Reducing Numbers of Vehicle Trips and Vehicle Miles of Travel Through Customized Travel Options

2000 ◽  
Vol 1711 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-45 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francis Cleland
Keyword(s):  
Travel Behavior ◽  
Analysis Of Covariance ◽  
Travel Information ◽  
Trip Chaining ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Total Vehicle ◽  
Travel Diaries ◽  
Second Period ◽  
Vehicle Miles Of Travel

A new application was implemented to help reduce total vehicle trips and vehicle miles of travel (VMT) by means of encouraging use of trip chaining and substitution for all types of trips. Travel diaries were provided to employees of a local YMCA for measurement of travel behavior before and after provision of customized travel suggestions. An analysis of covariance was conducted on the average contributed VMT and contributed vehicle trips, with the use of the second period results as the dependent variable. The provision of suggestions had a statistically significant effect on vehicle miles and trips contributed. Overall, it was shown that the provision of travel information would reduce VMT. Further research should be conducted in order to indicate the extent to which such information must be customized. Further research should also be conducted on the durability and sustainability of the impacts of the information.

Temporal Variability of Car Use as an Input to Design of Before and After Surveys

2003 ◽  
Vol 1855 (1) ◽  
pp. 112-120 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. J. Richardson
Keyword(s):  
Travel Behavior ◽  
Design Parameters ◽  
Panel Survey ◽  
Sample Sizes ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Travel Diary ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Travel Diaries ◽  
Household Travel ◽  
Larger Sample

Before and after surveys are a common method for measuring the effect of specific policies and projects designed to cause changes in travel behavior. Design issues of before and after surveys used to evaluate projects designed to change travel behavior are addressed. A quantitative understanding of the underlying variability of the parameters to be measured was needed—in particular, the variation over time in car travel by individuals and households. Since no data were available locally, a detailed analysis was made of the 6-week travel diaries from the MobiDrive survey conducted in Germany to estimate the coefficients of variation in key travel parameters. These results were then adapted for use in the presented project. Several features emerged from this analysis. First, in general, larger sample sizes are needed to detect changes in either distance traveled or travel time than for trips undertaken. Second, larger sample sizes are needed to detect changes from repeated cross-sectional surveys than from a panel survey. Third, larger sample sizes are needed to detect changes when using a daily travel diary, compared with use of a weekly travel diary (although this difference can be substantially reduced in a panel survey by maintaining the same day of the week for each household in later waves of the panel). Finally, larger sample sizes are needed to detect changes from person travel data than from household travel data. However, some of the design parameters that allow smaller sample sizes also make the survey more difficult to conduct.

Effects of a 6-Week Straw Phonation in Water Exercise Program on the Aging Voice

2020 ◽  
Vol 63 (4) ◽  
pp. 1018-1032
Author(s):  
Chia-Hsin Wu ◽  
Roger W. Chan
Keyword(s):  
Acoustic Analysis ◽  
Vocal Tract ◽  
Exercise Program ◽  
Analysis Of Covariance ◽  
Elderly Subjects ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Perceptual Evaluation ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Aging Voice ◽  
Before And After

Purpose Semi-occluded vocal tract (SOVT) exercises with tubes or straws have been widely used for a variety of voice disorders. Yet, the effects of longer periods of SOVT exercises (lasting for weeks) on the aging voice are not well understood. This study investigated the effects of a 6-week straw phonation in water (SPW) exercise program. Method Thirty-seven elderly subjects with self-perceived voice problems were assigned into two groups: (a) SPW exercises with six weekly sessions and home practice (experimental group) and (b) vocal hygiene education (control group). Before and after intervention (2 weeks after the completion of the exercise program), acoustic analysis, auditory–perceptual evaluation, and self-assessment of vocal impairment were conducted. Results Analysis of covariance revealed significant differences between the two groups in smoothed cepstral peak prominence measures, harmonics-to-noise ratio, the auditory–perceptual parameter of breathiness, and Voice Handicap Index-10 scores postintervention. No significant differences between the two groups were found for other measures. Conclusions Our results supported the positive effects of SOVT exercises for the aging voice, with a 6-week SPW exercise program being a clinical option. Future studies should involve long-term follow-up and additional outcome measures to better understand the efficacy of SOVT exercises, particularly SPW exercises, for the aging voice.

scholarly journals Examining the Effects of the Sacramento Dockless E-Bike Share on Bicycling and Driving

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 368
Author(s):  
Dillon T. Fitch ◽  
Hossain Mohiuddin ◽  
Susan L. Handy
Keyword(s):  
Travel Behavior ◽  
Regression Models ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Panel Survey ◽  
Multilevel Regression ◽  
Combine Data ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Bike Share

One way cities are looking to promote bicycling is by providing publicly or privately operated bike-share services, which enable individuals to rent bicycles for one-way trips. Although many studies have examined the use of bike-share services, little is known about how these services influence individual-level travel behavior more generally. In this study, we examine the behavior of users and non-users of a dockless, electric-assisted bike-share service in the Sacramento region of California. This service, operated by Jump until suspended due to the coronavirus pandemic, was one of the largest of its kind in the U.S., and spanned three California cities: Sacramento, West Sacramento, and Davis. We combine data from a repeat cross-sectional before-and-after survey of residents and a longitudinal panel survey of bike-share users with the goal of examining how the service influenced individual-level bicycling and driving. Results from multilevel regression models suggest that the effect of bike-share on average bicycling and driving at the population level is likely small. However, our results indicate that people who have used-bike share are likely to have increased their bicycling because of bike-share.

Perinatal Profile of Twin Pregnancies: A Retrospective Review of 11 Years (1969–1979) at Hôpital Notre-Dame, Montréal, Canada

1982 ◽  
Vol 31 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 157-163 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marie-Françoise Desgranges ◽  
Xavier De Muylder ◽  
Jean-Marie Moutquin ◽  
Francisco Lazaro-Lopez ◽  
Bernard Leduc
Keyword(s):  
Perinatal Mortality ◽  
Perinatal Care ◽  
Fetal Mortality ◽  
Ultrasound Technique ◽  
Intrauterine Growth ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Second Period ◽  
Twin Pregnancies ◽  
Main Factor

Four hundred and thirty four twins occurring in 220 women were studied during a period of 11 years (1969–1979) at Notre-Dame Hospital.Perinatal mortality (< 28 days) was compared before and after 1974, and the impact of ultrasound technique upon perinatal outcome was assessed during the second period (1974–1979). The main factor associated with perinatal mortality was low birth weight caused by either prematurity or intrauterine growth retardation.While fetal mortality remained unchanged within the two study periods, neonatal mortality decreased from 68.2/1,000 to 28.9/1,000 mainly due to increased survival rate of twins below 1,500 g at birth.With identical perinatal care during the same period, perinatal mortality and incidence of intrauterine growth-retarded twins remained unchanged despite early diagnosis by ultrasound.

scholarly journals Commuting for work and neighbourhood energy consumption

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dil Rowshan
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Greenhouse Gas Emissions ◽  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Travel Behavior ◽  
Active Transportation ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Motorized Vehicles ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Growth Centres

This study aimed to explore the impact of the Places to Grow Plan 2006 on travel behavior of the work commuters living in GTHA. A comparative analysis was done between the year 2001 and 2011 which represent the situations five year before and after the implementation of the Plan. Data were collected from Transportation Tomorrow Survey. The study revealed that in 2011, energy consumption by motorized vehicles increased in the Traffic Assessment Zones of GTHA around the Growth Centres designated by the Places to Grow Plan. Active transportation increased mainly in Toronto in 2011. It is apprehended that the intensification strategy of the Places to Grow Plan contributed in increasing the energy consumption of work commuters either by increasing the number of trips or length of trips made by motorized vehicles (including cars and different forms of transit) which also affect the Greenhouse Gas emissions in the atmosphere.

scholarly journals PERANAN AMRI TAMBUNAN TERHADAP PEMBANGUNAN KABUPATEN DELI SERDANG, 2004-2014

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 56
Author(s):  
Suryani Rosa Harahap ◽  
Ricu Sidiq
Keyword(s):  
Democratic Party ◽  
Historical Method ◽  
The North ◽  
Before And After ◽  
North Sumatra ◽  
Second Period

This study aims to determine the role of Amri Tambunan in the period before and after becoming Deli Serdang Regent, knowing the condition of Deli Serdang in the first period 2004-2009, and the second period 2009-2014 during the leadership of Amri Tambunan. This research uses the historical method. Based on the results of the study, it was concluded that Amri Tambunan was known as a North Sumatra figure, among others as the Chairperson of KAPPI Siantar (1964), Deputy Chair of PCNU Deli Serdang (1988), Deputy Chair of North Sumatra PWNU (1999), Chair of the North Sumatra Kepamongan Alumni Family Association (2010 to present), Mustasyar PWNU North Sumatra (2007 to present), and Chairman of the Honorary Board of the North Sumatra Democratic Party (2011-2016). In addition, Amri Tambunan also has a number of achievements in various fields from 2009 to 2013 at national and international levels, such as the Innovative Government Award (IGA) and the Darling Mother and Baby Hospital.

scholarly journals Effectiveness of music therapy on reading skills of pupils with intellectual disability

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 251-265
Author(s):  
Udeme Samuel Jacob ◽  
Jace Pillay
Keyword(s):  
Intellectual Disability ◽  
Data Analysis ◽  
Music Therapy ◽  
Reading Skills ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Analysis Of Covariance ◽  
Special Schools ◽  
Socio Economic Status ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Post Test

Objective: Reading is an indispensable skill. The study investigated the effects of music therapy on the reading skills of pupils with intellectual disability. Methods: An experimental research design was used. The sample was purposively selected from two special schools for pupils with intellectual disability in Ibadan, Nigeria. Seventeen pupils were randomly assigned to two groups (music therapy and control groups). Eighteen sessions of music therapy were conducted with the experimental group only. The Reading Skills Test was used before and after the intervention to collect data. Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA) was used for data analysis. Results: The data indicated that there was a significant statistical difference between pre-test and post-test results. The interaction effect of treatment and parents’ socio-economic status was not significant for the participants’ reading. Conclusion: Music therapy enhanced the reading skills of pupils with intellectual disability and should be adopted in teaching pupils with intellectual disability.   Keywords:  Music therapy; parents’ socio-economic status; pupils with intellectual disability; reading skills

Understand the Multi-Level Effects of the Built Environment on Trip-Chaining Behavior

2019 ◽  
Vol 2673 (4) ◽  
pp. 640-651
Author(s):  
Hao Pang ◽  
Ming Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Built Environment ◽  
Travel Behavior ◽  
Linear Models ◽  
Interactive Effect ◽  
Puget Sound ◽  
Residential Density ◽  
Vehicle Ownership ◽  
Trip Chain ◽  
Trip Chaining ◽  
Relationship Of

The debate on the effects of the built environment (BE) on travel behavior has been ongoing despite a large number of studies completed in the past three decades. This study aims to inform the debate by extending the BE–travel behavior investigation to the scope of trip-chaining. Specifically, the study conceptualized the contexture frame for the relationship of BE attributes and trip-chain travel behavior and estimated 2-level hierarchical linear models (HLM) of chained trip tours with travel survey data from the Puget Sound region. The results show that travelers who live in areas with better transit access, higher residential and non-residential density, and higher level of land use mixture generated low percentage of miles traveled by vehicle (PVMT) during their daily tours. Furthermore, considering the cross-level interactive effect, the study demonstrates that the impacts of the non-residential density at work location and the residential density at home location on PVMT are moderated by vehicle ownership.

scholarly journals Interleukin-10 and brain-derived neurotrophic factor responses to the Mat Pilates training in women with multiple sclerosis

2018 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
pp. 31668
Author(s):  
Elham Eftekhari ◽  
Masoud Etemadifar
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Neurotrophic Factor ◽  
Training Group ◽  
Serum Levels ◽  
Brain Derived Neurotrophic Factor ◽  
Interleukin 10 ◽  
Analysis Of Covariance ◽  
Control Group ◽  
P Value ◽  
Before And After

AIMS: To determine the effect of Mat Pilates on serum levels of interleukin-10 and brain-derived neurotrophic factor in women with multiple sclerosis.METHODS: Thirty women with multiple sclerosis with mild to moderate disability were recruited and randomly divided into equal Pilates training and Control groups. Patients in the training group accomplished a Pilates program three times a week for eight weeks. The Control group maintained their routine lifestyle. The serum level of interleukin-10 and brain-derived neurotrophic factor were measured before and after the protocol. The differences between groups were assessed by using analysis of covariance test to compare post-tests by considering covariate pre-tests (assuming a p-value <0.05 as significant).RESULTS: There were no significant changes in interleukin-10 (13.09±5.36 ng/ml in the Pilates training group compared to 13.21±4.76 ng/ml in the Control group, p= 0.81), whereas an increase in brain-derived neurotrophic factor was observed after eight-week Pilates training (11550.14±2619.60 ng/ml in the Pilates training group compared to 9664.35±3161.66 ng/ml in the Control group, p= 0.03).CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that the intensity and duration of this protocol was not related to significant changes in interleukin-10, but was followed by an increase in brain-derived neurotrophic factor in these patients. Based on this finding, physical activity according to the individual’s ability is recommended for patients with multiple sclerosis, in parallel with drug therapy.

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