Impact of Changing Traffic Characteristics and Environmental Conditions on Flexible Pavements

2000 ◽  
Vol 1730 (1) ◽  
pp. 125-131 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhanmin Zhang ◽  
Joseph P. Leidy ◽  
Izydor Kawa ◽  
W. Ronald Hudson
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Trade Agreement ◽  
Design Methods ◽  
Pavement Design ◽  
Road Test ◽  
The North ◽  
Traffic Characteristics ◽  
Axle Loads ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Aasho Road Test

Although the trend for the next generation of pavement design methods is shifting to mechanistic design, the use of design methods based on the AASHO road test results is still the current design practice in Texas and some other states. Critical to these design methods are the AASHTO load equivalency factors (LEFs), which are used to convert the mixed traffic axle loads into standard 18-kip (80.1-kN) equivalent single-axle loads. Several studies have been conducted on the subject of load equivalency for pavement design and analysis. However, there remain uncertainties related to various issues of load equivalency. Over the years, the composition and characteristics of traffic using Texas highways have been changing. The North American Free Trade Agreement has accelerated such changes in that more trucks, primarily moving among mid-western states, Texas, and Mexico, are traveling on Texas highways. In addition, the original AASHO road test was conducted at a site with environmental conditions significantly different from the environmental conditions in Texas. It is therefore critical to understand fully the impact of such changing traffic characteristics and environmental conditions on pavements in Texas. Presented is the methodology used to analyze the impact of these factors on the AASHTO LEFs.

scholarly journals Quebec’s Economic and Commercial Linkages with the United States, 1994–2017

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Earl H. Fry
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Trade Agreement ◽  
The United States ◽  
The North ◽  
Nation States ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Us ◽  
Us Government ◽  
Big Picture ◽  
The Impact

This article examines the ebb and flow of the Quebec government’s economic and commercial relations with the United States in the period 1994–2017. The topic demonstrates the impact of three major forces on Quebec’s economic and commercial ties with the US: (1) the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) which became operational in 1994 and was fully implemented over a 15-year period; (2) the onerous security policies put in place by the US government in the decade following the horrific events of 11 September 2001; and (3) changing economic circumstances in the United States ranging from robust growth to the worst recession since the Great Depression of the 1930s. The article also indicates that the Quebec government continues to sponsor a wide range of activities in the United States, often more elaborate and extensive than comparable activities pursued by many nation-states with representation in the US. 1 1 Stéphane Paquin, ‘Quebec-U.S. Relations: The Big Picture’, American Review of Canadian Studies 46, no. 2 (2016): 149–61.

scholarly journals Particularity of Canada-Mexico bilateral relations (from beginning to entry into force NAFTA Agreement)

2018 ◽  
pp. 31-41
Author(s):  
Oleh Bulka
Keyword(s):  
Trade Agreement ◽  
The United States ◽  
Mutual Cooperation ◽  
Economic Relations ◽  
The North ◽  
Bilateral Relations ◽  
Organizational Mechanism ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
The Impact

The article is devoted to the particularity of Canada-Mexico bilateral relations in the period from their beginning to signing and entry into force the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA). It is noted that from the time of first contacts bilateral relations between two countries have developed unevenly with periods of increase and periods of decline. It is determined that in the history of Canada-Mexico relations before signing NAFTA can be identified four main periods. The first one is a period of early contacts that lasted from the end of XIX century to the establishment of the official diplomatic relations between Canada and Mexico in 1944. In this period of time ties between the two countries were extremely weak. The second period lasted from 1944 to the end of the 1960s. This period clearly shows the limits of cooperation between Canada and Mexico after the establishment of the official diplomatic ties, but it is also possible to see a certain coincidence between the values and diplomatic strategies of these countries. The third period of Canada-Mexico relations lasted from the beginning of the 1970s to the end of the 1980s. During this period, both Canada and Mexico try to diversify their foreign policy and strengthen the organizational mechanism of mutual cooperation. But it is also shown that despite the warm political rhetoric, there was some distance in Canada-Mexico relations. The fourth period of the relations lasted from the late 1980s until the NAFTA treaty came into force in 1994. At that time Canadian and Mexican governments began to give priority to economic relations over political and diplomatic ones. It was revealed that the main influencing factors of bilateral relations between Mexico and Canada were the impact of third countries, especially the United Kingdom and the United States, regional and global economic conditions, and the attitude to the bilateral relations of the political elites of both countries.

The impact of the NAFTA treaty on wage competition, immigration, labor standards and cross-border co-operation

2001 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 494-514 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alfredo Hualde ◽  
Miguel Angel Ramírez
Keyword(s):  
Trade Unions ◽  
Free Trade Agreement ◽  
Trade Agreement ◽  
Living Standards ◽  
Labor Standards ◽  
Cross Border ◽  
The North ◽  
Economic Area ◽  
The Usa ◽  
The Impact

The signing of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) in 1993 led to the formation of a social and economic area characterized by marked asymmetry between its members: the USA, Mexico and Canada. Seven years later the results in terms of salaries, employment and labor standards are not very positive, although they have not produced the catastrophic results foreseen by some. In Mexico several hundred thousand jobs were created, especially in the maquiladora export industry, but this has been associated with falling living standards and rising poverty. Migration from Mexico to the USA has increased. Poor labor standards and illegal employment have led to collaboration between NGOs and trade unions on both sides of the frontier.

The Impact of Free Trade Agreements on Internet Intermediary Liability in Latin America

2020 ◽  
pp. 171-189
Author(s):  
Juan Carlos Lara Gálvez ◽  
Alan M. Sears
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Free Trade ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Free Trade Agreements ◽  
Trade Agreement ◽  
Trade Agreements ◽  
The United States ◽  
The North ◽  
Intermediary Liability ◽  
The Impact

This chapter discusses the impact of free trade agreements (FTAs) on intermediary liability in Latin America, with special emphasis on the Digital Millennium Copyright Act’s (DMCA) provisions that have been included into every bilateral FTA the United States has entered into since 2002, thus promoting their inclusion in the national law of other countries. However, these provisions are controversial, and whether they drive the internet economy or create a more restrictive online space is a matter of debate. This chapter analyses the impact of such provisions in Latin American countries and the state of their implementation in national jurisdictions. In particular, this chapter reviews implementation and proposed implementation of the DMCA model in Chile, Costa Rica and other CAFTA bloc countries, Colombia, and Peru. It also discusses the failure of the Trans-Pacific Partnership Agreement to create new intermediary liability rules and how the same language was ultimately included in the revision of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), which became the US–Mexico–Canada Agreement (USMCA).

NAFTA and the United States and Mexico maize belts 1994–2017

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 385-402
Author(s):  
José Osorio-Antonia ◽  
Lila Margarita Bada-Carbajal ◽  
Luis Arturo Rivas-Tovar
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Trade Agreement ◽  
The United States ◽  
United States Department ◽  
Maize Production ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Maize Productivity ◽  
The North ◽  
The Impact

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is twofold. First, the impact of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) on the agribusinesses of corn production in Mexico is analyzed, taking into special consideration the policy of encouragement to small producers, productive restructuring and identification of positive and negative effects. Second, the evolution of the US–Mexican maize belts (1994–2017) is analyzed, establishing the economic and political impacts with respect to NAFTA.Design/methodology/approachThe paper opted for a documentary meta-analysis study using data from the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) and the System of Agricultural and Fishery Information (SIAP) in Mexico. The data were completed with documentary analysis of research on maize productivity.FindingsProvided is the information about the impacts of maize belts in the United States (US) and Mexico, where it was determined that the leading states maintained productive hegemony to a greater and lesser extent and that Mexico experienced a productive reorientation. The findings show that it is a myth that there are losers in the maize agroindustry of Mexico and the United States as it is suggested that after twenty-four years they have become complementary.Research limitations/implicationsSummarized is the state of knowledge from 1994 to 2017, aligned to the databases of the United States and Mexico.Originality/valueA need to study the relation between the productive evolution of maize production and NAFTA is identified.

scholarly journals The Impact of NAFTA on the United States

2001 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 125-144 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary E Burfisher ◽  
Sherman Robinson ◽  
Karen Thierfelder
Keyword(s):  
Free Trade Agreement ◽  
Trade Agreement ◽  
Trade Diversion ◽  
The United States ◽  
Trade Creation ◽  
Policy Debate ◽  
Trade Data ◽  
The North ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The U.S

We describe the main economic arguments posed for and against the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) during the U.S. policy debate. To evaluate these arguments, we analyze recent trade data and survey post-NAFTA studies. We find that both the U.S. and Mexico benefit from NAFTA, with much larger relative benefits for Mexico. NAFTA also has had little effect on the U.S. labor market. These results confirm the consensus opinion of economists at the time of the debate. Finally, studies find that trade creation greatly exceeds trade diversion in the region under NAFTA, especially in intermediate goods.

North American Free Trade Agreement Truck Highway Corridors: U.S.-Mexican Truck Rivers of Trade

1998 ◽  
Vol 1613 (1) ◽  
pp. 71-78 ◽  
Author(s):  
John P. McCray
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Free Trade ◽  
North American ◽  
Free Trade Agreement ◽  
Trade Agreement ◽  
The United States ◽  
Advocacy Groups ◽  
The North ◽  
Federal Highway ◽  
The Impact

The dramatic growth in trade between the United States and Mexico from $12.39 billion to $56.8 billion of U.S. exports and $17.56 billion to $73 billion of U.S. imports between 1977 and 1996 and the implementation of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) have focused attention on the impact that the truck-transported portion of this trade has on U.S. highways. State and federal highway administrators are concerned with the planning implications this additional unexpected traffic may have on the transportation infrastructure. Public advocacy groups want additional highway funds to promote one NAFTA highway corridor over others in an effort to stimulate additional economic development. Most of these groups advocate a north-south route through the United States between Canada and Mexico that follows the alignment of an existing federal highway number. Research conducted by the U.S. government under the 1991 Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act has failed to define NAFTA highway corridors adequately, leaving policy makers with little concrete information with which to combat the rhetoric of the trade highway corridor advocacy groups. A report is provided on research critical to the needs of both highway administrators and corridor advocacy groups, namely, the location of U.S.-Mexican trade highway corridors and the trade truck density along these corridors.

Evaluation of AASHTO Rigid Pavement Design Model Using Long-Term Pavement Performance Data Base

1996 ◽  
Vol 1525 (1) ◽  
pp. 57-71
Author(s):  
M.I. Darter ◽  
E. Owusu-Antwi ◽  
R. Ahmad
Keyword(s):  
Performance Data ◽  
Pavement Design ◽  
Pavement Performance ◽  
Slab Thickness ◽  
Road Test ◽  
Rigid Pavement ◽  
The Road ◽  
Overall Evaluation ◽  
Axle Loads

The AASHTO design guide's rigid pavement equation that is used for thickness design was originally developed in 1960 at the conclusion of the road test. This equation predicts the number of axle loads for a given slab thickness and loss in serviceability. During the last 30 years, the original equation has been extended to include several additional design factors and has been used by many highway agencies for rigid pavement design. Due to the limited inference space of the original road test equation and the subjective nature of the subsequent extensions, there is considerable interest in determining the adequacy of the equation. The availability of the nationwide long-term pavement performance data has finally made an overall evaluation possible. The evaluation included determining the adequacy of predicting the number of heavy axle loads required to cause a given loss of serviceability. The results indicate that the original 1960 equation generally overpredicts the number of 80-kN (18-kip) equivalent single axle loads for a given loss of serviceability. However, extensions to the original model improve predictions considerably. These results were determined at the 50-percentile (mean) level. At a higher level of reliability such as 95 percent, the 1986 AASHTO model provides a conservative design for a majority of the pavement sections. However, several deficiencies that need to be improved still remain.

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