Comparative Study of Speed Reduction Effects of Photo-Radar and Speed Display Boards

1998 ◽  
Vol 1640 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-36 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven A. Bloch
Keyword(s):  
Motor Vehicle ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Vehicle Speed ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Carryover Effects ◽  
Carryover Effect ◽  
Speed Reduction ◽  
Display Board ◽  
Growing Body ◽  
Photo Radar

Two forms of automated motor-vehicle speed control, speed display boards and photo-radar, are compared. Despite a growing body of research on the devices, there is little reliable empirical evidence about their effectiveness. Three issues are examined: ( a) which of these devices is more effective in lowering speeds, ( b) whether supplementing display boards with police enforcement makes them more effective, and ( c) which device is more cost-effective. The study was conducted on three comparable streets in Riverside, California, over a 4-week period. Site 1 employed a display board with no enforcement; Site 2, a display board with intermittent enforcement; and Site 3, photo-radar. Results show that both devices, while deployed, significantly reduce vehicle speeds 7 to 8 km/h, and particularly reduce the number of vehicles traveling 16 km/h (10 mph) or more over the posted limit. Supplementing the display board with intermittent enforcement significantly increased its effectiveness. Although both devices produced substantial speed reductions while in operation, only display boards demonstrated carryover effects. The enforced display board produced a substantial short-term (but not longer-term) carryover effect; the unenforced display board demonstrated a longer-term (but not short-term) carryover effect, but only at the alongside location, 1 week after its removal. The three cost-effectiveness estimates generated showed that the unenforced speed display board was the most cost-effective; the enforced display board came in second; and the photo-radar placed third.

The impact of urban speed reduction programmes on health system cost and utilities

2017 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 262-266 ◽  
Author(s):  
Babak Mohit ◽  
Zohn Rosen ◽  
Peter A Muennig
Keyword(s):  
Motor Vehicle ◽  
Road Traffic ◽  
Vehicle Speed ◽  
Severe Injuries ◽  
Speed Reduction ◽  
Traffic Calming ◽  
Life Years ◽  
Probability Of Death ◽  
Minor Injuries ◽  
The Impact

BackgroundVehicle speed changes impact the probability of injuring a pedestrian in ways that differ from the way that it impacts the probability of a collision or of death. Therefore, return on investment in speed reduction programmes has complex and unpredictable manifests. The objective of this study is to analyse the impact of motor vehicle speed reduction on the collision-related morbidity and mortality rates of urban pedestrians.Methods and FindingsWe created a simple way to estimate the public health impacts of traffic speed changes using a Markov model. Our outcome measures include the cost of injury, quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) gained and probability of death and injury due to a road traffic collision. Our two-way sensitivity analysis of speed, both before the implementation of a speed reduction programme and after, shows that, due to key differences in the probability of injury compared with the probability of death, speed reduction programmes may decrease the probability of death while leaving the probability of injury unchanged. The net result of this difference may lead to an increase in injury costs due to the implementation of a speed reduction programme. We find that even small investments in speed reductions have the potential to produce gains in QALYs.ConclusionsOur reported costs, effects and incremental cost-effectiveness ratios may assist urban governments and stakeholders to rethink the value of local traffic calming programmes and to implement speed limits that would shift the trade-off to become between minor injuries and no injuries, rather than severe injuries and fatalities.

scholarly journals Cost-effective ubiquitous method for motor vehicle speed estimation using smartphones

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (6) ◽  
pp. 340-349
Author(s):  
Shahrzad Moeiniyan Bagheri ◽  
Behrang Assemi ◽  
Mahmoud Mesbah ◽  
Mark Hickman
Keyword(s):  
Motor Vehicle ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Speed Estimation ◽  
Vehicle Speed

scholarly journals Cost-effectiveness of a hybrid emergency room system for severe trauma: a health technology assessment from the perspective of the third-party payer in Japan

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Takahiro Kinoshita ◽  
Kensuke Moriwaki ◽  
Nao Hanaki ◽  
Tetsuhisa Kitamura ◽  
Kazuma Yamakawa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cost Effectiveness ◽  
Emergency Room ◽  
Healthcare Costs ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Severe Trauma ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Trauma Patients ◽  
Short Term ◽  
The Third

Abstract Background Hybrid emergency room (ER) systems, consisting of an angiography-computed tomography (CT) machine in a trauma resuscitation room, are reported to be effective for reducing death from exsanguination in trauma patients. We aimed to investigate the cost-effectiveness of a hybrid ER system in severe trauma patients without severe traumatic brain injury (TBI). Methods We conducted a cost-utility analysis comparing the hybrid ER system to the conventional ER system from the perspective of the third-party healthcare payer in Japan. A short-term decision tree and a long-term Markov model using a lifetime time horizon were constructed to estimate quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) and associated lifetime healthcare costs. Short-term mortality and healthcare costs were derived from medical records and claims data in a tertiary care hospital with a hybrid ER. Long-term mortality and utilities were extrapolated from the literature. The willingness-to-pay threshold was set at $47,619 per QALY gained and the discount rate was 2%. Deterministic and probabilistic sensitivity analyses were conducted. Results The hybrid ER system was associated with a gain of 1.03 QALYs and an increment of $33,591 lifetime costs compared to the conventional ER system, resulting in an ICER of $32,522 per QALY gained. The ICER was lower than the willingness-to-pay threshold if the odds ratio of 28-day mortality was < 0.66. Probabilistic sensitivity analysis indicated that the hybrid ER system was cost-effective with a 79.3% probability. Conclusion The present study suggested that the hybrid ER system is a likely cost-effective strategy for treating severe trauma patients without severe TBI.

Doing More With Less: Pragmatic Implementation of Vancomycin Area-Under-the-Curve (AUC) Monitoring

2021 ◽  
pp. 089719002110272
Author(s):  
Joanne Huang ◽  
Jeannie D. Chan ◽  
Thu Nguyen ◽  
Rupali Jain ◽  
Zahra Kassamali Escobar
Keyword(s):  
Quality Improvement ◽  
High Risk ◽  
Therapeutic Drug Monitoring ◽  
Paradigm Shift ◽  
Area Under The Curve ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Practical Method ◽  
Therapeutic Drug ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Quality Improvement Process

Universal area-under-the-curve (AUC) guided vancomycin therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) is resource-intensive, cost-prohibitive, and presents a paradigm shift that leaves institutions with the quandary of defining the preferred and most practical method for TDM. We report a step-by-step quality improvement process using 4 plan-do-study-act (PDSA) cycles to provide a framework for development of a hybrid model of trough and AUC-based vancomycin monitoring. We found trough-based monitoring a pragmatic strategy as a first-tier approach when anticipated use is short-term. AUC-guided monitoring was most impactful and cost-effective when reserved for patients with high-risk for nephrotoxicity. We encourage others to consider quality improvement tools to locally adopt AUC-based monitoring.

Methods to Reduce Traffic Speed in High-Pedestrian Rural Areas

2003 ◽  
Vol 1828 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-37 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ali Kamyab ◽  
Steve Andrle ◽  
Dennis Kroeger ◽  
David S. Heyer
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Speed Limit ◽  
Single Word ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Speed Reduction ◽  
Traffic Calming ◽  
Reduction Strategies ◽  
Long Term Impact ◽  
The Impact

Many Minnesota counties are faced with the problem of high vehicle speeds through towns or resort areas that have significant pedestrian traffic. The impact of speed reduction strategies in high-pedestrian areas in rural counties of Minnesota was investigated. Speed data were collected at two selected study sites under their existing conditions ("no-treatment" or "before" condition) and after the proposed speed reduction strategies were installed. Second "after" data conditions were collected to study the short-term and long-term impact of the implemented strategies. The traffic-calming techniques employed at the Twin Lakes site consisted of removable pedestrian islands and pedestrian crossing signs. A dynamic variable message sign that sent a single-word message ("Slow") to motorists traveling over the speed limit was installed at the Bemidji site. The research study shows that the traffic-calming strategy deployed in Twin Lakes was effective in significantly reducing the mean speed and improving speed limit compliance in both the short term and long term. Despite proven effectiveness, the deployed speed reduction treatment in Bemidji Lake failed to lower the speed at the study site. The single-word message on the sign and the location of the sign, as well as a lack of initial enforcement, were the primary reasons for such failure.

Non-Ceruloplasmin Copper as a Stratification Biomarker of Alzheimer’s Disease Patients: How to Measure and Use It

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rosanna Squitti ◽  
Mariacarla Ventriglia ◽  
Alberto Granzotto ◽  
Stefano L. Sensi ◽  
Mauro Ciro Antonio Rongioletti
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Cognitive Impairment ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
The Body ◽  
Eligibility Criterion ◽  
Growing Body ◽  
Proper Balance

: Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a type of dementia very common in the elderly. A growing body of recent evidence has linked AD pathogenesis to copper (Cu) dysmetabolism in the body. In fact, a subset of patients affected either by AD or by its prodromal form known as Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) have been observed to be unable to maintain a proper balance of Cu metabolism and distribution and are characterized by the presence in their serum of increased levels of Cu not bound to ceruloplasmin (non-ceruloplasmin Cu). Since serum non-ceruloplasmin Cu is a biomark- er of Wilson's disease (WD), a well-known condition of Cu-driven toxicosis, in this review, we pro- pose that in close analogy with WD, the assessment of non-ceruloplasmin Cu levels can be exploit- ed as a cost-effective stratification and susceptibility/risk biomarker for the identification of some AD/MCI individuals. The approach can also be used as an eligibility criterion for clinical trials aim- ing at investigating Cu-related interventions against AD/MCI.

scholarly journals Reserves of Motor-Vehicle Insurance in Finland

1962 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 161-173 ◽  
Author(s):  
Teivo Pentikäinen
Keyword(s):  
Motor Vehicle ◽  
Insurance Companies ◽  
Accurate Calculation ◽  
Short Term ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Image Position ◽  
Premium Income ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Motor Vehicle Insurance ◽  
Cluster Points

The Ministry of Social Affairs, which acts i.a. as the supervising office in Finland, has given instructions regarding the normal reserves of insurance companies. A summary of these and some comments are given here as far as they concern motor-vehicle insurance. The instructions as far as they concern the subject referred to in the following in the items 2-6, 9 and 10, were compiled by a committee, presided over by Mr. I. Ketola, M. Sc, which availed itself of the experience of several Finnish insurance companies.In order to give a review of the system as a whole many items, which are mathematically trivial and well-known, are briefly explained.The conventional principle of “pro rata parte temporis” is followed, which leads to the well-known reserve where P is the premium income of the company. This provides that the days when the premiums fall due are approximately equally distributed over the year (which can be checked from the premium sums of the different months in the book-keeping) or at least have no cluster points in the second half of the year and that the cost of the collecting of premiums is not less than 0.2 P. A more accurate calculation takes into account i.a. temporary short term policies etc.In casu-reserve. All unpaid claims (except those mentioned later) due to accidents which occured before the end of the account year, are listed and rated one by one. Doubtful cases, e.g. where the cause of the accident is still under litigation, are calculated in accordance with the “worst” alternative.

scholarly journals Is working memory stored along a logarithmic timeline? Converging evidence from neuroscience, behavior and models

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Inder Singh ◽  
Zoran Tiganj ◽  
Marc Howard
Keyword(s):  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Temporal Organization ◽  
Search Model ◽  
Recent Past ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Growing Body ◽  
Neural Underpinnings ◽  
Behavioral Evidence ◽  
Lines Of Evidence

A growing body of evidence suggests that short-term memory does not only store the identity of recently experienced stimuli, but also information about when they were presented. This representation of ‘what’ happened ‘when’ constitutes a neural timeline of recent past. Behavioral results suggest that people can sequentially access memories for the recent past, as if they were stored along a timeline to which attention is sequentially directed. In the short-term judgment of recency (JOR) task, the time to choose between two probe items depends on the recency of the more recent probe but not on the recency of the more remote probe. This pattern of results suggests a backward self-terminating search model. We review recent neural evidence from the macaque lateral prefrontal cortex (lPFC) (Tiganj, Cromer, Roy, Miller, &amp; Howard, in press) and behavioral evidence from human JOR task (Singh &amp; Howard, 2017) bearing on this question. Notably, both lines of evidence suggest that the timeline is logarithmically compressed as predicted by Weber-Fechner scaling. Taken together, these findings provide an integrative perspective on temporal organization and neural underpinnings of short-term memory.

scholarly journals Size matters – an analysis of business models and the financial performance of Finnish wood-harvesting companies

Silva Fennica ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 54 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Paula Jylhä ◽  
Pasi Rikkonen ◽  
Katri Hamunen
Keyword(s):  
Financial Performance ◽  
Business Models ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Small Companies ◽  
Management Skills ◽  
Economic Success ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Wood Harvesting ◽  
Business Model Canvas ◽  
Size Groups

The size of Finnish wood harvesting enterprises has grown, and entrepreneurs have become responsible for various additional tasks, resulting in networking with other harvesting enterprises of various sizes and suppliers of supporting services, but the profitability of the wood harvesting sector has remained low. In the present study, the financial performance of 83 wood harvesting companies in Eastern and Northern Finland was evaluated, based on public final account data from a five-year period between 2013 and 2017. The factors underlying economic success were identified based on 19 semi-structured entrepreneur interviews. The Business Model Canvas framework was applied in the analyses. In particular, the smallest companies (with an annual turnover of less than 600 000 €) struggled with profitability. They showed increasing indebtedness, suffered from poor power in negotiations, had typically short-term contracts, and faced difficulties in retaining skilled operators. Most of the small companies were subcontractors of larger wood-harvesting companies. The better economic success of larger companies was likely based on their capacity to provide wood harvesting services in large volumes and supply versatile services, power in negotiations, and more cost-effective operations. The future development of wood harvesting seems to be polarised: larger enterprises are likely to continue growing, while the size of smaller enterprises has stabilised. Enhancing business management skills and practices is required in enterprises of all size groups.

scholarly journals Scaling-Up the Recognition of Indigenous and Community Land Rights: Opportunities, Costs and Climate Implications

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Keyword(s):  
Indigenous Peoples ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Land Rights ◽  
Scaling Up ◽  
Local Communities ◽  
Effective Strategy ◽  
Cost Effective Strategy ◽  
International Funding ◽  
Growing Body ◽  
Alternative Solutions

A growing body of evidence suggests that recognition of the collective tenure rights of Indigenous Peoples, local communities, and Afro-descendants is a powerful and cost-effective strategy for addressing the climate and biodiversity crises. In spite of this, international funding for rights recognition pales in comparison to donor mobilization around alternative solutions to these crises.

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