Moving Crowds in Chicago: Baseball and the Fourth of July

2000 ◽  
Vol 1735 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-58 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven H. Abrams
Keyword(s):  
Traffic Volume ◽  
Professional Baseball ◽  
Extreme Conditions ◽  
Sporting Events ◽  
Rapid Transit ◽  
Operations Planning ◽  
Special Events ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Traffic Volumes ◽  
Over Time

The Chicago Transit Authority (CTA) is often called on to transport large numbers of spectators attending popular special events. Although these situations bear similarities to normal peak-hour traffic, they are characterized by longer-lasting streams of intense traffic volume. Facilities and operating practices designed for peak-hour traffic are usually unable to handle these extraordinary inflows. Therefore, facilities and operations must be adapted to deal with these extreme conditions. Today, CTA experiences two major types of special-events situations. The first type of situation is sporting events, such as professional baseball, football, and basketball games, which originate predictable traffic from a specific site at predetermined times. Therefore, a nearby transit facility such as a rapid-transit station can be designed to service expected traffic volumes. Second, Chicago hosts a growing list of special events that are located in less-well-defined areas, which may change over time. Attendance at this second type of event is often difficult to predict and measure. Therefore, permanent facilities must be adapted to serve such infrequent demand. Also, special-events operations planning must be coordinated carefully with outside agencies. The discussion focuses on how CTA has designed both facilities and operations to deal with the crowds generated by both scenarios. CTA serves many sporting events, including Cubs baseball games at Wrigley Field. Also, every year Chicago hosts a fireworks display held on the night of July 3. A description is included of the design of facilities and operations that facilitate these special events.

Rejection, Motivation and Athletic Performance: Is There a Traded Player Syndrome?

1977 ◽  
Vol 45 (3) ◽  
pp. 827-834
Author(s):  
Richard E. Kopelman ◽  
James J. Pantaleno
Keyword(s):  
Athletic Performance ◽  
Professional Baseball ◽  
High Ability ◽  
Professional Athlete ◽  
Entire Sample ◽  
Baseball Players ◽  
First Time ◽  
Positive Results ◽  
Over Time

It is widely held that the professional athlete who is traded tends to perform better against the trading team than against other teams. Two psychological explanations for this hypothesis were advanced (a separation-hostility mechanism and an esteem loss-counteraction mechanism). Data were examined for 47 (30) professional baseball players over a 2-yr. (3-yr.) period. Support for the hypothesis was weak across the entire sample; however, some support appeared among players who (a) were traded for the first time, (b) had long tenure with the trading team, (c) were young, and (d) had high ability. Somewhat stronger positive results were found for individuals who met two or more of the conditions favorable to the hypothesis. As predicted, results attenuated over time.

The impact of snowfall on crashes, traffic volume, and revenue on the New York State Thruway

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
David A. Call ◽  
Guy A. Flynt
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
New York State ◽  
Traffic Volume ◽  
Crash Risk ◽  
York State ◽  
Inclement Weather ◽  
Daily Data ◽  
Fatal Crashes ◽  
Traffic Volumes ◽  
The Impact

AbstractSnow has numerous effects on traffic, including reduced traffic volumes, greater crash risk, and increased travel times. This research examines how snow affects crash risk, traffic volume, and toll revenue on the New York State Thruway. Daily data from January for a ten-year period (2010-2019) were analyzed for the Thruway from the Pennsylvania state line in western New York to Syracuse.Anywhere from 35-50 percent of crashes are associated with inclement weather, with smaller impacts, proportionally, in areas with greater traffic volumes. As expected, snow was almost always involved when weather was a factor. “Unsafe speed” was the most common cause of crashes in inclement weather with all other factors (e.g., animals, drowsiness) much less likely to play a role. The percentage of crashes resulting in an injury did not change significantly with inclement conditions when compared to crashes occurring in fair conditions, and there were too few fatal crashes to make any inferences about them.Daily snowfall rates predicted about 30 percent of the variation in crash numbers, with every 5.1 cm of snowfall resulting in an additional crash, except in Buffalo where 5.1 cm of snow resulted in an additional 2.6 crashes. Confirming earlier results, daily snowfall had a large impact on passenger vehicle counts while commercial vehicle counts were less affected. Revenue data showed a similar pattern, with passenger revenue typically decreasing by 3-5 percent per 2.5 cm of snow, while commercial revenue decreases were 1-4 percent per 2.5 cm of snow.

scholarly journals Pavement Deterioration Rate and Maintenance Cost for Low-Volume Roads

2020 ◽  
Vol 312 ◽  
pp. 06002
Author(s):  
Turki I Al-Suleiman ◽  
Subhi M Bazlamit ◽  
Mahmoud Azzama ◽  
Hesham S Ahmad
Keyword(s):  
Surface Defects ◽  
Condition Index ◽  
Maintenance Cost ◽  
Pavement Condition ◽  
Pavement Maintenance ◽  
Deterioration Rate ◽  
Pavement Deterioration ◽  
Pavement Condition Index ◽  
Traffic Volumes ◽  
Over Time

Allocated budgets for maintenance of road networks are normally limited. Therefore, not all roads receive the required attention they deserve in a timely manner. These roads are left to deteriorate until the next maintenance round. The cost associated with delayed maintenance is significantly excessive. A Pavement Maintenance Management System (PMMS) can be a useful tool for evaluation, prioritization of Maintenance and Rehabilitation (M&R) projects, and determination of funding requirements and allocations. The pavement condition is normally indexed using a parameter called Pavement Condition Index (PCI) which represents an overall assessment of surface defects by type, severity and extent. Periodic collections of PCI over time for different sections within the roadway network provide an approach to monitor changes in pavement serviceability over time and can produce useful data to predict and evaluate required maintenance solutions and their associated cost. The researchers intend to use available data collected over the span of a year and a half on sections within the roadway network at the campus of Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan (ZUJ) to study the relation between the maintenance cost and the pavement deterioration rate. This study may incorporate variables such as pavement age, traffic volumes, maintenance history and pavement condition assessment results. The available records of PCI will be analyzed and the findings will be clearly presented. The practical inclusion of the findings within the current PMMS used at the university will also be detailed.

scholarly journals Relationship Between Traffic Volume and Accident Frequency at Intersections

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 1393
Author(s):  
Angus Eugene Retallack ◽  
Bertram Ostendorf
Keyword(s):  
Traffic Accidents ◽  
Negative Binomial ◽  
Motor Vehicle ◽  
Traffic Volume ◽  
Accident Risk ◽  
Vehicle Accidents ◽  
Accident Frequency ◽  
Traffic Volumes ◽  
Congestion Index ◽  
Binomial Models

Driven by the high social costs and emotional trauma that result from traffic accidents around the world, research into understanding the factors that influence accident occurrence is critical. There is a lack of consensus about how the management of congestion may affect traffic accidents. This paper aims to improve our understanding of this relationship by analysing accidents at 120 intersections in Adelaide, Australia. Data comprised of 1629 motor vehicle accidents with traffic volumes from a dataset of more than five million hourly measurements. The effect of rainfall was also examined. Results showed an approximately linear relationship between traffic volume and accident frequency at lower traffic volumes. In the highest traffic volumes, poisson and negative binomial models showed a significant quadratic explanatory term as accident frequency increases at a higher rate. This implies that focusing management efforts on avoiding these conditions would be most effective in reducing accident frequency. The relative risk of rainfall on accident frequency decreases with increasing congestion index. Accident risk is five times greater during rain at low congestion levels, successively decreasing to no elevated risk at the highest congestion level. No significant effect of congestion index on accident severity was detected.

Evaluation of weigh-in-motion in Manitoba

1999 ◽  
Vol 26 (5) ◽  
pp. 655-666 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xun Zhi ◽  
Ahmed Shalaby ◽  
Dan Middleton ◽  
Alan Clayton
Keyword(s):  
Primary Objective ◽  
Vehicle Classification ◽  
Design Management ◽  
Western Canada ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Survey Period ◽  
Weigh In Motion ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Traffic Volumes ◽  
American Society

The primary objective of a weigh-in-motion (WIM) system is to provide highway designers and agencies with information on the loads and traffic volumes using a particular highway, thereby facilitating improved pavement design, management, and weight enforcement. In this paper, the historic performance of WIM systems in Manitoba is evaluated. The results indicate that large numbers of unreasonable data are produced from the WIM systems, calibration procedures are not standardized, and there is drift in calibration. The performance of the Brokenhead WIM system was evaluated through a detailed survey conducted at the Brokenhead WIM site and the Westhawk Permanent Truck Weigh Station in August 1997. The Brokenhead site is on the Trans-Canada highway east of Winnipeg. It is the only WIM system in the country that measures truck characteristics and movements between eastern and western Canada. The survey produced a large database permitting the comparison of truck dimension measurements, truck weights, and vehicle classification between those produced by the WIM system and those observed manually. The results indicate that WIM axle-spacing data sets were outside the tolerance for 95% conformity specified by the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM). The system classified 5 to 9 axle combination trucks more accurately than some 2- and 3-axle vehicles. The WIM system underestimated about 90% of truck weights in the survey period. The degree of underestimation exceeded 50% of the corresponding static weights. This finding highlights the importance of quality control and corrections on WIM data prior to their use in research or engineering practice.Key words: weigh-in-motion, vehicle classification, calibration, axle spacing, axle load.

The genesis of international mass migration

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric Richards
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
British Isles ◽  
Scottish Highlands ◽  
Isle Of Man ◽  
Mass Migration ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
The Common ◽  
Over Time

Very large numbers of people began to depart the British Isles for the New Worlds after about 1770. This was a pioneering movement, a rehearsal for modern international migration. This book contends that emigration history is not seamless, that it contains large shifts over time and place, and that the modern scale and velocity of mobility have very particular historical roots. The Isle of Man is an ideal starting point in the quest for the engines and mechanisms of emigration, and a particular version of the widespread surge in British emigration in the 1820s. West Sussex was much closer to the centres of the expansionary economy in the new age. North America was the earliest and the greatest theatre of oceanic emigration in which the methods of mass migration were pioneered. Landlocked Shropshire experienced some of the earliest phases of British industrialisation, notably in the Ironbridge/Coalbrookdale district, deep inland on the River Severn. The turmoil in the agrarian and demographic foundations of life reached across the British archipelago. In West Cork and North Tipperary, there was clear evidence of the great structural changes that shook the foundations of these rural societies. The book also discusses the sequences and effects of migration in Wales, Swaledale, Cornwall, Kent, London, and Scottish Highlands. It also deals with Ireland’s place in the more generic context of the origins of migration from the British Isles. The common historical understanding is that the pre-industrial population of the British Isles had been held back by Malthusian checks.

Chromatic acoustic condition monitoring of transformers

Sensor Review ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 291-296
Author(s):  
Anthony G. Deakin ◽  
Duncan H. Smith ◽  
Joseph W. Spencer ◽  
Darren Jones ◽  
Nigel Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Complex System ◽  
Condition Monitoring ◽  
Design Methodology ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Condition Indicators ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Potential Benefits ◽  
Tap Changer ◽  
Transformer Equipment ◽  
Over Time

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to present an approach for continuous acoustic condition monitoring of transformers based on chromatic principles for abstracting information on individual acoustic events as well as secondary trends in the behaviour of the events. Design/methodology/approach – The potential benefits of condition monitoring of high-value transformer equipment are explored, and an approach based on chromatic information abstraction is illustrated and discussed. Findings – Tracking of large numbers of complex and variable individual acoustic events over time using a chromatic approach appears to offer a means for remote operators to evaluate mechanical transformer tap changer condition in a traceable manner. Originality/value – The condition monitoring is retrofittable and non-intrusive, and the approach may be applied generically for combining condition indicators for overall health-checking. A complex system behaviour may be operationally simplified without discarding the complexity.

scholarly journals Repositioning Resistance: Basque Separatism, Religion and Cultural Security in Regional Queensland, 1945–1970

2013 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-51
Author(s):  
Robert Mason
Keyword(s):  
Civil War ◽  
Spanish Civil War ◽  
Overwhelming Majority ◽  
Historical Injustice ◽  
Civilian Population ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Market Town ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Over Time

On 26 April 1937, German bombers attacked the civilian population in the Basque market town of Guernica. The event has become synonymous with the brutality of the Spanish Civil War, but its impact on the Basque diaspora has not been the subject of detailed investigation. Large numbers of Basques emigrated to live in north Queensland, and the overwhelming majority can be traced to the hills surrounding Guernica. Those living in Australia only became aware of the atrocity over time, but the symbolic importance of Guernica increased over the subsequent decades as hundreds more Basques arrived in Queensland's north. The bombing itself was traumatic, but it was understood in the context of an emigration and historical injustice wrought by Spain's Nationalist dictatorship.

scholarly journals The Barrier to Vaccination Is Not Vaccine Hesitancy: Patterns of COVID-19 Vaccine Acceptance over the Course of the Pandemic in 23 Countries

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ammina Kothari ◽  
Gerit Pfuhl ◽  
David Schieferdecker ◽  
Casey Taggart Harris ◽  
Caitlin Tidwell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Herd Immunity ◽  
Longitudinal Survey ◽  
Vaccine Hesitancy ◽  
Vaccine Acceptance ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
The World ◽  
Main Barrier ◽  
Actual Vaccine ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Intent To Vaccinate

AbstractBackgroundAt present, evidence is inconclusive regarding what factors influence vaccine intent, and whether there are widespread disparities across populations and time. The current study provides new insights regarding vaccine intent and potential differences across 23 countries and over time.MethodsOur data come from a unique longitudinal survey that contains responses from Facebook users (N=1,425,172) from the 23 countries from four continents collected in 18 waves from July 2020 through March 2021.ResultsWe find that vaccine intent varies significantly across countries and over time. Across countries, there are notable disparities in intent to vaccinate. Regarding time, intent has recently reached an all-time high. Our data demonstrates that intent to vaccinate has increased as countries have deployed vaccines on larger scales with undecidedness declining. However, there are some countries where vaccine intent is stagnant and in one country – Egypt – where it seems to have declined.InterpretationsLarge numbers of citizens across the world are willing to get vaccinated. In the vast majority of countries in our sample, these were high enough to reach more conservative levels of herd immunity1 if combined with numbers of persons already infected. As such, the main barrier to vaccination is not vaccine hesitancy, but the shortage of vaccines. This sends a clear message to politicians who need to work on a quick and fair distribution of vaccine; and to scientists who need to focus their attention on understanding remaining pockets of vaccine skepticism or undecidedness and on factors that explain actual vaccine behavior, rather than intent.

Utilizing trade market analysis to identify the economic impact of a multiday special event in Miami Beach, Florida

2018 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 253-273 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric Beckman ◽  
Mark Traynor
Keyword(s):  
Economic Impact ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Market Analysis ◽  
Measurement Tool ◽  
Sporting Events ◽  
Local Stakeholder ◽  
Special Event ◽  
Special Events ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Trade Market

Many events occur each year in rural and urban communities. Some of these events include sporting events and festivals (music, food/beverage, heritage, and art). Some of these events occur for 1 day, but many of these events occur multiple days and are considered “special events.” Determining the positive impact of these special events on local communities is critical to the success of the event and helps to gain local stakeholder approval and acceptance for recurring annual events. The current study surveyed attendees (locals and tourists) at a 5-day special event (festival) in Miami Beach, Florida. Locals and tourists were identified utilizing a new trade market analysis methodology, which was applied to the survey respondents and assessed as a relevant measurement tool for the unique destination. The researchers then estimated the economic impact (using noncasual tourists) to determine the value of the festival to stakeholders in Miami Beach.

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