Bayesian Regression-Based Urban Traffic Models

1998 ◽  
Vol 1644 (1) ◽  
pp. 157-165 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luc A. Frechette ◽  
Ata M. Khan
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Model Development ◽  
Central Area ◽  
Central Business District ◽  
Bayesian Regression ◽  
Urban Traffic ◽  
Sources Of Information ◽  
Central Business Districts ◽  
Business District

A Bayesian regression approach is used to develop equations for predicting travel time on central area streets with contributory variables that are intuitive and for which data are readily available in most transportation agencies. In development of multivariate regression models, two disparate sources of information are used: ( a) a priori (what is known before an experiment), and ( b) experimental data (information derived from an experiment). Output of traffic simulation obtained from NETSIM was used as the source of a priori information, whereas the experimental data were obtained from video recordings of traffic operations on selected central business district streets. Bayesian regression software was used in a systematic framework for predictive model development. The developed equations were assessed and results were interpreted from a Bayesian perspective in relation to the various model iterations attempted. The final models provide reasonable predictions of actual travel times that drivers would experience during peak traffic periods in medium to large central business districts.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Structure and Accessibility of Public Space Network in Kano Central Area with the Bid to Promote Urban Cohesion and Sustainability

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (3.25) ◽  
pp. 54
Author(s):  
Muhammad Muktar ◽  
Abdulaziz S. Ahmed
Keyword(s):  
Public Space ◽  
Road Network ◽  
Intervention Strategy ◽  
Drainage System ◽  
Central Area ◽  
Central Business District ◽  
High Volume ◽  
Space Network ◽  
Sustainability Issue ◽  
Business District

There have been major concerns in the planning of both public and private spaces in Kano central area. Consequently, the entire urban fabric have been restructured due to uncontrolled developmental growth, population density, high cost of land value, unavailability of business location and poor accessibility to road network. These situations have brought about a physical and social shift in the position of Kano Central Business District (CBD) area, of which not prevented will continue to cause major urban cohesion and sustainability issue. Thus, this paper took a preemptive step to evaluate the existing problems and identify the major sustainability issues and where urban cohesion failed. A qualitative method was employed that does not only consider the study of morphological factors of the public space network in Kano CBD, but also the social, environmental and economic dynamics they generate. Thus, the data were collected through fieldwork (favoring direct contact with the territory), and analyzed using four key dimensions namely ‘Form and legibility’, ‘Access and Connections’, ‘Uses and Activities’, then ‘Sociability and Identification’. The findings revealed that the neighborhoods that make up the CBD have lot of abandoned buildings, insufficient access routes, poor drainage system, high volume of traffic that cause lot of pollution and proliferation of solid waste that makes road network impermeable, and an aesthetic eyesore. In view of these, the study recommends a set of urban intervention strategy capable of guiding the planning and redesign of public spaces in Kano CBD in order to promote urban cohesion and a sustainable environment. 

scholarly journals Self-medication with antibiotics- a survey among traders in the central business district of Accra, Ghana

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sylvia Kesewaa Ofori ◽  
Emmanuel Akowuah ◽  
Doyinsola Babatunde ◽  
Charles Amankwa ◽  
Frank Baiden
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Tertiary Education ◽  
Descriptive Analysis ◽  
Multivariate Logistic Regression Analysis ◽  
Central Business District ◽  
Sources Of Information ◽  
Self Medication ◽  
Upper Respiratory ◽  
Business District ◽  
Tract Infections

Background The misuse of antibiotics is a global problem, and the form of misuse varies among different countries and cultures. The study explored antibiotic self-medication practices among traders in Accra, Ghana. Methods: A paper-based questionnaire survey was conducted among traders found in a convenient sample of shops in the Central Business District (CBD) between November 2016 and January 2017. The data was analyzed with Stata version 14.0. Antibiotic self-medication was defined as the use of antibiotics without the prescription of a recognized practitioner within 12 months of the survey. Descriptive analysis and analytical statistics using multivariate logistic regression analysis were performed to identify the factors associated with antibiotic self-medication. Results: Four hundred and seventeen (417) traders (60.0% females) with a mean age of 36 (+10.6) years were surveyed. The prevalence of antibiotic self-medication was 66.7%. Penicillins were the most misused. Upper respiratory infections and gastrointestinal tract infections were the leading reasons for antibiotic self-medication. The most common sources of information on self-medicated antibiotics were community pharmacies (55.2%), doctors (17.8%), and package inserts (17.2%). People with tertiary education were less likely to use antibiotics for self-medication compared to those with no education (OR=0.39 (95% C.I; 0.16-0.98). Persons who sold food items (aOR = 3.56, 95% CI; 1.70-7.45), cosmetics (aOR = 2.61, 95% CI; 1.34-5.09), and clothing (aOR= 3.39, 95% CI; 1.88-6.12) were more likely to use antibiotics for self-medication compared to those who sold other items. Conclusion: Self-medication with antibiotics was high among traders in the CBD of Accra, Ghana. Traders need to be educated on the proper home management of URTIs. Measures are required to restrict their access to antibiotics for self-medication.

scholarly journals Shrinkage in Tokyo’s Central Business District: Large-Scale Redevelopment in the Spatially Shrinking Office Market

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 2742 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kohei Kawai ◽  
Masatomo Suzuki ◽  
Chihiro Shimizu
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Service Sector ◽  
Geographical Area ◽  
Central Area ◽  
Central Business District ◽  
Building Performance ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Level Data ◽  
Office Market ◽  
Business District

Although metropolises continue to grow worldwide, they face the risk of shrinkage. This study seeks to capture and contextualize the “shrinkage” of the office market in Tokyo, a city that is one of the largest in the world but whose labor force has been shrinking since 1995. Employing unique property-level data on office building performance and use, this study quantifies the geographical distribution of office supply over time and shows that the geographical area of office supply is shrinking from the fringes, in line with the large-scale redevelopment of the central area since the collapse of the asset bubble in the early 1990s. As a result, analyses of changes in the vacancy rate and rent premium (from hedonic regressions) suggest that old office properties in the suburbs have recently faced more vacancies and lower rent premiums, even during the upturn peak of around 2007. This evidence suggests that (i) the concept of shrinking cities is also applicable in a spatial context, even for service sector workplaces in a nation’s central metropolis, and that (ii) allowing large-scale redevelopment in the central area while the economy remains powerful can transform the metropolis into a more compact form, which may be desirable in the long run.

Associating street-network centrality with spontaneous and planned subcentres

Urban Studies ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 004209802093130
Author(s):  
Burcu H. Ozuduru ◽  
Chris J. Webster ◽  
Alain J. F. Chiaradia ◽  
Eda Yucesoy
Keyword(s):  
A Priori ◽  
Central Business District ◽  
Street Network ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Topological Graph ◽  
Urban Dynamics ◽  
Planning Policy ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Business District ◽  
The City

Scientific studies have long demonstrated how economic activities regularly distribute themselves within a city in response to geographical centrality. Following the growing interest in network geography in understanding urban dynamics, rather than measuring centrality (accessibility) by a priori knowledge of central business district (CBD) locations, in this article we measure the centrality of each link in a city’s street network, modelled as a topological graph. We use this to understand clustering behaviour of firms by industrial classification in the city of Ankara, Turkey. Our underlying hypothesis rests on the assumption that the geometry and topology of an urban grid contains accessibility information about the distribution of agglomeration economies and diseconomies, and that different types of enterprises are sensitive to this distribution in various ways. Among other things, the results of the study allow us to predict the evolution of what we call candidate centres (locations that could, by virtue of their connectivity footprint, become subcentres), actual subcentres and CBD functions in response to changes in a city’s street network. Decoding how commercial cluster locations interact with the detailed pattern of street-network-based centralities will be helpful for urban planning policy, in particular for commercial zoning decisions such as expanding CBDs and identifying locations for new subcentres that have an acceptable chance of success.

Retrofitting Suburbia

Suburb ◽  
2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Royce Hanson
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Development Strategy ◽  
Central Business District ◽  
County Council ◽  
Montgomery County ◽  
Hybrid Zones ◽  
Metro Station ◽  
Public Facilities ◽  
Central Business Districts ◽  
Business District

This chapter focuses on the trials, tribulations, and results of planning and managing redevelopment of two activity centers in Montgomery County: Friendship Heights and the Hills and Bethesda. It first considers the decision of the Committee on the Planning, Zoning and Development of Central Business Districts and Transit Station Areas to rethink its development strategy for the twelve Metro station areas under county jurisdiction. It then describes the committee's proposal for three Central Business District zones, called CBD-1, CBD-2, and CBD-3, which secured the approval of the Montgomery County Council. It also discusses the planning politics of Friendship Heights and Bethesda and shows how the two projects provided tests of the legal theories underlying new hybrid zones and for balancing land use with the capacity of public facilities, especially transportation.

The Central Business District of Melbourne and the Dispersal and Reconcentration of Capital

1986 ◽  
Vol 18 (11) ◽  
pp. 1447-1461 ◽  
Author(s):  
S T Moser ◽  
N P Low
Keyword(s):  
State Government ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Central Area ◽  
Central Business District ◽  
The State ◽  
Private Capital ◽  
Spatial Dynamic ◽  
State Capital ◽  
Business District

This paper is a discussion of the complex spatial dynamic at work in the second largest state capital in Australia. What is happening to the central business district, it is argued, has to be seen in the context of the interaction between the state government and private capital. The evolving sociospatial structure of Melbourne will continue to be conditioned by the changing balance between the opportunities for capital which arise in the course of suburbanisation and the need for the state government and large-scale property interests to maintain a higher rate of investment in the central area.

Spatial Aspects of the Shopping Patterns of the Urban Elderly: The Case of Central Area Apartment Dwellers

1984 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 133-146 ◽  
Author(s):  
Geoffrey C. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Central Area ◽  
Central Business District ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Elderly Persons ◽  
Limited Mobility ◽  
Exploratory Investigation ◽  
Random Samples ◽  
Baseline Group ◽  
Interview Survey ◽  
Business District

ABSTRACTThis paper offers an exploratory investigation of spatial aspects of the shopping patterns of elderly downtown residents. Attention is explicitly focused on their usage fields, transport modes, and shopping context. The shopping behaviour of the elderly is evaluated with reference to that of a baseline group of non-elderly consumers. The data are obtained from a questionnaire/interview survey of random samples of elderly and non-elderly apartment dwellers in the central area of Winnipeg. The findings indicate that the elderly's shopping trips are largely restricted to the central business district. In contrast, the non-elderly exhibit more extensive movement patterns, particularly when purchasing relatively expensive items. These differences appear to be related to the higher level of transport deprivation among elderly persons, although some are able to compensate for their limited mobility by travelling as bus or automobile passengers.

scholarly journals Central Business District Proposal for Vasai Virar City

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. 1027-1031
Author(s):  
Dipesh J. Patil
Keyword(s):  
United States Of America ◽  
Central Business District ◽  
The United States ◽  
Metropolitan Region ◽  
Employment Opportunities ◽  
The People ◽  
Job Opportunities ◽  
Central Business Districts ◽  
Business District ◽  
The City

Abstract: The concept of the Central Business District is somewhat new due to that there is a lack of Central Business Districts in India. In the early ages when the concept was introduced at that time this concept was mainly focused on the United States of America and the European countries which are developed now. To increase the development speed of the country Central Business Districts should be introduced to create more job opportunities which will help to decrease the unemployment rate of the country. In Vasai-Virar Municipal Area, there is a lack of commercial spaces, affecting the city's employment opportunities. The idea of the Central Business District will help to develop the city and increase the revenue of the municipality. Vasai-Virar Central Business District will soon be established as a strong alternative to Mumbai and an economically developed or developing city in terms of employment and will help create sustainable employment opportunities for the economically backward Vasai-Virar and the people living nearby. This project mainly focuses on the potential of Central Business District development in Vasai-Virar city to overcome the unemployment and revenue generation options for Municipality. Keywords: Central Business District, Unemployment, Mumbai Metropolitan Region, Vasai-Virar city, Commercial and Trade activity

Identifying and Visualizing Congestion Bottlenecks with Automated Vehicle Location Systems

2017 ◽  
Vol 2649 (1) ◽  
pp. 61-70 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher Bucknell ◽  
Alejandro Schmidt ◽  
Diego Cruz ◽  
Juan Carlos Muñoz
Keyword(s):  
Transport System ◽  
Public Transport ◽  
Central Business District ◽  
Operating Costs ◽  
Sources Of Information ◽  
The Public ◽  
Public Transport System ◽  
Business District ◽  
The City ◽  
Radial Axis

Monitoring speeds and identifying problem areas are essential for any public transport system because of the direct impact on its operating costs and on users’ travel time. This study generated a tool that identified, quantified, and displayed operational bottlenecks of bus operation in a city. The model was applied to the public transport system in Santiago, Chile, which faced a steady decline in operating speed. It was possible to identify locations with the most serious problems; this factor allowed transit authorities to focus their efforts on the areas that needed it the most. In addition, it was found that problems were concentrated in certain sectors of the city, including the central business district and intersections where the radial axis roads encountered the city’s central ring road. Once a problem is identified, it is essential to conduct site visits and combine the findings of this research with other sources of information to find the cause of the problem and propose solutions.

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