Freight Energy Use Disaggregated by Commodity: Comparisons and Discussion

1998 ◽  
Vol 1641 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francis M. Vanek ◽  
Edward K. Morlok
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Energy Use ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Modal Shift ◽  
Commodity Group ◽  
Conservation Policies ◽  
Average Value ◽  
Important Approach ◽  
Intensity Estimate

The analysis of energy consumption in freight transportation is almost always approached by disaggregating overall energy consumption by mode, which then provides a basis for understanding trends and underlying factors that influence them and for developing conservation policies. Another important approach is to disaggregate by commodity, because it is commodity flows that generate the modal vehicle flows and hence the modal energy consumption in transportation. Thus changes in energy use by commodity are important factors in understanding trends in energy consumption and may provide a basis for energy conservation policies centered on industries using transportation. Total freight energy consumption is estimated for a range of commodity groups using an activitybased approach to energy consumption, where total freight activity is decomposed into components by mode and by commodity group, and then each component is multiplied by an intensity estimate to calculate total energy use for that commodity group. Two important findings are discussed: ( a) commodity groups with high energy growth between 1972 and 1993 had a combination of substantial ton-mile growth and modal shift to truck, and ( b) commodity groups of finished products with a high average value per ton in general have a much higher average freight energy intensity than raw materials with a low average value per ton.

scholarly journals Decrease of the Maximum Speed in Highway Tunnels as a Measure to Foster Energy Savings and Sustainability

Energies ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 685 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonio Peña-García ◽  
Ferdinando Salata ◽  
Iacopo Golasi
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Traffic Safety ◽  
Energy Use ◽  
Energy Savings ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Maximum Speed ◽  
Speed Reduction ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Co2 ◽  
The Impact

The high energy consumption of the lighting installations in highway tunnels has become a hot topic in the last few years due to the high figures in terms of money, consumed energy, use of raw materials, emissions of greenhouse gases due to the remarkable number of manufactured elements, and maintenance, among others. In spite of the different strategies proposed up to date and their savings, the potential benefits of decreasing the maximum speed allowed in tunnels have not been considered in depth as a complementary measure yet. In this work, the impact of such a decrease in terms of energy consumption, number projectors, carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, and yearly costs in energy is analyzed and discussed. The results strongly suggest the convenience of introducing maximum speed reduction in traffic regulations which, in addition, could create positive synergies with traffic safety.

scholarly journals A Study on the Application Characteristics of the Insoluble MMO (Mixed Metal Oxide) Electrode for Energy Reduction of Zinc Electrowinning Process

2020 ◽  
Vol 42 (9) ◽  
pp. 424-430
Author(s):  
Mijung Park ◽  
Taeksoon Lee
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Metal Oxide ◽  
Energy Use ◽  
Deposition Efficiency ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Alloy Electrode ◽  
Mixed Metal Oxide ◽  
Zinc Electrowinning ◽  
Oxide Electrode ◽  
Zinc Deposition

Objective : The zinc electrowinning industry is one of the high energy consumption industries where energy saving is required. In the zinc electrowining process, electrode is a high energy consuming part. In order to reduce energy use in the electrolytic smelting industry, a comparative study was conducted on the current usage of Pb+Ag alloy electrode and insoluble composite metal oxide (MMO) electrode.Methods : In this study, a comparative evaluation of energy consumption was conducted between the generally used Pb+Ag alloy electrode and an insoluble MMO electrode. Aluminum was used as a reducing electrode. The actual on-site zinc electrowinning solution and ZnSO₄ simulated solution were prepared to estimate the electrode potential, voltage, zinc deposition efficiency, and lifetime characteristics under the current density of 500 A/m².Results and Discussion : The overvoltage of the insoluble MMO electrode was 28.9% lower and the voltage was 15.0% lower than that of Pb+Ag alloy electrode. The zinc deposition efficiency of the insoluble MMO electrode was higher 1.9% in the actual on-site zinc electrowinning solution and 6.3% in the simulated solution. Compared with the Pb+Ag alloy electrode in use, the insoluble composite metal oxide electrode exhibited low overvoltage, good voltage characteristics, and high current efficiency characteristics.Conclusions : When the energy consumption of the Pb+Ag alloy and the insoluble MMO electrodes was compared, The insoluble MMO electrode showed 17.0% lower energy consumption in the actual on-site zinc electrowinning solution and 23.8% lower in the ZnSO₄ simulated solution than Pb+Ag alloy electrode.

scholarly journals Pollution, Energy Consumption and Economic Growth: evidence from India, China and Brazil

2011 ◽  
Vol 2 (5) ◽  
pp. 233-242
Author(s):  
Mohsen Mehrara
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Environmental Quality ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Smooth Transition ◽  
Conservation Policies ◽  
Bric Countries ◽  
Rapid Economic Growth ◽  
Smooth Transition Regression ◽  
Energy Dependent

This paper examines the relationships between the energy consumption, GDP growth and emission, using Panel Smooth Transition Regression (PSTR) model for BRIC countries over the period 1960 –2006. Our results reveal that environmental quality in these countries has increasingly suffered from high energy consumption. Moreover, rapid economic growth and international trade in energy intensive goods have progressively increased energy consumption. This suggests that excessively high economic growth is a curse for environmental quality and energy conservation policies to reduce unnecessary wastage of energy should be kicked off for energy-dependent BRIC countries.

scholarly journals Measurements of Energy Consumption and Environment Quality of High-Speed Railway Stations in China

Energies ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 168
Author(s):  
Bin Qian ◽  
Tao Yu ◽  
Haiquan Bi ◽  
Bo Lei
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Energy Use ◽  
District Heating ◽  
Energy Performance ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Public Buildings ◽  
Railway Station ◽  
High Speed Railway

In recent years, the energy performance of public buildings has attracted substantial attention due to the significant energy-saving potential. As a semi-open high-space building, the high-speed railway station is obviously different from other public buildings and even traditional stations in terms of energy consumption and internal environment. This paper investigates the current energy consumption situation and environmental quality of 15 high-speed railway passenger stations in China. Results show that the energy consumption of the high-speed railway station is between 117–470 kWh/(m2·a). The energy consumption of the station is related to the area and the passenger flow. The energy use of the station using district heating is higher than that of the station without district heating in the same region. The higher glazing ratio induces good natural lighting in the station, but the uniformity of the lighting in the station is not good. The acceptable temperature range of passengers in winter is larger than that in summer. The average air change rate of the high-speed railway station is 3.2 h−1 in winter and 1.8 h−1 in summer, which is the main reason of high energy consumption of the HVAC (Heating Ventilation Air Conditioning) system in this kind of building.

Outlook of Indian Household Energy and Emission Profile

2013 ◽  
Vol 768 ◽  
pp. 265-271
Author(s):  
Satish Kumar Yawale
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Energy Use ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Consumption Pattern ◽  
Residential Energy ◽  
Demand And Supply ◽  
Household Energy ◽  
Life Style Changes ◽  
Energy Consumption Pattern

With rapid growth in economy, energy consumption in developing countries like India is increasing at a fast rate primarily due to increase in demand in energy intensive sectors. The adverse impacts on the environment due to high energy demand are also becoming evident. Energy consumption in household sector can be defined as the energy consumed in homes to meet the needs of the residents themselves. To understand the residential energy consumption pattern it is important to identify the drivers of energy use in developing India. The basic drivers are population growth, household size, fuel and technology, income level and life style changes. Energy and climate change related concern of the Indian economy include the growing gap between demand and supply of energy, and environmental externalities associated with energy use. In this paper the drivers of energy consumption and emission are identified and the Indian household energy consumption pattern is analyzed.

Weather Sensitivity Analysis of Solar-Assisted Heat Pump Systems

1984 ◽  
Vol 106 (2) ◽  
pp. 182-186 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Ucar ◽  
S. Mittur
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Heat Pump ◽  
Energy Use ◽  
Solar Thermal ◽  
Sensitivity Analyses ◽  
Weather Data ◽  
Thermal Systems ◽  
Average Value ◽  
Weather Sensitivity ◽  
Term Energy

In the scientific literature, various weather models have been proposed and used for the simulation of solar thermal systems. The problem of the sensitivity of solar thermal systems to random fluctuations and persistent patterns in weather have been a source of concern and discussion for a long time. A general solution to this problem has proved to be elusive. This paper presents the results of weather sensitivity analyses performed on solar-assisted heat pump systems used in large buildings. The type of systems modeled usually incorporate relatively small collector areas (approximately equal to 5 to 15 percent of the building floor area). A detailed computer program was used for conducting hour-by-hour, zone-by-zone simulations of the buildings and the energy systems. Truncated Fourier series were used to represent weather data. It is concluded that various unusual weather sequences and perturbations do not affect the long-term energy consumption of the building so long as the average value of these variations is constant. Short-term energy consumption was found to be much more sensitive to these variations. It was also found that a uniform change in the average value of the weather functions, does, in fact, substantially influence building energy use.

scholarly journals Energy use Efficiency and Cost-Benefit Analysis of Sugar Beet (Beta vulgaris) Production in the Irrigated Central Clay Plain of Guneid Area - Sudan

2020 ◽  
pp. 49-57
Author(s):  
Mohamed Hassan Dahab ◽  
Elwaleed M. H. Basheeir ◽  
Omer Ahmed Abdallah
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Sugar Beet ◽  
Total Energy ◽  
Energy Use ◽  
Cost Benefit Analysis ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Benefit Analysis ◽  
Energy Use Efficiency ◽  
Use Efficiency

The main objectives of this study were to determine and analyze energy use efficiency in sugar beet production, and to make cost-benefit analysis in Guneid area - Sudan. An experiment was carried out using three tillage implements (disc plough, disc harrow and ridger) for land preparation, seven days irrigation interval and mechanical planter. The treatments were replicated four times in a completely randomized block design. The results showed that total energy consumption in sugar beet production was 35099.20MJha-1, out of which 52.33% of fertilizer energy, 18.0% water energy and 9.0% of diesel energy. The energy use ratio was 28.71 and energy productivity was 1.71kgMJha-1. The results also showed that 73.6% of total energy input was in non-renewable energy form, and only 26.4% was in renewable form, while 34.1% was in from of direct energy and 65.9% indirect energy. Cost-Benefit analyses showed that the total return, net return, benefit–cost ratio and productivity of crop were 2689.6 US$ha-1, 990.8 US$ha-1, 1.58. and 35.3kgUSD-1 respectively. Although large amounts of energy consumption for sugar beet production increased the yield, it also caused in problems related to environmental pollution, land degradation, nutrient loading and pesticide toxicity. Therefore, it is important to look for methods and systems that can reduce the negative effect of high energy inputs and to develop more efficient, economical and environmentally friendly agricultural production systems that increase energy use efficiency and crop yield.

scholarly journals Shading and Air Flow Analysis on Selected Residential Buildings in Al-Bayda City, Libya

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 463-478
Author(s):  
Mohammed Ali S. Ali ◽  
Kozan Uzunoglu ◽  
Çimen Özburak
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Energy Use ◽  
Residential Buildings ◽  
Flow Analysis ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Air Conditioners ◽  
Protection And Utilization ◽  
Essential Contribution ◽  
The Impact

A lot of energy is required to provide a comfortable interior with air conditioning systems. The use of high energy in buildings has made an essential contribution to climate change and air pollution. It is crucial for energy efficiency to reduce energy consumption. Applying the architectural principles of climatic design can provide thermal comfort in residential buildings. In this research, an analytical study was conducted on the climate factors that affect the energy consumption in the residential buildings in Al-Bayda, Libya. Eight buildings were randomly selected. The impact of solar energy, orientation, and wind factors that affect the climatic comfort on the selected residential buildings were considered as the leading indicators for improving energy consumption. These topics were studied comprehensively on the chosen buildings, and outcomes of the analysis were evaluated. Users gave answers to the questions regarding energy consumption, protection and utilization from the sun and air currents, and the physical insulation status of the building during the interviews. Independently of these, the results of airflow and shade analysis based on theories of passive design principles for each building have been revealed. It was observed that the answers of users and analytical results were consistent with each other. In the end, simple constructional applications that can prevent high energy use were recommended for future architectural designs. In this way, extensive use of air conditioners and thus air pollution, which has become one of the significant problems in Libya's cities, can be reduced to a certain extent.

Study on Eco-Clothing with Multiple Style Transformation in the Background of Cyclic Economy

2013 ◽  
Vol 694-697 ◽  
pp. 3239-3242 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wei Zhen Wang ◽  
Shu Lian Yu ◽  
Qi Zhen Wang ◽  
Yu Bing Luan ◽  
Jing Zhen Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Apparel Industry ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Environment Friendly ◽  
Clothing Style ◽  
Consumption Situation ◽  
High Energy Consumption

In view of high energy consumption situation in the apparel industry in the background of cyclic economy, the author conducts technical experiment for clothing style change according to transformation design of clothing structure elements, and establishes the environmental protection philosophy of enabling raw materials for one garment to satisfy the function of raw materials for two or more garments. This not only maximizes the energy efficiency of clothing materials, but also optimizes life cycle of products, and accordingly promotes the energy-saving and environment-friendly eco-civilization construction in the apparel industry.

scholarly journals Toward Energy Savings in Campus Buildings under a Life Cycle Thinking Approach

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (20) ◽  
pp. 7123
Author(s):  
Ricardo Abejón ◽  
Jara Laso ◽  
Marta Rodrigo ◽  
Israel Ruiz-Salmón ◽  
Mario Mañana ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Energy Use ◽  
Energy Savings ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Energy Performance ◽  
Primary Energy ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Life Cycle Thinking ◽  
Building Industry

Recent studies have identified that buildings all over the world are great contributors to energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions. The relationship between the building industry and environmental pollution is continuously discussed. The building industry includes many phases: extraction of raw materials, manufacturing, construction, use, and demolition. Each phase consumes a large amount of energy, and subsequent emissions are released. The life cycle energy assessment (LCEA) is a simplified version of the life cycle assessment (LCA) that focuses only on the evaluation of energy inputs for different phases of the life cycle. Operational energy is the energy required for day-to-day operation processes of buildings, such as heating, cooling and ventilation systems, lighting, as well as appliances. This use phase accounts for the largest portion of energy consumption of the life cycle of conventional buildings. In addition, energy performance certification of buildings is an obligation under current European legislation, which promotes efficient energy use, so it is necessary to ensure that the energy performance of the building is upgraded to meet minimum requirements. For this purpose, this work proposes the consideration of the energy impacts and material resources used in the operation phase of a building to calculate the contribution of these energy impacts as new variables for the energy performance certification. The application of this new approach to the evaluation of university buildings has been selected as a case study. From a methodological point of view, the approach relied on the energy consumption records obtained from energy and materials audit exercises with the aid of LCA databases. Taking into practice the proposed methodology, the primary energy impact and the related emissions were assessed to simplify the decision-making process for the energy certification of buildings. From the results obtained, it was concluded that the consumption of water and other consumable items (paper) are important from energy and environmental perspectives.

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