivocal support for automated enforcement, whereas others expressed concerns.

scholarly journals Changes in Speech Acts During Study Abroad Programs: Japanese Students Studying in the United States and Australia

2019 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. 105
Author(s):  
Emi Fukasawa
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Study Abroad ◽  
Speech Acts ◽  
The United States ◽  
Study Abroad Programs ◽  
Japanese Students ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Before And After Study ◽  
Explicit Feedback

This paper details an exploration into changes in speech acts and interactions in English (i.e., requests and refusals) in nonclassroom interactions before and after study abroad programs. I transcribed role-plays of two Japanese students before and after they completed study abroad programs in the United States and Australia, carried out periodic online interviews during their stays overseas, and conducted follow-up interviews once they returned to Japan. The results show that changes in the use of expressions occurred for three reasons: 1) input-initiated changes from noticing form–meaning–function relationships, 2) instruction-initiated changes, and 3) output-initiated changes. Because some of the changes were problematic and led to misunderstandings or impoliteness, I conclude that learning from natural input alone is not sufficient to learn how to navigate between function and situation. Therefore, the results suggest that explicit feedback and instructions in classrooms are important before and during study abroad programs. 本論文は留学前後の教室外のインタラクションにおける、英語での発話行為（依頼と断り）とインタラクションの変化を探る。アメリカとオーストラリアへ留学前後の2名の日本人学生のロールプレイを書き起こし、留学中に定期的なオンラインインタビューを実施し、帰国後にフォローアップインタビューを行った。その結果、言語使用の変化には3つの理由があることが示された：1）表現形式・意味・機能の気づきから起こるインプットによる変化、2）指導による変化、3）アウトプットによる変化である。これらの変化の中には誤解や失礼さを招くという問題も見られることから、機能と状況のバランスの取り方を学ぶためには自然なインプットだけでは不十分であると言える。したがって、本研究の結果は留学前と留学中に教室での明示的なフィードバックと指導が重要であることを示唆し

scholarly journals Discrimination of Effects between Directional and Nondirectional Information of Auditory Warning on Driving Behavior

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuting Zhang ◽  
Xuedong Yan ◽  
Zhuo Yang
Keyword(s):  
Reference Group ◽  
Red Light ◽  
Warning System ◽  
Driving Behavior ◽  
Signalized Intersections ◽  
Directional Information ◽  
Red Light Running ◽  
Collision Warning ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Auditory Warning

This study examines the impacts of directional and nondirectional auditory warning information in a collision warning system (CWS) on driving behavior. The data on driving behavior is collected through experiment, with scenarios containing unexpected hazard events that include different warning content. As drivers approached the collision event, either a CWS auditory warning was given or no warning was given for a reference group. Discriminant analysis was used to investigate the relationship between directional auditory warning information and driving behavior. In the experiment, the CWS warnings significantly reduced brake reaction time and prompted drivers to press the brake pedal more heavily, demonstrating the effectiveness of CWS warnings in alerting drivers to avoid red-light running (RLR) vehicles when approaching a signalized intersection. Providing a clear warning with directional information about an urgent hazard event could give drivers adequate time to prepare for the potential collision. In terms of deceleration, a directional information warning was shown to greatly help drivers react to critical events at signalized intersections with more moderate braking. From these results, requirements can be derived for the design of effective warning strategies for critical intersections.

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