Development of Composite Quality Measures

2000 ◽  
Vol 1712 (1) ◽  
pp. 103-108 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard M. Weed
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Hot Mix Asphalt ◽  
Performance Indicator ◽  
Asphalt Pavement ◽  
Quality Measures ◽  
Quality Characteristics ◽  
Individual Quality ◽  
Construction Specifications ◽  
Multiple Quality Characteristics ◽  
The Individual

Statistical construction specifications based on multiple quality characteristics frequently use pay equations that include a separate term for each of the quality characteristics so that the resultant pay adjustment is a function of the combined effect of all quality measures. An alternate method that can be used to accomplish the same purpose is to base the pay equation on a single quality measure that is a composite of the individual quality measures. The latter approach, because it keys the various decision-making steps to a single performance indicator, simplifies the procedure and offers several practical advantages. It is believed that this approach makes significant strides toward the ultimate goal of developing quality assurance procedures that are at the same time technically sound, fair and effective, and easy to understand and apply. Examples of a two-variable case for hot-mix asphalt pavement and a general three-variable case are presented.

Multicharacteristic Performance-Related Specification for Hot-Mix Asphalt Pavement: Complete Development Process

2003 ◽  
Vol 1861 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-59 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard M. Weed
Keyword(s):  
Development Process ◽  
Hot Mix Asphalt ◽  
Asphalt Pavement ◽  
Performance Model ◽  
Department Of Transportation ◽  
Air Voids ◽  
Complete Development ◽  
Multiple Quality Characteristics ◽  
Engineering Mathematics ◽  
Sufficient Detail

At a time when there is great interest in developing performance-related specifications incorporating multiple quality characteristics and several highly complex approaches are under development, it is questioned whether these procedures will be capable of providing the degree of practicality and ease of application sought by most practitioners. Alternatively, it is claimed that there is a simple, straightforward procedure that is suitable for most practical purposes. The components of this procedure have been successfully applied by the New Jersey Department of Transportation over a period of many years, and it is argued that additional complexity is rarely necessary or beneficial. An example is presented illustrating how readily obtainable data can be used, first to develop the performance model and then to develop the acceptance procedure for a specification for in-place air voids, thickness, and smoothness of hot-mix asphalt pavement. The example is presented in sufficient detail to demonstrate the ease with which this procedure can be learned and applied by individuals with only a basic background in engineering mathematics.

Risks with Multiple Pay Factor Acceptance Plans

2005 ◽  
Vol 1907 (1) ◽  
pp. 36-42 ◽  
Author(s):  
James L. Burati
Keyword(s):  
Quality Characteristics ◽  
Quality Characteristic ◽  
Quality Level ◽  
Simulation Studies ◽  
State Highway ◽  
Multiple Quality Characteristics ◽  
Multiple Characteristics ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Computer Simulation Studies ◽  
Pay Factor

It is rare that a state highway agency (SHA) uses only a single quality characteristic to determine the pay factor for a lot. This paper deals with two specific types of risk associated with the use of multiple quality characteristics: remove and replace provisions and the effect on pay factor determination if the quality characteristics are correlated. First, computer simulation studies showed that typical acceptance plan provisions that call for lot removal and replacement at a given quality level, such as a percentage of material within specification limits of 60 or 50, can place much greater risk on the contractor when they apply to multiple characteristics. An approach to correct this problem was developed. Next, a total of 1,742 sets of asphalt content (AC), air voids (AV), and voids in the mineral aggregates (VMA) test results were analyzed for correlations. VMA values were positively correlated with both AV and AC values. Additional simulation studies showed that while this correlation does not affect the long-term average pay factor for a lot, it increases the variability in the individual lot composite pay factors. The positive correlation also increases the weighting of AV and AC in a composite pay equation. The use of multiple quality characteristics for determining the pay factor for a lot introduces sources of risk that are not present when only one characteristic is used. Any SHA that uses multiple pay factors should consider performing the types of remove and replace and correlation analyses presented in this paper.

DECISION-MAKING ON INVESTMENT OF IT-INNOVATION BASED ON FUZZY EXPERT INFORMATION

2018 ◽  
pp. 103-111
Author(s):  
Olga Olegovna Eremenko ◽  
Lyubov Borisovna Aminul ◽  
Elena Vitalievna Chertina
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Individual Characteristics ◽  
Production Model ◽  
Investment Management ◽  
It Projects ◽  
Product Model ◽  
Project Cost ◽  
Reasoning System ◽  
Managerial Decisions ◽  
The Individual

The subject of the research is the process of making managerial decisions for innovative IT projects investing. The paper focuses on the new approach to decision making on investing innovative IT projects using expert survey in a fuzzy reasoning system. As input information, expert estimates of projects have been aggregated into six indicators having a linguistic description of the individual characteristics of the project type "high", "medium", and "low". The task of decision making investing has been formalized and the term-set of the output variable Des has been defined: to invest 50-75% of the project cost; to invest 20-50% of the project cost; to invest 10-20% of the project cost; to send the project for revision; to turn down investing project. The fuzzy product model of making investment management decisions has been developed; it adequately describes the process of investment management. The expediency of using constructed production model on a practical example is shown.

The transformation of the decision-making process on the part of economic agents influenced by social constraints

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (7) ◽  
pp. 1202-1222
Author(s):  
M.V. Grechko ◽  
L.A. Kobina ◽  
S.A. Goncharenko
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Consumer Choice ◽  
Social Constraints ◽  
Decision Making Process ◽  
Economic Knowledge ◽  
Economic Agents ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Contextual Environment ◽  
Economic Constraints ◽  
External Signals

Subject. The article focuses on the decision-making mechanism used by economic agents given the existing social constraints. Objectives. We devise applied toolkit to study how socio-economic constraints transform the decision-making mechanism used by economic agents. Methods. The study involves means of the expert survey, the method that streamlines economic knowledge. Results. Social constraints are illustrated to influence the decision-making mechanism used by economic agents, assuming that the individual mind relies on specific mechanisms to make judgments and decisions. Generally, the mechanisms are very useful, however they may generate serious errors during the decision-making process. Given the social constraints, economic agents were found to follow four mental models to make their decisions in case of the full or partial uncertainty, i.e. the representative relevance, accessibility, relations, heuristics (modeling). Conclusions and Relevance. The scientific ideas herein show that the inner architecture of a choice an individual makes determines his or her decisions. The decisions often depend on the contextual environment that gives external signals perceived by the individual while evaluating alternative ways. The findings can possibly be used as a mechanism to manage the consumer choice.

The Relation of Language Context and Religiosity to Trilemma Judgments

2021 ◽  
pp. 002202212110339
Author(s):  
Elyas Barabadi ◽  
Mohsen Rahmani Tabar ◽  
James R. Booth
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Second Language ◽  
Native Speakers ◽  
Native Language ◽  
Standard Measure ◽  
Moral Norms ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Language Context

Utilitarian judgments maximize benefit for the most people, whereas deontological judgments are based on moral norms. Previous work shows that people tend to make more utilitarian judgments in their second compared to their native language, whereas higher religiosity is associated with more deontological judgments. However, it is not known whether the effect of language context is moderated by the religiosity of the individual. We hypothesized that more religious participants from all three languages would favor deontological choices irrespective of language context. In order to investigate this, we studied native speakers of Persian who either had Arabic or English as their second language, and all participants were given a standard measure of religiosity. Decision making was measured by the classic trolley trilemma in which a participant could “push” a person to save the lives of more people which is considered a utilitarian judgment. Alternatively, they could “switch” a track to save the lives of more people (“indirect”), or do nothing (“inaction”), both of which are considered deontological. Consistent with the literature showing more utilitarian judgments in the second language, English participants preferred the push option, whereas Persian participants favored the inaction option. L2 Arabic participants more often chose the indirect option. However, participants’ religiosity moderated this effect of language context. Although L2 Arabic participants’ choices were not influenced by religiosity, higher religiosity in the L2 English and L1 Persian groups was associated with more deontological choices.

scholarly journals A Novel Multi-Criteria Group Decision-Making Approach Based on Bonferroni and Heronian Mean Operators under Hesitant 2-Tuple Linguistic Environment

Mathematics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (13) ◽  
pp. 1489
Author(s):  
Shahzad Faizi ◽  
Wojciech Sałabun ◽  
Nisbha Shaheen ◽  
Atiq ur Rehman ◽  
Jarosław Wątróbski
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Group Decision Making ◽  
Group Decision ◽  
Weighted Average ◽  
Aggregation Operators ◽  
Bonferroni Mean ◽  
Operational Laws ◽  
Geometric Bonferroni Mean ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Heronian Mean

Ambiguous and uncertain facts can be handled using a hesitant 2-tuple linguistic set (H2TLS), an important expansion of the 2-tuple linguistic set. The vagueness and uncertainty of data can be grabbed by using aggregation operators. Therefore, aggregation operators play an important role in computational processes to merge the information provided by decision makers (DMs). Furthermore, the aggregation operator is a potential mechanism for merging multisource data which is synonymous with cooperative preference. The aggregation operators need to be studied and analyzed from various perspectives to represent complex choice situations more readily and capture the diverse experiences of DMs. In this manuscript, we propose some valuable operational laws for H2TLS. These new operational laws work through the individual aggregation of linguistic words and the collection of translation parameters. We introduced a hesitant 2-tuple linguistic weighted average (H2TLWA) operator to solve multi-criteria group decision-making (MCGDM) problems. We also define hesitant 2-tuple linguistic Bonferroni mean (H2TLBM) operator, hesitant 2-tuple linguistic geometric Bonferroni mean (H2TLGBM) operator, hesitant 2-tuple linguistic Heronian mean (H2TLHM) operator, and a hesitant 2-tuple linguistic geometric Heronian mean (H2TLGHM) operator based on the novel operational laws proposed in this paper. We define the aggregation operators for addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, scalar multiplication, power and complement with their respective properties. An application example and comparison analysis were examined to show the usefulness and practicality of the work.

scholarly journals HESR innovation in analysis that supports decision making and action

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (Supplement_5) ◽  
Author(s):  
B Barr
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Health Equity ◽  
Social Protection ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Status Report ◽  
Policy Performance ◽  
European Health ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Health And Well Being ◽  
Inform Decision Making

Abstract The European Health Equity Status Report makes innovative use of microdata, at the level of the individual, to decompose the relative contributions of five essential underlying conditions to inequities in health and well-being. These essential conditions comprise: (1) Health services (2) Income security and social protection (3) Living conditions (4) Social and human capital (5) Employment and working conditions. Combining microdata across over twenty sources, the work of HESRi has also produced disaggregated indicators in health, well-being, and each of the five essential conditions. In conjunction with indicators of policy performance and investment, the HESRi Health Equity Dataset of over 100 indicators is the first of its kind, as a resource for monitoring and analysing inequities across the essential conditions and policies to inform decision making and action to reduce gaps in health and well-being.

scholarly journals Age, Frailty, Resuscitation and Intensive Care: With Reference to COVID-19

Geriatrics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 36
Author(s):  
David G Smithard ◽  
Nadir Abdelhameed ◽  
Thwe Han ◽  
Angelo Pieris
Keyword(s):  
Intensive Care Unit ◽  
Decision Making ◽  
Mechanical Ventilation ◽  
Intensive Care ◽  
Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation ◽  
Distributive Justice ◽  
Older Age ◽  
Distribution Of Resources ◽  
Utilitarian Approach ◽  
The Individual

Discussion regarding cardiopulmonary resuscitation and admission to an intensive care unit is frequently fraught in the context of older age. It is complicated by the fact that the presence of multiple comorbidities and frailty adversely impact on prognosis. Cardiopulmonary resuscitation and mechanical ventilation are not appropriate for all. Who decides and how? This paper discusses the issues, biases, and potential harms involved in decision-making. The basis of decision making requires fairness in the distribution of resources/healthcare (distributive justice), yet much of the printed guidance has taken a utilitarian approach (getting the most from the resource provided). The challenge is to provide a balance between justice for the individual and population justice.

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