Macro-Level Analysis of Factors Related to Areawide Highway Traffic Congestion

2002 ◽  
Vol 1817 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elisabeth Hahn ◽  
Arun Chatterjee ◽  
Mary Sue Younger
Keyword(s):  
Population Density ◽  
Traffic Congestion ◽  
Travel Demand ◽  
Strong Positive Correlation ◽  
Least Squares Regression ◽  
Highway Traffic ◽  
Land Area ◽  
Related Factors ◽  
Positive Correlation ◽  
Travel Rate

The relationship between traffic congestion, travel demand, and supply of roadways is investigated by use of the travel rate index, a congestion measure developed by researchers at the Texas Transportation Institute. Data for the top 138 urbanized areas (by population) were assembled for developing a least-squares regression model. The travel rate index was selected as the response (dependent) variable. A variety of explanatory variables were used to address highway and transit supply and travel demand-related factors. The partial regression coefficients measured the effect of each explanatory (independent) variable on congestion (as measured by travel rate index), holding all other independent variables constant. The results of the multiple regression analysis indicated a negative correlation between freeway lane miles and combined travel rate index. Additionally, a strong positive correlation was observed between combined travel rate index and population density and net land area. A positive correlation was observed between combined travel rate index and bus transit service revenue miles. Principal arterial lane miles and rail transit revenue miles variables were not observed to be significant for explaining traffic congestion and were removed entirely during the stepwise regression. The results indicated that the best predictors among the tested variables were freeway lane miles, population density, net land area, and bus revenue miles. When used together, these predictors accounted for approximately 61% of the total variation in the dependent variable, combined travel rate index.

scholarly journals What Factors Affect Commuters’ Utility of Choosing Mobility as a Service? An Empirical Evidence from Seoul

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (16) ◽  
pp. 9324
Author(s):  
Sujae Kim ◽  
Sangho Choo ◽  
Sungtaek Choi ◽  
Hyangsook Lee
Keyword(s):  
Traffic Congestion ◽  
Latent Class ◽  
Travel Demand ◽  
Public Transit ◽  
Latent Class Model ◽  
Influencing Factor ◽  
Demand Management ◽  
Related Factors ◽  
Travel Demand Management ◽  
Trip Frequency

Mobility as a Service (MaaS), which integrates public and shared transportation into a single service, is drawing attention as a travel demand management strategy aimed at reducing automobile dependency and encouraging public transit. In particular, there have been few studies that recognize traffic congestion during peak hours and identify related factors for practical application. The purpose of this study is to explore what factors affect Seoul commuters’ mode choice including MaaS. A web-based survey that 161 commuters participated in was conducted to collect information about personal, household, and travel attributes, together with their mode preference for MaaS. A latent class model was developed to classify unobserved latent groups based on trip frequency by means and to identify factors influencing mode-specific utilities (in particular, MaaS service) for each class. The result shows that latent classes are divided into two groups (public transit-oriented commuters and balanced mode commuters). Most variables have significant impacts on choice for MaaS. The coefficient of MaaS choice of Class 1 and Class 2 were different. These findings suggest there is a difference between the classes according to trip frequency by means as an influencing factor in MaaS choice.

scholarly journals Effects of Demographic and Weather Parameters on COVID-19 Basic Reproduction Number

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Igor Salom ◽  
Andjela Rodic ◽  
Ognjen Milicevic ◽  
Dusan Zigic ◽  
Magdalena Djordjevic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Negative Correlation ◽  
Blood Type ◽  
Basic Reproductive Number ◽  
Reproductive Number ◽  
Strong Positive Correlation ◽  
Related Factors ◽  
Positive Correlation ◽  
Social Distancing ◽  
Pollution Levels ◽  
Weather Parameters

It is hard to overstate the importance of a timely prediction of the COVID-19 pandemic progression. Yet, this is not possible without a comprehensive understanding of environmental factors that may affect the infection transmissibility. Studies addressing parameters that may influence COVID-19 progression relied on either the total numbers of detected cases and similar proxies (which are highly sensitive to the testing capacity, levels of introduced social distancing measures, etc.), and/or a small number of analyzed factors, including analysis of regions that display a narrow range of these parameters. We here apply a novel approach, exploiting widespread growth regimes in COVID-19 detected case counts. By applying nonlinear dynamics methods to the exponential regime, we extract basic reproductive number R0 (i.e., the measure of COVID-19 inherent biological transmissibility), applying to the completely naïve population in the absence of social distancing, for 118 different countries. We then use bioinformatics methods to systematically collect data on a large number of potentially interesting demographics and weather parameters for these countries (where data was available), and seek their correlations with the rate of COVID-19 spread. While some of the already reported or assumed tendencies (e.g., negative correlation of transmissibility with temperature and humidity, significant correlation with UV, generally positive correlation with pollution levels) are also confirmed by our analysis, we report a number of both novel results and those that help settle existing disputes: the absence of dependence on wind speed and air pressure, negative correlation with precipitation; significant positive correlation with society development level (human development index) irrespective of testing policies, and percent of the urban population, but absence of correlation with population density per se. We find a strong positive correlation of transmissibility on alcohol consumption, and the absence of correlation on refugee numbers, contrary to some widespread beliefs. Significant tendencies with health-related factors are reported, including a detailed analysis of the blood type group showing consistent tendencies on Rh factor, and a strong positive correlation of transmissibility with cholesterol levels. Detailed comparisons of obtained results with previous findings, and limitations of our approach, are also provided.

scholarly journals Electric resistance tomography and stress wave tomography for decay detection in trees—a comparison study

PeerJ ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. e6444 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaoquan Yue ◽  
Lihai Wang ◽  
James P. Wacker ◽  
Zhiming Zhu
Keyword(s):  
Stress Wave ◽  
Ordinary Least Squares ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Strong Positive Correlation ◽  
Least Squares Regression ◽  
Electric Resistance ◽  
Correlation Relationship ◽  
Positive Correlation ◽  
Standing Trees ◽  
Wave Tomography

Background To ensure the safety of trees, two NDT (nondestructive testing) techniques, electric resistance tomography and stress wave tomography, were employed to quantitatively detect and characterize the internal decay of standing trees. Comparisons between those two techniques were done to make full use of the individual capability for decay detection. Methods Eighty trees (40 Manchurian ash and 40 Populus simonii) were detected, then wood increment cores were obtained from each cross disc trial. The Dt, which was defined as the value determined by the mass loss ratio of each wood core, was regarded as the true severity of decay. Using ordinary least-squares regression to analyze the relationship between Dt and De (De was defined as the severity of decay determined by electric resistance tomography) and between Dt and Ds (Ds was defined as the severity of decay determined by stress wave tomography). Results The results showed that both methods could estimate the severity of decay in trees. In terms of different stages of decay, when Dt < 30%, De had a strong positive correlation with Dt (R2 = 0.677, P < 0.01), while, when Dt ≥ 30%, Ds had a significant positive correlation relationship with Dt (R2 = 0.645, P < 0.01). Conclusion Electric resistance tomography was better than stress wave tomography for testing in the early stages of decay, while stress wave tomography can be used effectively in the late stage of decay. It is suggested that each technique can be used in the practice of internal decay testing of standing trees based on decay stages and operating conditions.

Oxyrachis tarandus Fab. (Homoptera: Membracidae) on rose apple (Syzygium aqueum)

ENTOMON ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 46 (4) ◽  
pp. 337-342
Author(s):  
Medammal Zubair ◽  
Keethadath Arshad
Keyword(s):  
Population Density ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Shoot Length ◽  
Strong Positive Correlation ◽  
Oecophylla Smaragdina ◽  
Positive Correlation ◽  
Structural Abnormalities

Oxyrachis tarandus Fab. (Homoptera: Membracidae), commonly known as cow horn bug or treehopper was found heavily infested on rose apple (Syzygium aqueum (Burm.f.) Alston, Myrtaceae). Infestation caused wilting, defoliation and structural abnormalities of fruits in S. aqueum and was found in 81 patches within a tree, which is further divided into peduncle, PD (48 patches), young terminal branches, YTB (20), older twig, OT (13), main bark, MB (0) and leaf, L (0). Infestation of shoot length ranged from 3 to 25 cm comprising a surface area of 5.47 to 25.47 cm2. Population density of cow horn bug was significantly higher in PD compared to YTB and OT and peak infestation was noted during last week of March and first week of April. Prominent mutualism between O. tarandus and ant Oecophylla smaragdina was noted with strong positive correlation.

scholarly journals The relationships between Pityogenes chalcographus and Nemosoma elongatum in clear-cuts with different types of management

2019 ◽  
Vol 56 (No. 1) ◽  
pp. 30-34
Author(s):  
Petr Zahradník ◽  
Marie Zahradníková
Keyword(s):  
Population Density ◽  
Significant Part ◽  
Strong Positive Correlation ◽  
Pityogenes Chalcographus ◽  
Positive Correlation ◽  
Clear Cut ◽  
Baited Traps ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Spruce Stands

Pityogenes chalcographus (Linnaeus, 1758) is a significant pest of young spruce stands up to the age of about 20 years. Predation can be a significant part of decreasing its population density. The aim of the research was to determine the relationships between captured P. chalcographus and its major predator Nemosoma elongatum (Linnaeus, 1761). The research was conducted in 2006 and 2007 in five areas with the following conditions: two clear-cuts covered with freely distributed brushwood, two clear-cuts which had no brushwood remaining and the last locality was an older (more than two years older) clear-cut with no brushwood. The catches from the pheromone baited traps used to lure P. chalcographus showed a strong positive correlation between P. chalcographus and N. elongatum. Furthermore, comparisons were drawn between the N. elongatum catches from each clear-cut. The differences in the proportions of the predator N. elongatum to the trapped P. chalcographus were identified between the types of clear-cuts with the highest proportion of trapped N. elongatum in the clear-cuts with the brushwood and the lowest proportion in the clear-cuts with the removed brushwood.

scholarly journals Cities Are Physical Too: Using Computer Vision to Measure the Quality and Impact of Urban Appearance

2016 ◽  
Vol 106 (5) ◽  
pp. 128-132 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nikhil Naik ◽  
Ramesh Raskar ◽  
César A. Hidalgo
Keyword(s):  
Computer Vision ◽  
Income Inequality ◽  
Population Density ◽  
Household Income ◽  
Strong Positive Correlation ◽  
Social Scientists ◽  
Perceived Safety ◽  
Positive Correlation ◽  
Vision Algorithm ◽  
American Cities

For social scientists, developing an empirical connection between the physical appearance of a city and the behavior and health of its inhabitants has proved challenging due to a lack of data on urban appearance. Can we use computers to quantify urban appearance from street-level imagery? We describe Streetscore: a computer vision algorithm that measures the perceived safety of streetscapes. Using Streetscore to evaluate 19 American cities, we find that the average perceived safety has a strong positive correlation with population density and household income; and the variation in perceived safety has a strong positive correlation with income inequality.

Sleep quality and its related factors in menopausal women in Da Nang, Vietnam

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hoang Oanh Tran Thi
Keyword(s):  
Sleep Quality ◽  
Educational Level ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Health Perception ◽  
Strong Positive Correlation ◽  
Related Factors ◽  
Positive Correlation ◽  
Self Rating ◽  
Menopausal Women

Background: Sleep disturbance is one of the most prevalent health problems in menopausal women. It has a number of severe consequences not only for their physicalbut also psychosocial well - being and results in lower quality of life. This study was conducted with two objectives: Describe the sleep quality and investigate its related factors among menopausal women. Methods: This is a cross - sectional descriptive study, conducted on 362 menopausal women in 13 wards of HaiChau distrist, Da Nang city from February, 2017 to September, 2018. Questionnaires included five parts: Demographics questions, perceived health status question, Zung Self - Rating Anxiety Scale, Zung Self - Rating Depression Scale and Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics and correlational statistics. Results: The mean PSQI score was 8.7 ± 3.4, only 18.2% of menopausal women had good sleep quality. Sleep quality (PSQI) of menopausal women has a strong positive correlation with age (r = 0.57, p < 0.0001), anxiety (r = 0.51, p < 0.0001), depression (r = 0.51, p < 0.0001), health perception (r = 0.32, p < 0.0001), a low positive correlation with hot flashes (r = 0.17, p < 0.001) and sweating (r = 0.18, p < 0.001). Sleep quality (PSQI) was negatively correlated with educational level (r = -0.65, p < 0.0001). In the multiple regression model, age, education level, health perception and depression predicted the sleep quality of menopausal women. Conclusion: The sleep quality of menopausal women was low. There were some predictors of sleep quality: age, educational level, health perception and depression.

Interindividual proximity and the probability of winter survival in the bank vole, Clethrionomys glareolus

1988 ◽  
Vol 66 (8) ◽  
pp. 1841-1845 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Fredric Karlsson
Keyword(s):  
Population Density ◽  
Bank Vole ◽  
Clethrionomys Glareolus ◽  
Winter Survival ◽  
Strong Positive Correlation ◽  
Positive Correlation ◽  
Microhabitat Preference ◽  
Significant Pattern ◽  
Lower Population ◽  
Lower Population Density

Interindividual proximity was examined during two prewinter seasons as a possible demographical agent in a bank vole (Clethrionomys glareolus) population near Uppsala, Sweden. While the proportion of nonoverwintering voles found in clusters in the 1st year was approximately the same (40%) from October to December, in the 2nd year, with lower population density, it fluctuated from 20 to 80%. Mean number of voles per shared center of activity was approximately the same (2–2.3) during all months compared. In October 1983 the proportion in these centers of nonoverwintering compared with overwintering voles was significantly lower. Individuals that shared centers compared with those that never did survived better and center sharing occurred significantly more often than was expected by chance. The change of centers of activity to more rocky from less rocky environments among nonoverwintering voles significantly more often resulted in center sharing. In overwintering but not in other females there was a strong positive correlation between the choice of microhabitat and month. As the prewinter season progressed, the preference of overwintering females for the most rocky environments increased. In males no significant pattern was observed. Proximity, though possibly primarily an effect of microhabitat preference, may increase the chance of both survival and successful reproduction in the following spring.

The Strong Positive Correlation between Factor VII Clotting Activity Using Bovine Thromboplastin and the Activated Factor VII Level

1995 ◽  
Vol 73 (03) ◽  
pp. 429-434 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kazuomi Kario ◽  
Takefumi Matsuo ◽  
Reiko Asada ◽  
Toshiyuki Sakata ◽  
Hisao Kato ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factor ◽  
Bovine Brain ◽  
Factor Vii ◽  
Rabbit Brain ◽  
Strong Positive Correlation ◽  
Chromogenic Substrate ◽  
Moderate Correlation ◽  
Positive Correlation ◽  
Activated Factor Vii

SummaryWe compared factor VII clotting activity (FVIIc) assays using different thromboplastins to determine which is the most sensitive for activated FVII (FVIIa) or for FVII antigen (FVIIag). FVIIc levels were measured using thromboplastins derived from bovine brain (FVIIc Bov), human placenta (FVIIc Hum), and rabbit brain (FVIIc Rab). FVIIa levels were measured by fluorogenic assays using human soluble tissue factor (rsTF) or bovine rsTF. We also measured FVII activity by an amidolytic assay (FVIIc:am Hum) using human thromboplastin and a chromogenic substrate for thrombin. FVIIag levels were determined by ELISA. In the FVIIa assay, the reaction time obtained from using bovine rsTF was shorter than that with human rsTF, suggesting that the interaction of plasma FVIIa with bovine rsTF was stronger than with human rsTF. The plasma FVIIa levels measured using human rsTF and bovine rsTF were almost the same (r=0.947, p<0.0001). Among the three FVIIc assays, FVIIc Bov had the strongest positive correlation with the plasma FVIIa level (r=0.886, p<0.000l), but had no correlation with FVIIag. An increase of 1 ng/ml in the plasma FVIIa level yielded a 27.9% increase of FVIIc Bov. Plasma FVIIc Hum and FVIIc:am Hum showed moderate correlations with both FVIIa (r=0.520, p<0.02 and r=0.569, p<0.01, respectively) and FVIIag (r=0.438, p<0.05 and r=0.468, p<0.05, respectively). FVIIc Rab had the lowest correlation with FVIIa (r=0.367, p<0.1), but had a moderate correlation with FVIIag (r=0.436, p<0.05). After in vitro cold activation, FVIIc Bov levels increased the most and FVIIc:am levels showed the least change. These findings indicate that consideration of the thromboplastin used for assay is necessary when assessing the clinical significance of FVII activity as a cardiovascular risk factor.

scholarly journals Tumor-Infiltrating CD20+ B Lymphocytes: Significance and Prognostic Implications in Oral Cancer Microenvironment

Cancers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 395
Author(s):  
Faustino Julián Suárez-Sánchez ◽  
Paloma Lequerica-Fernández ◽  
Juan Pablo Rodrigo ◽  
Francisco Hermida-Prado ◽  
Julián Suárez-Canto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
B Lymphocytes ◽  
Clinical Stage ◽  
Inverse Correlation ◽  
Tumor Infiltrating Lymphocytes ◽  
Immunohistochemical Analysis ◽  
Second Primary ◽  
Strong Positive Correlation ◽  
Related Factors ◽  
Primary Tumors ◽  
Sox2 Expression

Immunohistochemical analysis of stromal/tumoral CD20+ B lymphocytes was performed in 125 OSCC patients. Correlations with immune profiles CD4+, CD8+, and FOXP3+ tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs), tumoral PD-L1, and stem-related factors NANOG and SOX2 were assessed, and also associations with clinical data and patient survival. There was a strong positive correlation between the infiltration of CD20+ B lymphocytes and other immune profiles (i.e., CD4+, CD8+, and FOXP3+ TILs, and CD68+ and CD163+ macrophages) both in stroma and tumor nests. Strikingly, CD20+ TILs were inversely correlated with NANOG/SOX2 expression. Stromal CD20+ TILs were significantly associated with T classification and second primary tumors. A stratified survival analysis showed that tumoral CD20+ TILs were significantly associated with prognosis in male and younger patients, with tobacco or alcohol consumption, high tumoral CD8+ TILs, low tumoral infiltration by CD68+ macrophages, positive PD-L1 expression, and negative NANOG/SOX2. Multivariate Cox analysis further revealed clinical stage and tumoral CD20+ TILs independently associated with disease-specific survival (HR = 2.42, p = 0.003; and HR = 0.57, p = 0.04, respectively). In conclusion, high CD20+ TIL density emerges as an independent good prognostic factor in OSCC, suggesting a role in antitumor immunity. This study also uncovered an inverse correlation between CD20+ TILs and CSC marker expression.

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