Analysis of Pedestrian Gait and Perception-Reaction at Signal-Controlled Crosswalk Intersections

2000 ◽  
Vol 1705 (1) ◽  
pp. 20-25 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas F. Fugger ◽  
Bryan C. Randles ◽  
Anthony C. Stein ◽  
William C. Whiting ◽  
Brian Gallagher
Keyword(s):  
Steady State ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Light Illumination ◽  
Acceleration Rate ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Pedestrian Accident ◽  
Walking Velocity ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Walking Speeds

Pedestrian accident analysis and reconstruction remain the most difficult areas for the accident analyst. Although data relating to average pedestrian walking speeds, perception-reaction, and pedestrian accident reconstruction can be found in the literature, proper pedestrian study data pertaining to real-life situations are lacking. Pedestrians were observed at signal-controlled crosswalk intersections, and their perception-reaction to the crosswalk signal, acceleration rate to reach constant walking velocity, and average walking speed once steady state velocity is achieved were determined. Experimental test data collected regarding pedestrian gait analysis, initiation, and steady state walking speeds are presented. “Real world” pedestrian observations were gathered at a variety of intersections, ranging from busy downtown intersections to suburban intersections throughout the greater Los Angeles area. Kinematic data on pedestrian movements were obtained using high-speed digital video. A high-speed video motion analysis system was used to reduce the data and to obtain the mean acceleration and time to steady state walking velocity. Perception-reaction data collected on 288 subjects show a significant percentage of the pedestrians initiating movement within 1 s of Walk light illumination. Some differences were observed when the state of anticipation was being considered, and these results are presented. The mean acceleration (0.14 ± 0.09 g) and steady state velocity (1.36 ± 0.24 m/s) values did not demonstrate a significant difference between males and females. The width of the street or initial state of anticipation did not have an effect on either mean acceleration values or steady state velocities.

Physiological and biophysical limits to work in the heat for clothed men and women

1978 ◽  
Vol 44 (6) ◽  
pp. 918-925 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Kamon ◽  
B. Avellini ◽  
J. Krajewski
Keyword(s):  
Steady State ◽  
Vapor Pressure ◽  
Physiological Responses ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Air Temperatures ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Evaporative Heat Transfer ◽  
The One

Heat-acclimated, lightly clothed men and women (four of each) walked on a treadmill at 25% and 43% VO2 max, respectively, (M =194 W.m-2), under seven air temperatures (Ta) ranging from 36 to 52 degrees C. Each experiment involved 1 h of fixed and a 2nd h of progressively increasing ambient vapor pressure (Pa). The relative steady state of rectal temperature (Tre), mean skin temperature (Tsk), and heart rate (HR) reached in the 1st h were forced upward during the 2nd h by the rising Pa. The critical air vapor pressure (Pcrit) was identified by the Tre point of inflection for each Ta. One man did not fully reach steady state, but inflection could be determined for his physiological responses. The mean values of all points of inflection were calculated for Tre, Tsk, and HR. Significant sex difference in HR was found only by excluding the results of the one man. Tre and Tsk showed no significant difference between men and women. The coefficient for evaporative heat transfer (he), which could be derived using the Pcrit for the low Ta range, was 14.5 +/- 2.2 W.m-1 Torr-1.

scholarly journals Carbocysteine in the Management of Stable COPD: Are Its Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Properties Clinically Relevant?

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jordan Minov ◽  
Jovanka Karadzinska-Bislimovska ◽  
Tatjana Petrova ◽  
Kristin Vasilevska ◽  
Saso Stoleski ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Real Life ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Chronic Obstructive ◽  
Initial Visit ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Regular Treatment ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Mean

BACKGROUND: The recent epidemiological and experimental evidence suggest possible antioxidant effect of carbocysteine in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).AIM: To assess efficacy and tolerability of carbocysteine in the management of stable COPD.METHODS: We performed an observational, non-randomized, open study (a real life study) including 87 patients with stable COPD (group B and D by combined COPD assessment) divided in two groups, examined group (EG) and control group (CG). All participants were treated with the regular treatment of the stable disease, but in the participants of the EG carbocysteine 1,500 mg daily was added to their regular treatment during the period of two months. The study protocol included completion of the COPD Assessment Test (CAT) and spirometric measurements at initial visit and at the end of the mentioned period.RESULTS: We found significantly lower mean value of the overall CAT score in the EG at the end of the study as compared to its mean value registered at initial visit (26.9 vs. 24.3; P = 0.007). In regard to certain CAT items, we found significantly lower values of the mean scores related to cough phlegm and sleep disturbances as compared to their mean scores at initial visit. In addition, the mean values of the overall CAT scores at initial visit and at the end of the study in controls were similar. In EG we found significantly higher mean value of the MEF 25-75 at the end of the study as compared to its mean value registered at initial visit (59.3% vs. 67.2%; P = 0.003). There was no significant difference in the mean values of other spirometric parameters at the end of the study as compared to their mean values at initial visit. In controls we registered similar values of all measured spirometric parameters at the end of the study as compared to their values registered at initial visit. Mild gastrointestinal manifestations were registered in 13.3% of the participants of the EG during the examined period.CONCLUSION: Our findings indicate positive effects of carbocysteine regarding the symptoms and lung function, as well as its good tolerability in the patients with stable COPD.

Effectiveness and tolerability of oral versus subcutaneous methotrexate in patients with rheumatoid arthritis

Rheumatology ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Janne Heuvelmans ◽  
Nathan den Broeder ◽  
Geke A H van den Elsen ◽  
Alfons A den Broeder ◽  
Bart J F van den Bemt
Keyword(s):  
Rheumatoid Arthritis ◽  
Retrospective Cohort ◽  
Primary Outcome ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Treat To Target ◽  
Oral Methotrexate ◽  
Real Life Setting ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Secondary Outcomes

Abstract Objectives The aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness and tolerability between oral methotrexate (MTX) and subcutaneous MTX in a large group of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients in a real-life setting. Methods In this retrospective cohort study, adult patients with clinical diagnosis of RA who started MTX treatment (monotherapy or combined with hydroxychloroquine), either started with oral or subcutaneous MTX. The primary outcome was superiority testing of between group difference in change in DAS28CRP between baseline and 3–6 months, and subsequent non inferiority testing (NI margin 0.6) analyses in case of non-superiority. Secondary outcomes included MTX dose, side effects, laboratory abnormalities, and use of comedication. Results 640 RA patients were included: 259 started with oral MTX and 381 with subcutaneous. There was no significant difference in ΔDAS28CRP, after adjusting for confounding, 0.13 (95%-CI: -0.14, 0.40), and oral MTX strategy was non inferior to subcutaneous. The mean MTX dose was slightly lower for the oral strategy (18.0 SD6.9 vs 19.9 SD8.2, p= 0.002), which was accompanied by a lower cumulative incidence of adverse events (41% vs 52%, p= 0.005). No differences were seen in use of other comedication. Conclusions Starting with oral MTX in RA in a real-life setting is non inferior to a subcutaneous MTX treatment with regard to disease activity control, at least when used in dosages up to 25 mg and on a background of HCQ cotreatment and a treat-to-target approach. In addition, tolerability was better. This supports the strategy of starting with oral MTX.

scholarly journals A HIGH-SPEED BRAIN SPELLER USING STEADY-STATE VISUAL EVOKED POTENTIALS

2014 ◽  
Vol 24 (06) ◽  
pp. 1450019 ◽  
Author(s):  
MASAKI NAKANISHI ◽  
YIJUN WANG ◽  
YU-TE WANG ◽  
YASUE MITSUKURA ◽  
TZYY-PING JUNG
Keyword(s):  
Steady State ◽  
Information Transfer ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Target Identification ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Stimulus Presentation ◽  
Training Data ◽  
Information Transfer Rate ◽  
Electroencephalogram Eeg ◽  
Visual Evoked

Implementing a complex spelling program using a steady-state visual evoked potential (SSVEP)-based brain–computer interface (BCI) remains a challenge due to difficulties in stimulus presentation and target identification. This study aims to explore the feasibility of mixed frequency and phase coding in building a high-speed SSVEP speller with a computer monitor. A frequency and phase approximation approach was developed to eliminate the limitation of the number of targets caused by the monitor refresh rate, resulting in a speller comprising 32 flickers specified by eight frequencies (8–15 Hz with a 1 Hz interval) and four phases (0°, 90°, 180°, and 270°). A multi-channel approach incorporating Canonical Correlation Analysis (CCA) and SSVEP training data was proposed for target identification. In a simulated online experiment, at a spelling rate of 40 characters per minute, the system obtained an averaged information transfer rate (ITR) of 166.91 bits/min across 13 subjects with a maximum individual ITR of 192.26 bits/min, the highest ITR ever reported in electroencephalogram (EEG)-based BCIs. The results of this study demonstrate great potential of a high-speed SSVEP-based BCI in real-life applications.

scholarly journals Real-Life Variability of Corneal Epithelium Thickness in Photorefractive Keratectomy

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dana Barequet ◽  
Eliya Levinger ◽  
Amir Rosenblatt ◽  
Samuel Levinger ◽  
Irina S. Barequet
Keyword(s):  
Corneal Epithelium ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Life Assessment ◽  
Photorefractive Keratectomy ◽  
Refractive Errors ◽  
The Real ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Epithelium Thickness ◽  
The Mean

Abstract PURPOSE: To evaluate the real-life epithelial thickness (ET) as measured intraoperatively by optical coherence pachymetry (OCP) in myopic eyes undergoing alcohol-assisted photorefractive keratectomy (PRK).METHODS: A retrospective review of patients who underwent alcohol-assisted PRK was performed. Data were abstracted on age, gender, contact lens (CL) wear, preoperative refractive errors, keratometry, topographic and ultrasonic pachymetry, and intraoperative OCP measurements before and after epithelium removal. The central ET was calculated by subtracting OCP measurement after epithelium removal from the OCP measurement prior to epithelium removal. RESULTS: The study comprised of 140 consecutive eyes from 70 patients. The mean age was 27.29 ± 6.57 years, 51.4% were females. CL was used in 80 eyes (57.1%). The mean sphere and spherical equivalent were -3.69 ± 2.74D and -3.36 ± 2.76D, respectively. The mean intraoperative ET was 59.49 ± 19.93µm (range, 15-150µm). Fifty-four percent of the eyes had an ET measurement above or below the range of 40-60µm. ET was significantly higher in the second operated eye compared to the first operated eye (p=0.006). There was no significant difference in thickness between genders (p=0.29) or association to CL-wear (p=0.11), and no correlation to patient age (p=0.18, rp=0.13), refractive errors (p>0.11, rp=-0.02-0.14), nor keratometry (p>0.64, rp=-0.01-0.02). Conclusion: The real-life assessment of intraoperative ET in alcohol-assisted PRK showed a high variability of the central corneal epithelium, with a significant difference between the first and second operated eyes. This difference may have implications when the epithelium is not included in the surgical planning in surface ablation.

scholarly journals Pharmacokinetics of Azithromycin Administered Alone and with Atovaquone in Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Children

1999 ◽  
Vol 43 (6) ◽  
pp. 1516-1519 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leock Y. Ngo ◽  
Ram Yogev ◽  
Wayne M. Dankner ◽  
Walter T. Hughes ◽  
Sandra Burchett ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Steady State ◽  
Pharmacokinetic Parameters ◽  
Time Curve ◽  
Concentration Time ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Clinically Significant ◽  
To Receive

ABSTRACT To evaluate if atovaquone (ATQ) interacts pharmacokinetically with azithromycin (AZ) in human immunodeficiency virus-infected children, 10 subjects (ages, 4 to 13 years) were randomized in a crossover study to receive AZ (5 mg/kg/day) alone (ALONE) or AZ (5 mg/kg/day) and ATQ (30 mg/kg/day) simultaneously (SIM) prior to receiving AZ and ATQ staggered by 12 h. Despite a lack of significant difference in the mean AZ pharmacokinetic parameters, the steady-state values of AZ’s area under the concentration-time curve from 0 to 24 h and maximum concentration in serum were consistently lower (n = 7 of 7) for the SIM regimen than they were for the ALONE regimen. A larger study will be required to determine if ATQ affects AZ pharmacokinetics and efficacy in a clinically significant manner.

scholarly journals Our 2-Year Real-Life Outcomes in Patients Who Received Ranibizumab Treatment for Diabetic Macular Edema (DME)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
İsmail Umut Onur ◽  
Mehmet Fatih Asula ◽  
Ulviye Yiğit ◽  
Ozan Sonbahar ◽  
Utku Furuncuoğlu
Keyword(s):  
Macular Edema ◽  
Diabetic Macular Edema ◽  
Real Life ◽  
First Year ◽  
Life Outcomes ◽  
Intravitreal Ranibizumab ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Second Year ◽  
Change In Mean

Objective: To assess the real-life performance and clinical outcomes in patients with diabetic macular edema (DME). Method: The chart records were retrospectively evaluated for 42 eyes of 42 patients with DME, who were followed for two years between October 2013 and October 2016 at the Retina Unit. The patients were treated using intravitreal ranibizumab (0.5 mg/0.05 ml) for two years. Results: The Early Treatment of Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS) letter score indicated BCVA values of 71.1±22.4 letters at baseline, 74.1±19.1 letters at the sixth month, 76.2±16.2 letters at the first year, and 76.1±21.2 letters at the end of the second year. BCVA at the sixth month and first and second years were not significantly different from the baseline value (p=0.172, p=0.051, p=0.108). The mean CFT were 407.4±140.0 μm at the baseline, 375.5±141.5 μm at the 6th month, 357.0±129.1 μm at the 1st year, and 313.8±108.9 μm at the end of 2nd year. The change in mean CFT compared to the baseline value was not statistically significant at the 6th month, but were statistically significant at the 1st and the 2nd years (p=0.082, p=0.040, and p=0.000, respectively).The mean numbers of injections and follow-ups at the end of the second year were 3.7±2.5 and 9.1±3.1, respectively. Conclusion: The BCVA did not change significantly compared to baseline. The BCVA eye scores improved by 15 or more letters, in agreement with findings of other multi-center studies. However, the eyes with a BCVA loss of 15 or more letters showed a significant difference, which might reflect the smaller number of injections given in the present study compared to the other studies.

scholarly journals Impact of Age on Color Choice/Preference

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Anwesha Sengupta ◽  
Ayindrela Halder ◽  
Sayani Biswas ◽  
Shinjini Saha ◽  
Tinni Dutta
Keyword(s):  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Real Life ◽  
T Test ◽  
Human Behaviour ◽  
Color Preference ◽  
Color Preferences ◽  
Choice Preference ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Different Ages ◽  
The Mean

Color preference is an integral aspect of human behaviour, and its importance is quite noticeable. This study aims at the identification of color preferences among different ages. This will help to better understand the implication of colors in color therapy for dealing with real life practical situations. In this study, two groups of 20 people each, ranging from 18 to 35 years of age and 55 to 70 years of age were chosen from both the sexes. The color preference among the individuals were evaluated based on their response for the most and least preferred colors, and the results analysed according to the mean, median, standard deviation, and t-test. It is found that there lies a significant difference between one’s age and color preference, although blue was the most preferred color among both the groups.

Platelet Factor 4 (PF4) Levels Are Inversely Correlated with Steady-State Platelet Counts and with Nadir Counts in Chemotherapy-Induced Thrombocytopenia (CIT),

Blood ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 118 (21) ◽  
pp. 3527-3527
Author(s):  
Michele Lambert ◽  
Alisa Reznikov ◽  
Liqing Xiao ◽  
Mortimer Poncz
Keyword(s):  
Platelet Count ◽  
Steady State ◽  
Animal Models ◽  
Inverse Correlation ◽  
Patient Specific ◽  
Platelet Factor ◽  
Platelet Counts ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Mean

Abstract Abstract 3527 PF4 (CXLC4) is a member of the C-X-C family of chemokines and has been shown to be a negative autocrine of megakaryopoiesis in vitro and in animal models of CIT and radiation-induced thrombocytopenia (RIT). In animal models, steady-state platelet counts, as well as duration of thrombocytopenia and nadir platelet count after chemotherapy or radiation therapy were inversely correlated with platelet PF4 levels. We designed a clinical study to examine the role of PF4 in human subjects treated with chemotherapy. We examined platelet PF4 levels in 97 pediatric patients treated for standard risk leukemia in a single institution study. All patients completed therapy since January 1, 1999. Samples were collected at the completion of therapy from all patients, and a subset of randomly selected patients had multiple samples collected to determine intra-subject variability of assessment. PF4 levels were no different in this cohort from age matched normal controls. While there was significant inter-individual variability in the cohort, there was no significant difference in an individual between samples collected up to 1 year apart. There was an inverse correlation between platelet PF4 levels and steady-state platelet count (r=-0.2107 95% CI: −0.39 to −0.01, p=0.0383), yet we found no correlation with plasma thrombopoietin (TPO) or CXCL11 (stromal derived factor-1) levels, both of which are known positive regulators of megakaryopoiesis. We then examined the effect of PF4 on CIT by reviewing medical records of these patients, extracting the nadir platelet count and transfusion records for delayed intensification. There was an inverse correlation between platelet PF4 content and nadir platelet count during delayed intensification (r=-0.2087 95% CI: -0.41 to 0.01, p=0.0316). In addition, subjects who required platelet transfusion during delayed intensification had significantly higher platelet PF4 levels when compared to those subjects who did not require transfusion (11.48 ± 8.2 IU/108 platelets versus 5.23 ± 4.7 IU/108 platelets, p=0.003). All of the patients with PF4 levels > 1SD above the mean (>18 IU/108 platelets) were transfused, while only 28% of patients with PF4 levels > 1 SD below the mean (< 4 IU/108 platelets) (overall 58% of patients were transfused). In contrast, there was no difference between plasma TPO or CXCL11 levels between those patients who did and did not require transfusion. These clinical data are not only consistent with our previously published animal studies; they show that platelet PF4 levels may be the first identified, patient-specific predictor of risk of transfusion during chemotherapy and may allow for stratified dose-intensification in patients with cancer. These studies also suggest new approaches for modifying megakaryopoiesis and developing novel strategies to moderate CIT and possibly RIT. Disclosures: Lambert: Cangene: Honoraria.

scholarly journals Instant velocity and consistency of emitted cloud change by the different levels of canister filling with Metered Dose Inhalers (MDIs), but not with Soft Mist Inhalers (SMIs): a bench study

2017 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roberto W. Dal Negro ◽  
Pietro Longo ◽  
Orestepaolo Villanis Ziani ◽  
Luca Bonadiman ◽  
Paola Turco
Keyword(s):  
High Speed ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Metered Dose Inhalers ◽  
Salbutamol Sulphate ◽  
Significance Level ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Metered Dose ◽  
Dose Fraction ◽  
Different Levels ◽  
Formoterol Fumarate

Background: Inhalation is the preferred route for respiratory drug delivery, but several factors contribute to the variability of the respirable dose fraction. Instant velocity and the dynamic characteristics of the droplet cloud represent crucial factors. Aim was to measure and compare the instant velocity and the consistency of emitted cloud from five different MDIs (A - Salbutamol sulphate 100mcg, GSK; B - Salbutamol sulphate 100mcg, Valeas; C - Salmeterol xinafoate/Fluticasone propionate 25/125mcg, GSK; D - Formoterol fumarate/Bechlomethasone propionate 6/100mcg, Chiesi; E - Formoterol fumarate/Fluticasone dipropionate 5/125mcg, Mundipharma) and one SMI (Tiotropium bromide 5mcg, Boehringer Ingelheim), at different distance from the nozzle and canister filling. Methods: Measurements were made at 90, 50, and 10% of canister filling, and at 5, 10, and 20 cm from the nozzle, for a total of 972 puffs. A high speed video photography protocol was adopted and high speed cameras (1.200 frames/ sec.) were used. Data were acquired by means of specialized softwares. Temperature, humidity, and vibrations occurrence were strictly controlled during measurements. Statistics: Anova and p < 0.05 were accepted as the minimum significance level. Results: MDIs generated different Instant velocities: MDI B generated the highest, while MDI A the lowest. As expected, velocity decreased in proportion to the distance from the nozzle. Except with MDI C, instant velocity decreased significantly over the first 50% of canister emptying, but dropped by >33% at 90% of emptying with all other MDIs (p < 0–037; p < 0.001; p < 0.005, and p < 0.001, respectively). Instant velocity was extremely lower (p < 0.001) and constant for all levels of canister filling (p = ns) with SMI. All MDIs had a very fast jet phase, ranging 0.01–0.03 s at 10 cm, and 0.03–0.05 s at 20 cm from the nozzle, without any significant difference from each other (p= ns). MDIs generated a cloud similarly tight (p = ns) at 10 and 20 cm from the nozzle, while it was extremely wider and constant with the SMI (p = 0–001). Also the cloud turbulence was minimized during the SMI emission. Discussion and Conclusions: MDIs are characterized by a substantial variability in both their instant velocity and consistency of the emitted cloud at different levels of canister filling. SMI generates a much slower soft mist cloud which is constantly homogeneous and independent of canister emptying. These peculiarities assessed at bench are suggesting a higher dose consistency and a much more effective therapeutic performance also in real life.

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