Complete Count of U.S. Transportation Workforce

2000 ◽  
Vol 1719 (1) ◽  
pp. 259-266
Author(s):  
Basav Sen ◽  
Michael A. Rossetti
Keyword(s):  
The United States ◽  
Double Counting ◽  
Transportation Industry ◽  
Industry Data ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Nonfarm Employment ◽  
Employment Data ◽  
Transportation Activity ◽  
The U.S ◽  
Complete Count

Described are the development and application of an original methodology for a comprehensive and consistent count of transportation-related employment in the United States. In addition, the study represents a general example of how transportation analysts can effectively use and combine classification-based data to answer specific crosscutting questions. The method involved computing the union of two different sets of transportation employment data: transportation industry data, counting all workers in industries that provide or support transportation, and transportation occupational data, counting all workers performing transportation functions. A union, instead of a straightforward sum, was used to avoid double counting of workers employed in the defined transportation and transportation-related industries. A broad definition of transportation-related industries and occupations was used, allowing a complete accounting of employment generated by transportation in the economy. It was concluded that transportation industries account for 13 million workers, or about 10 percent of total nonfarm employment of 128.4 million, and transportation occupations outside of transportation industries accounted for another 3.5 million workers, or about an additional 3 percent of nonfarm employment. Thus, about 16.5 million workers either work directly in or support transportation activity in the U.S. economy; this constitutes about 13 percent—approximately 1 in 8 jobs—of the nonfarm workforce.

scholarly journals Cargo Handling By Truckers And Competitive Advantage: Is There A Relationship?

2011 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 87
Author(s):  
Jeff Kennedy
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Truck Drivers ◽  
Transportation Industry ◽  
Industry Data ◽  
Cargo Handling ◽  
Labor Statistics ◽  
Mode Of Transportation ◽  
Bureau Of Labor Statistics ◽  
New Jobs

The transportation industry is one of the largest employers in the United States. In fact, employment in the transportation industry is expected to increase from 4,205,000 jobs in 2002 to 5,120,000 jobs in 2012, an increase of 914,000 jobs, with truck drivers, including heavy and tractor-trailer drivers adding 337,000 new jobs (U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2006 and NAICS Industry Data, 2004). Truck drivers are a valuable and unique resource in today's economy because companies rely on trucks to pick up and deliver merchandise. No other mode of transportation delivers door-to-door. While some goods may travel most of the way by ship, train, or airplane, almost every good is carried by truck at some point en route to its destination. (West, 1-46)

The History of Mitigation in Death Penalty Cases

2020 ◽  
pp. 34-45
Author(s):  
Russell Stetler
Keyword(s):  
Death Penalty ◽  
The United States ◽  
Theory And Practice ◽  
Death Sentences ◽  
Eighth Amendment ◽  
Mitigating Factors ◽  
History Of ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Effective Representation ◽  
The U.S

This chapter discusses how the theory and practice of mitigation have evolved over more than four decades, thereby helping to define the modern death penalty era in the United States. Prior to 1976, juries generally made death penalty decisions in a unitary proceeding. Juries then had unfettered discretion to impose death sentences, and the results were so arbitrary that in 1972 the U.S. Supreme Court struck down all the existing death penalty statutes. In 1976, the Court approved new statutes that guided jurors’ discretion. The Court required individualized sentencing in which jurors could consider mitigating factors based on the diverse frailties of humankind. This broad definition of what might inspire juries to reject death was elaborated in succeeding decades in a series of decisions relying on the Eighth Amendment. Social workers and other nonlawyers became critical members of multidisciplinary capital defense teams providing effective representation under the Sixth Amendment.

When Immigrants Are Not Migrants: Counting Arrivals of the Foreign Born Using the U.S. Census

1998 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 127-144 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark Ellis ◽  
Richard Wright
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Foreign Born ◽  
Skill Levels ◽  
Migration Status ◽  
Recent Immigrant ◽  
Two Measures ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The U.S ◽  
The Way

This paper compares characteristics of recent immigrant arrivals in the United States using two measures from the decennial U.S. census: the came-to-stay question and the migration question. We show that a little under 30 percent of immigrants who reported they came to stay between 1985–1990 on the 1990 U.S. Census Public Use Micro Sample were resident in the United States on April 1, 1985. A similar analysis of the 1980 censue reveals that 22 percent of immigrants who reported they came to stay between 1975–1980 lived in the United States on April 1, 1975. Thus among recent arrivals, defined as those who reported they came to stay in the quinquennium preceding the census, a large number were resident in the United States five years before the census date. Furthermore, the proportion of recent arrivals present in the United States five years before the census increased between 1975–1980 and 1985–1990. We show that the profile of recent arrivals is sensitive to their migration status. Generally, in both the 1975–1980 and 1985–1990 cohorts, those resident in the United States five years before the census have significantly less schooling and lower incomes than those who were abroad. Accordingly, we argue that estimates of the skill levels and hourly wages of recent arrivals to the United States vary with the way arrival is measured. Researchers who rely on Public Use samples of the U.S. census for their data should be aware that the year of entry question implies a broader definition of arrival than the migration question. We caution that immigration researchers should consider the idea of arrival more carefully to help distinguish newcomers from the resident foreign born.

scholarly journals Closing the Regulatory Gap for Synthetic Nicotine

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patricia Zettler ◽  
Natalie Hemmerich ◽  
Micah L. Berman
Keyword(s):  
New Product ◽  
The United States ◽  
Tobacco Product ◽  
The Public ◽  
Comprehensive Plan ◽  
Federal Food ◽  
Potential Benefits ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Nicotine Regulation ◽  
The U.S

In July 2017 the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) announced a new “comprehensive plan for tobacco and nicotine regulation.” This plan is focused on making cigarettes less addictive while facilitating the development of alternative nicotine-containing products that are far less harmful. This approach holds promise, and the public health stakes could not be higher—smoking is the leading cause of preventable death in the United States, causing roughly 480,000 deaths per year. But a new product is emerging that could upset the FDA’s plans for a well-balanced regulatory scheme: synthetic nicotine. These products currently fall into a regulatory gap because they fall outside the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act’s (FDCA) definition of a tobacco product. If this gap remains in place, it is likely that more companies will exploit it in order to evade regulation, undoing the potential benefits of the FDA’s plan for tobacco and nicotine regulation. This Article argues that the FDA can, and should, address this problem by regulating synthetic nicotine products as drugs. After reviewing the science of nicotine addiction and the FDA’s past and present regulatory schemes for nicotine, it explains how the FDA could establish that synthetic nicotine satisfies the FDCA’s definition of a drug. It concludes with a discussion of the policy benefits of categorizing synthetic nicotine as a drug.Citation: Patricia J. Zettler, Natalie Hemmerich, & Micah L. Berman, Closing the Regulatory Gap for Synthetic Nicotine, 59 B.C. L. Rev. ___ (forthcoming 2018).

scholarly journals Same-Sex Marriage: Exploring the Implications of Obergefell v Hodges on the Philippines’ Muslim Law of Marriage and the 1987 Constitution

2017 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 197-227
Author(s):  
Norhabib Bin Suod Sumndad Barodi
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Legal System ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Philippines ◽  
Same Sex ◽  
Same Sex Marriage ◽  
Academic Effort ◽  
Traditional Definition ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The U.S

In view of the recent development brought about by the decision of the U.S. Supreme Court in Obergefell v. Hodges, jurisdictions that retain the traditional definition of marriage have sufficient reasons to revisit the concept of marriage under their own laws. This article is an academic effort to explore whether the traditional or historic definition of marriage adopted in the Philippines, as articulated in its Constitution and other pertinent laws like the Code of Muslim Personal Laws of the Philippines can withstand the new norm that Obergefell established in the legal system or constitutionalism of the United States. It attempts to project how the issue of same-sex marriage would be treated and decided in the Philippine context had it been an issue for which the Philippine legal system or constitutionalism is made to respond. This article emphasizes the incompatibility of the Obergefell decision with the Islamic definition of marriage and finds that the same decision is not entirely square with how the issue of same-sex marriage will be dealt with in Philippine constitutionalism.

scholarly journals Elonis v. United States: The Doctrine of True Threats: Protecting Our Ever-Shrinking First Amendment Rights in the New Era of Communication

2015 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 197-223
Author(s):  
Mary Margaret Roark
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Supreme Court ◽  
First Amendment ◽  
Free Speech ◽  
Freedom Of Speech ◽  
The United States ◽  
New Era ◽  
The Public ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The U.S

The First Amendment protects one of our most precious rights as citizens of the United States—the freedom of speech. Such protection has withstood the test of time, even safeguarding speech that much of the population would find distasteful. There is one form of speech which cannot be protected: the true threat. However, the definition of what constitutes a "true threat" has expanded since its inception. In the new era of communication—where most users post first and edit later—the First Amendment protection we once possessed has been eroded as more and more speech is considered proscribable as a "true threat." In order to adequately protect both the public at large and our individual right to free speech, courts should analyze a speaker’s subjective intent before labeling speech a "true threat." Though many courts have adopted an objective, reasonable listener test, the U.S. Supreme Court now has the opportunity, in deciding Elonis v. United States, to take a monumental step in protecting the First Amendment right to free speech. By holding that the speaker’s subjective intent to threaten is necessary for a true threat conviction, the Court will restore the broad protection afforded by the First Amendment and repair years of erosion caused by an objective approach.

Marine Industry Standards of the U.S. and the World

1986 ◽  
Vol 2 (03) ◽  
pp. 179-184
Author(s):  
Robert B. Toth
Keyword(s):  
International Organizations ◽  
The United States ◽  
Limited Resources ◽  
Industry Data ◽  
Government Organizations ◽  
Voluntary Standards ◽  
Marine Industry ◽  
Industry Standards ◽  
The U.S ◽  
Recommended Action

This paper provides an overview of standards developed or invoked by national and international organizations for the marine industry. Data on standards promulgated by U.S. voluntary and government organizations are presented and compared with those standards available to shipbuilders in other nations. The sources of international and national mandatory standards are reviewed and the U.S. standards system is compared with those of other nations. A critical deficiency in the United States is the relatively small number of fully definitive voluntary standards that can be used for competitive procurement. Recommended action by the marine industry and the standardization community is presented, focusing on the need to effectively apply the limited resources that are available.

USAID's Democratic Pluralism Initiative: Pragmatism or Altruism?

1991 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. 215-231 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jerrold D. Green
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Foreign Aid ◽  
The United States ◽  
Political Organization ◽  
Form Of Government ◽  
Critical Issues ◽  
Cultural Goals ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The U.S

This program is evaluated in order to analyze the ethical and practical issues likely to influence its success. Among those critical issues discussed are the U.S.'s definition of “democracy,” the relationship between culture and democracy, and the ability, or desirability, of the United States to export its own form of government as historical and cultural goals. Substantial attention is given to the ethical dimension of whether the United States is, or should be, concerned with democracy as a generic form of political organization or be more committed to the expansion of American influence irrespective of a country's political or ideological character. Noting that foreign aid is pragmatic rather than altruistic in origin, the essay questions the likely effectiveness of the Democratic Pluralism Initiative.

Awareness and utilization of tumor mutation burden (TMB) as a biomarker for administration of immuno-oncology (I-O) therapeutics by practicing community oncologists in the United States (U.S.).

2021 ◽  
Vol 39 (15_suppl) ◽  
pp. 2608-2608
Author(s):  
Kristin M. Zimmerman Savill ◽  
Marjorie E. Zettler ◽  
Bruce A. Feinberg ◽  
Yolaine Jeune-Smith ◽  
Ajeet Gajra
Keyword(s):  
Solid Tumors ◽  
Tumor Cells ◽  
Clinical Decision Making ◽  
Objective Response ◽  
Predictive Biomarker ◽  
Clinical Decision ◽  
The United States ◽  
Mutation Burden ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The U.S

2608 Background: TMB, a measurement of the number of mutations carried by tumor cells, is emerging as a biomarker for the identification of patients who may benefit from certain I-O-based therapies. TMB-high (TMB-H) tumors, defined by the detection of ≥10 mutations/megabase (mut/Mb) in tumor cells using a tissue-based assay such as the FoundationOneCDx (F1CDx) assay (Foundation Medicine, Inc.), may be more likely to respond to some I-O therapies. Higher neoantigen loads of TMB-H tumors have been proposed to contribute to increased responsiveness of TMB-H tumors to certain I-O therapeutics. Pembrolizumab was approved by the FDA on June 16, 2020 for the treatment of adult and pediatric patients with unresectable or metastatic TMB-H tumors, as determined by F1CDx, based on results from the KEYNOTE-158 trial (NCT02628067), which demonstrated that 50% of patients with TMB-H tumors had response durations of ≥24 months, with objective response rates in TMB-H vs. non-TMB-H patients of 29% and 6%, respectively (Marabelle et al, The Lancet Oncology, 2020). This survey-based study aimed to evaluate awareness and utilization of TMB as a biomarker for I-O therapeutics among practicing community oncologists in the U.S. Methods: Questions related to awareness and utilization of TMB as a biomarker for I-O therapeutics were developed by two medical oncologists (AG and BF) and presented to community oncologists in a web-based survey prior to virtual meetings held between October and November 2020. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze the results. Results: Of the 193 participating providers geographically distributed across the U.S., 15% reported being unaware of either the concept of TMB in I-O therapy or how to use the information clinically. 39% of these providers reported testing ≤25% of patients with advanced cancer for TMB, including 8% who do not test for TMB at all. Misconceptions regarding TMB identified among participating providers included the belief that high TMB is considered to be > 5 mut/Mb among 20% of providers, that TMB is essentially the same as MSI-high among 8% of providers, and that there are no therapies with FDA approval based on TMB among 15% of providers. Further, 37% of the participants did not identify pembrolizumab as an agent approved for the treatment of solid tumors based on TMB-H status. Conclusions: These findings demonstrate that there is a knowledge gap regarding the definition of TMB, testing for TMB, as well as implementation of TMB status in clinical decision making. Education directed towards community oncology providers regarding TMB and its use as a predictive biomarker for I-O therapy may improve its utilization and adoption in solid tumors to improve patient outcomes.

Adoption of Electronic Commerce by Small Businesses

2011 ◽  
pp. 46-52
Author(s):  
Serena Cubico ◽  
Giuseppe Favretto
Keyword(s):  
Electronic Commerce ◽  
European Commission ◽  
Small Businesses ◽  
The United States ◽  
Department Of State ◽  
Entrepreneurial Skills ◽  
Industrial Sectors ◽  
Information And Communication ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The U.S

The role played by small business in economic growth and development in the world is officially recognized, in both the economic literature and in official documents (e.g., Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, European Commission, U.S. Department of State). Information and communication technology connectivity are widespread in all sized businesses, but small businesses seem slower than larger ones to adopt and use ICT and electronic commerce. SMEs (small- to medium-sized enterprises) are independent firms that employ less than 10 (micro), 50 (small), and 250 (medium) employees (European Commission, 2003); the United States includes firms with fewer than 500 employees in the definition of an SME (OECD, 2000a). In Europe, SMEs contribute up to 80% of employment in some industrial sectors (e.g., textiles, construction, furniture), and they are defined as “a major source of entrepreneurial skills, innovation and contribute to economic and social cohesion” (European Commission, 2005, p. 3); in the U.S. economy, small businesses represent 99.7% of all employers and “broaden a base of participation in society, create jobs, decentralize economic power and give people a stake in the future” (U.S. Department of State, 2006, p. 2). To synthesize: more than 95% of OECD enterprises are SMEs, accounting for 60-70% of employment in most countries (OECD, 2000a). The same proportion is indicated by the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development; in fact, SMEs account for 60-70% of all employment in developing countries (UNCTAD, 2002).

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