Evaluation of Shared-Use Facilities for Bicycles and Motor Vehicles

1997 ◽  
Vol 1578 (1) ◽  
pp. 111-118 ◽  
Author(s):  
David L. Harkey ◽  
J. Richard Stewart
Keyword(s):  
Motor Vehicle ◽  
Separation Distance ◽  
Urban Environments ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Motor Vehicles ◽  
Vehicle Speed ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Measures Of Effectiveness ◽  
Bicycle Lane

This study was conducted for the Florida Department of Transportation with an objective of evaluating the safety and utility of shared-use facilities to provide engineers and planners comprehensive results that can be used in planning, designing, and constructing roadways to be shared by motorists and bicyclists. The results were developed from an analysis of observations of bicyclists and motorists interacting on different types of roadways. The evaluation included roadways with wide curb lanes, bicycle lanes, and paved shoulders. Locations from both rural and urban environments were included and varied in terms of motor-vehicle speed, traffic volume, lane width, and number of lanes. The operational measures of effectiveness used in evaluating the different types of facilities included ( a) lateral placement of the bicyclist, ( b) lateral placement of the motor vehicle, ( c) separation distance between the bicycle and the motor vehicle, and ( d) encroachments by the motorist or bicyclist during the passing maneuver. Results of the analysis showed that the type of facility (wide curb lane versus bicycle lane versus paved shoulder) does have a significant effect on the separation distance between bicyclists and motor vehicles; this distance ranged from 1.80 to 1.95 m (5.9 to 6.4 ft). The findings also indicated that paved shoulders and bicycle lanes generally result in similar interactions between motorists and bicyclists and that when compared with wide curb lanes they offer some distinct advantages to both user groups. The results also indicated that bicycle lanes as narrow as 0.92 m (3 ft) provide sufficient space for motorists and bicyclists to interact safely. At the same time, a 1.22-m (4-ft) wide bicycle lane tended to optimize operating conditions because there were very few differences in the measures of effectiveness when 1.22-m lanes were compared with wider lanes.

No Turns Allowed: Controlling Vehicles Turning in Front of Light Rail Vehicles

2000 ◽  
Vol 1704 (1) ◽  
pp. 85-89 ◽  
Author(s):  
José I. Farrán
Keyword(s):  
Traffic Control ◽  
Motor Vehicle ◽  
Motor Vehicle Accident ◽  
High Capacity ◽  
Urban Environments ◽  
Motor Vehicles ◽  
Light Rail ◽  
Right Of Way ◽  
Accident Data ◽  
Mode Of Transportation

A key attribute of light rail transit (LRT) is its ability to integrate well into urban environments, sharing the public right-of-way with motor vehicles, bicycles, and pedestrians. This characteristic has made LRT very successful in urban corridors that require a high-capacity mode of transportation operating in a shared (on-street or mall) right-of-way environment. Although LRT is an inherently safe mode of transportation, accidents do occur. Such accidents negatively affect not only the parties involved, but also the operation of the entire LRT system and the reputation of the transit property. LRT accident data indicate that the most prevalent type of light rail vehicle (LRV)-motor vehicle accident occurs when motor vehicles turn left or right across LRT tracks and collide with an LRV rapidly approaching the intersection. Five of the most-common types of such accidents are identified, and traffic control devices and techniques are recommended to improve safety by conveying to the motorist the higher level of risk in violating a left or right turn signal prohibition.

scholarly journals Investigations of Exhaust Emissions from a Combustion Engine under Simulated Actual Operating Conditions in Real Driving Emissions Test

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 935
Author(s):  
Monika Andrych-Zalewska ◽  
Zdzislaw Chlopek ◽  
Jerzy Merkisz ◽  
Jacek Pielecha
Keyword(s):  
Emission Intensity ◽  
Combustion Engine ◽  
Exhaust Emissions ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Motor Vehicles ◽  
Exhaust Emission ◽  
Vehicle Speed ◽  
Urban Rural ◽  
Actual Operation ◽  
Specific Distance

The paper describes the methodology of research of exhaust emissions from a combustion engine under engine states determined by the vehicle actual operation in the RDE test. The processes of quantities determining the vehicle motion and engine states have been recorded, along with the exhaust emission intensity. Based on the developed research methodology, zero-dimensional characteristics of the processes of the emission intensity have been determined under the conditions of urban, rural and motorway traffic, as well as in the entire test. The authors also determined the average specific distance exhaust emissions under the conditions of urban, rural and motorway traffic, as well as in the entire test. Based on the above results, the unique characteristics of the relation of the average specific distance emissions and the average vehicle speed have been obtained. The obtained characteristics may be used in the modeling of exhaust emissions from motor vehicles under actual traffic conditions. The authors also explored the sensitivity of the average specific distance emissions to the vehicle driving style.

scholarly journals The effects of gear shift indicator usage on fuel efficiency of a motor vehicle

2017 ◽  
Vol 21 (1 Part B) ◽  
pp. 707-713 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ivan Blagojevic ◽  
Goran Vorotovic ◽  
Dragan Stamenkovic ◽  
Nebojsa Petrovic ◽  
Branislav Rakicevic
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Consumption ◽  
Motor Vehicle ◽  
Fuel Efficiency ◽  
Motor Vehicles ◽  
Vehicle Speed ◽  
Maximum Difference ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Gear Shift ◽  
Passenger Vehicles ◽  
Main Factors

The manner of gear shifting is one of the main factors affecting the fuel efficiency of motor vehicles. Potential savings resulted from optimized gear shifting led to introduction of gear shift indicators in passenger vehicles as an obligation from year 2012. The effects of gear shift indicators usage are still not studied enough. That was the motive for the authors to conduct the experiments to justify their usage, both from the economic and ecological standpoint. The presented results come from the tests conducted on FIAT 500L vehicle to determine the fuel consumption using the new European driving cycle, but for three different gear shift patterns: (1) as defined in UNECE Regulation No. 83, (2) as indicated by vehicle?s gear shift indicator, and (3) based on the average vehicle speed values collected from gear shift indicators of 35 passenger vehicles of different makes, types, and characteristics. Maximum difference in fuel consumption recorded in tests done using three different gear shift patterns is 18.7%.

scholarly journals Bump Modeling and Vehicle Vertical Dynamics Prediction

2014 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 736576 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Garcia-Pozuelo ◽  
Antonio Gauchia ◽  
Ester Olmeda ◽  
Vicente Diaz
Keyword(s):  
Traffic Safety ◽  
Vehicle Dynamics ◽  
Pedestrian Safety ◽  
Simulation Program ◽  
Motor Vehicles ◽  
Vehicle Speed ◽  
Legal Limit ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Proper Design

During a journey, motor vehicles are subjected to different types of irregularities in the pavement. Some of these irregularities are introduced for a specific purpose over a stretch of road to slow down the vehicle at certain road points. However, the influence of installed speed bumps reveals certain additional effects which must be deeply analyzed to ensure vehicle and pedestrian safety. In some cases, it has been found that even when driving over transverse bands at a speed below the legal limit, the vehicle is damaged or tires lose grip with the pavement, precluding any kind of braking or turning maneuvers. Such phenomena indicate that either this element is not properly sized or the location is not appropriate, becoming counterproductive for traffic safety. In order to analyze the influence of these irregularities on the different components of the vehicle and its occupants, a simulation program with MatlabTM has been developed. The validated developed tool takes into account several aspects of the vehicle dynamics, bump geometry, and vehicle speed. The proposed tool provides the best possible information to establish a set of guidelines for the proper design and installation of speed bumps in different roads.

How Pavement Markings Influence Bicycle and Motor Vehicle Positioning

2005 ◽  
Vol 1939 (1) ◽  
pp. 2-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ron Van Houten ◽  
Cara Seiderman
Keyword(s):  
Motor Vehicle ◽  
Motor Vehicles ◽  
Pavement Markings ◽  
Comfort Levels ◽  
Common Response ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Sequential Addition ◽  
Vehicle Positioning ◽  
Pavement Marking ◽  
Bicycle Lane

The purpose of this study was to determine how pavement markings influence bicyclist and motorist positioning, particularly how far bicyclists travel from parked cars. The research examined the effects of the sequential addition of the component markings of a bicycle lane on a road with on-street parking in Cambridge, Massachusetts. The data measured were the distance that cars parked from the curb, the distance that bicyclists rode from the curb, and the distance that traveling motor vehicles drove from the curb. Data on bicyclists and moving motor vehicles were gathered by videotaping. The three pavement marking treatments–-an edge line demarcating the travel lane, the edge line and bicycle symbols, and a full bicycle lane–-were all effective at influencing bicyclists to ride farther away from parked cars than when no pavement markings were present. All three treatments significantly increased the percentage of cyclists riding more than 9 and 10 ft from the curb; these distances were used as benchmarks for where cyclists should ride to be farther from the opening-door zone of a parked car. There was variation between the signalized and the uncontrolled intersections. Before-and-after intercept surveys of cyclists and motorists were administered. In the before survey, cyclists most often responded that the best way to improve bicycling on Hampshire Street was to add bicycle lanes. Cyclists also rated the full bicycle lane most favorably in the after survey. There was no change in cyclist comfort levels between the before and the after surveys. When motorists were asked what made them most aware of cyclists on the street; the most common response in the before survey was “nothing.” In the after survey, the most common response was “the bicycle lane.”

scholarly journals Perbandingan Kadar Emisi Gas Buang Karbon Monoksida (CO) Pada Kendaraan Bermotor Sistem Injeksi Otomatis

2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 561
Author(s):  
Evi Susilawati ◽  
Zulfikar Ali As ◽  
Munawar Raharja
Keyword(s):  
Engine Speed ◽  
Motor Vehicle ◽  
Quality Standard ◽  
Motor Vehicles ◽  
Injection System ◽  
The Public ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Vehicle Injection ◽  
Stroke Engine ◽  
Co Emission

The Comparison Of Emission Levels Of Carbon Monoxide Exhaust Gas In Automatic Motor Vehicle Injection System. Transportation plays a very big role as a source of air pollution, especially exhaust emissions reach 60-70%. CO emitted by motor vehicle which exceed the standard be able to cause disturbance and even death. The development of a two-stroke engine vehicle into a four-step engine is a people demand who want a vehicle which is easy and comfortable. Indonesia has many different types of vehicles, but two types of motor vehicles with the YMJET-FI and PGM-FI system are most on the market. Three fuels such as premium, pertalite and pertamax are used by the public. This research was observational analytic, using Posttest Only Design to analyze the CO emission from YMJET-FI and PGM-FI engine with premium fuel, pertalite and pertamax. CO emission was tested at engine speed of 1.900-2.000 rpm and temperature 80oC. Analysis used Two Way Analysis of Variance statistic test with α = 0,05%. The results showed that YMJET FI using premium emitted CO as 0,23%, pertalite 0,32% and pertamax 0,37%. PGM-FI using premium emitted 0,21% , pertalite 0,24% and pertamax 0,25%. The conclussion is, both of YMJET-FI and PGM-FI, using premium, pertalite and pertamax emitted CO lower than the emission quality standard according to KemenLH 2009 such as of 4,5%.

scholarly journals Assessment of Different Methods in Analyzing Motor Vehicle Emission Factors

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chengkang Gao ◽  
Hong-ming Na ◽  
Kaihui Song ◽  
Qing-jiang Xu
Keyword(s):  
Emission Factor ◽  
Motor Vehicle ◽  
Geographic Location ◽  
Emission Factors ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Motor Vehicles ◽  
Vehicle Emission ◽  
Emission Standard ◽  
Actual Measurement ◽  
Ive Model

Abstract To explore the emission characteristics of vehicle’s pollutants is of great significance to prevent and control the diffusion of pollutants. Limited by geographic location and economic condition, the models- and guidelines-based studies on vehicle’s emission factor have become more concerned measures than the actual measurement. By analyzing the actual operating conditions of motor vehicles, this study obtain the emission factors of typical pollutants from different motor vehicles by adopting international vehicle emission (IVE) model and guideline method, respectively. Furthermore, the resulting emission factors by the above methods were compared and analyzed with on-road method. The results show that: (1) the emission factors of vehicle pollutants change regularly with velocity, emission standard and accumulated mileage. Taking CO as an example, its emission factor shows a downward trend with the increase of velocity and emission standard, and an upward trend with the increase of accumulated mileage; (2) Compared with the actual measurement, the vehicle emission factor obtained by the guideline method has a large error, while the IVE model is close to the actual.

Complex Solution of Ecological and Economic Problems of Traffic Jams

2019 ◽  
pp. 6-15
Author(s):  
Oleksandr M. Matsenko ◽  
Yaroslav S. Kovalev ◽  
Olena M. Tkachenko ◽  
Yaroslava V. Chorna
Keyword(s):  
Traffic Control ◽  
Motor Vehicle ◽  
Motor Vehicles ◽  
Water Runoff ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Traffic Lights ◽  
Economic Problems ◽  
Traffic Jams ◽  
Economic Sphere ◽  
Flows Over Time

The article explores the congestion level in traffic of motor vehicles and its negative environmental and economic consequences in case of Kiev. The amount of pollution from traffic jams in Kiev and the number of vehicles which got into them in 2009-2018 is analyzed. The loss of earnings on the side of automobile owners from their standby are calculated with corresponding quantitative expressions found and described. For the course of the research, the methods of system-structural and comparative analysis were used for analyzing the environmental and economic problems of modern automobile systems; methods of formal logical analysis were used for substantiating the innovative infrastructure of transport routes. Separately economic and statistical methods were used in the study for trends development, structure analysis, and estimation of the influence of road congestion on the environmental and economic sphere. Pearson test has indicated a close relationship between the number of cars in Kiev and the number of values from traffic jams in environmental and economic sphere. Solutions to this problem are offered in forms of automated traffic control systems, improvisation of organizational and technical methods for the distribution of traffic flows over time, namely reverse traffic, road junctions, smart traffic lights, road extension, and the transition to alternative modes of transport. In all countries of the world there are new research methods that affect pollutants from motor vehicles. It is proved that they are forced by the recipients. In addition, landscaping can improve landscape design, reduce greenhouse gas emissions, surface water runoff and noise pollution. In this regard the policy implication of the research are aimed to eliminate the negative consequences from the use of vehicles during traffic jams, and the necessary number of trees for planting in Kiev is calculated. Key words: motor transport, congestion, traffic jam, motor vehicle, greening, compensation effect, lost profits, losses.

Power Test System Development and Dynamic Performance State Estimation Based on Hub Motor Vehicle

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 126-140
Author(s):  
Jing Gan ◽  
Xiaobin Fan ◽  
Zeng Song ◽  
Mingyue Zhang ◽  
Bin Zhao
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Dynamic Performance ◽  
Test System ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Motor Vehicles ◽  
Maximum Speed ◽  
Performance Parameters ◽  
Power Performance ◽  
Power Test ◽  
The Real

Background: The power performance of an electric vehicle is the basic parameter. Traditional test equipment, such as the expensive chassis dynamometer, not only increases the cost of testing but also makes it impossible to measure all the performance parameters of an electric vehicle. Objective: A set of convenient, efficient and sensitive power measurement system for electric vehicles is developed to obtain the real-time power changes of hub-motor vehicles under various operating conditions, and the dynamic performance parameters of hub-motor vehicles are obtained through the system. Methods: Firstly, a set of on-board power test system is developed by using virtual instrument (Lab- VIEW). This test system can obtain the power changes of hub-motor vehicles under various operating conditions in real-time and save data in real-time. Then, the driving resistance of hub-motor vehicles is analyzed, and the power performance of hub-motor vehicles is studied in depth. The power testing system is proposed to test the input power of both ends of the driving motor, and the chassis dynamometer is combined to test so that the output efficiency of the driving motor can be easily obtained without disassembly. Finally, this method is used to carry out the road test and obtain the vehicle dynamic performance parameters. Results: The real-time current, voltage and power, maximum power, acceleration time and maximum speed of the vehicle can be obtained accurately by using the power test system in the real road experiment. Conclusion: The maximum power required by the two motors reaches about 9KW, and it takes about 20 seconds to reach the maximum speed. The total power required to maintain the maximum speed is about 7.8kw, and the maximum speed is 62km/h. In this article, various patents have been discussed.

scholarly journals The Effects of Urban Natural Environments on Preference and Self-Reported Psychological Restoration of the Elderly

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 509
Author(s):  
Ling Qiu ◽  
Qujing Chen ◽  
Tian Gao
Keyword(s):  
Green Space ◽  
Environmental Design ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Urban Environments ◽  
Green Spaces ◽  
Photo Elicitation ◽  
Natural Environments ◽  
The World ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Aging Populations

The world is facing the challenge of aging populations. Urban natural environments, including green spaces and blue spaces, have been demonstrated to have great benefits to the mental restoration of the elderly. However, the study of the specific characteristics of urban environments that are popular and the most restorative for the elderly is still lacking. Photo elicitation as visual stimuli was utilized to explore the differences in preference and psychological restoration of the elderly through the perception of the eight perceived sensory dimensions (PSDs) in different types of urban environments. The results showed that: (1) The respondents had different perceptions of the eight PSDs in the different urban natural environments. Blue space and partly-closed green space were more preferred by the elderly, and also had more psychological restorative effects on the elderly. (2) There was no significant correlation between the number of highly perceived PSDs and preference, as well as between the number of highly perceived PSDs and psychological restoration. However, there was a significant correlation between preference and psychological restoration. (3) Partly-closed green space with more Serene and Refuge qualities, and blue space with more Serene, Refuge and Prospect properties were optimal characteristics for psychological restoration of the elderly. In addition, open green space with more Prospect, Serene and Social qualities, and closed green space with more Space, Refuge and less Nature properties could also increase psychological restoration of older adults. These findings can provide useful guidelines for restorative environmental design for the elderly in the future.

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