Driver Age as a Factor in Comprehension of Left-Turn Signals

1997 ◽  
Vol 1573 (1) ◽  
pp. 76-85 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aris Drakopoulos ◽  
Richard W. Lyles
Keyword(s):  
Correct Answer ◽  
Explanatory Variable ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Error Rates ◽  
Original Study ◽  
Older Drivers ◽  
Left Turn ◽  
Turn Signal ◽  
Right Of Way ◽  
Signal Operations

An experiment to measure driver comprehension of left-turn signal and sign configurations was conducted as part of a study to investigate the performance of left-turn signals used in various signal strategies. The responses of 191 individuals to 81 stimuli simulating left-turn signal phases were analyzed for the effect of signal message on driver comprehension. Stimuli included 17 left-turn signal displays used for permitted, protected, and protected/permitted left-turn strategies as well as left turns during nighttime or emergency flashing signal operations. Comprehension in the original study was based on a correct versus incorrect dichotomy: if the subject’s response agreed with a predetermined subset of possible answers, the answer was correct; all other answers were considered incorrect. These data are reanalyzed with three principal variations: ( a) individuals’ answers are based on a three-level correctness concept whereby answers considered incorrect in the previous study were further categorized into minor errors and serious errors depending on whether subjects incorrectly chose to “give away” their right-of-way or to violate other drivers’ right-of-way, respectively; ( b) signal message is introduced in the analysis as an explanatory variable of driver comprehension; and ( c) emphasis is placed on older drivers. Youngest, oldest, and female subjects were found to drive fewer kilometers per year than middle-aged males. Comprehension was found to deteriorate with driver age in terms of both higher serious error rates and lower correct answer rates. Flashing signals were the least well understood, whereas change and red interval stimuli were understood best by all age groups.

Effect of Offset between Opposing Left-Turn Lanes on Driver Performance

1996 ◽  
Vol 1523 (1) ◽  
pp. 61-72 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammed S. Tarawneh ◽  
Patrick T. Mccoy
Keyword(s):  
Age Groups ◽  
Older Drivers ◽  
Age And Gender ◽  
Left Turn ◽  
Sight Distance ◽  
Driver Performance ◽  
Driving Conditions ◽  
Left Turns ◽  
And Gender

The objective of the research described here was to study the effects of the offset between opposing left-turn lanes on the turning performance of drivers with respect to driver age and gender. Left-turn performance of 100 subjects within three age groups (25–45, 65–74, and 75+ years old) was evaluated under normal driving conditions at four intersections of different left-turn offset configurations. The results indicate that driver performance can be adversely affected by offsets that are much less (i.e., more negative) than the negative 0.9-m offset. Such large negative offsets significantly increase the size of the critical gaps of drivers turning left and also seem to increase the likelihood of conflicts between left turns and opposing through traffic. Large negative offsets may be particularly troublesome for older drivers and women drivers, who are less likely to position their vehicles within the intersection to see beyond vehicles in the opposing left-turn lane. Surprisingly, driver perceptions of the level of comfort and degree of difficulty were not found to improve with the increased sight distance provided by larger (i.e., more positive) offsets. The 1.8-m positive offset was associated with a lower level of comfort and a higher degree of difficulty perceived by drivers making left turns than the 0.9-m negative offset, which provided less sight distance. This may have been because the 0.9-m negative offset is much more common than the 1.8-m positive offset.

scholarly journals Review of Studies on Older Drivers’ Behavior and Stress—Methods, Results, and Outlook

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (10) ◽  
pp. 3503
Author(s):  
Yanning Zhao ◽  
Toshiyuki Yamamoto
Keyword(s):  
Age Groups ◽  
Older Drivers ◽  
Driving Simulators ◽  
Driving Experience ◽  
Older Driver ◽  
Vehicle Data ◽  
Vehicle Systems ◽  
Questionnaire Surveys ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Short Time

This paper presents a review on relevant studies and reports related to older drivers’ behavior and stress. Questionnaires, simulators, and on-road/in-vehicle systems are used to collect driving data in most studies. In addition, research either directly compares older drivers and the other drivers or considers participants according to various age groups. Nevertheless, the definition of ‘older driver’ varies not only across studies but also across different government reports. Although questionnaire surveys are widely used to affordably obtain massive data in a short time, they lack objectivity. In contrast, biomedical information can increase the reliability of a driving stress assessment when collected in environments such as driving simulators and on-road experiments. Various studies determined that driving behavior and stress remain stable regardless of age, whereas others reported degradation of driving abilities and increased driving stress among older drivers. Instead of age, many researchers recommended considering other influencing factors, such as gender, living area, and driving experience. To mitigate bias in findings, this literature review suggests a hybrid method by applying surveys and collecting on-road/in-vehicle data.

scholarly journals The Effects of Education and Training Given to Phlebotomists for Reducing Preanalytical Errors

2018 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 172-180 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fatma Demet Arslan ◽  
Inanc Karakoyun ◽  
Banu Isbilen Basok ◽  
Merve Zeytinli Aksit ◽  
Esma Celik ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Correct Answer ◽  
Health Professionals ◽  
Error Rates ◽  
Health Practice ◽  
Sample Collection ◽  
Nursing Science ◽  
Preanalytical Phase ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Patient Preparation ◽  
And Training

SummaryBackground:The most common sources of error in the preanalytical phase are considered to be at the stage of patient preparation and sample collection. In order to reduce the preanalytical errors, we aimed to determine the level of phlebotomists knowledge about the preanalytic phase before and after planned trainings in the study.Methods:Training about preanalytical processes was given to the 454 health professionals and the majority of them were employed as nurse. Questionnaires before and after training were conducted. In order to assess the effect of the training into the process, preanalytical error rates were calculated before and after training.Results:The total correct answer rates of vocational school of health diplomaed were statistically lower than the total correct answer rates of other. It was observed significantly increase in the rate of correct answers to questionnaire and significantly decrease in preanalytical error rates after training.Conclusions:The results of the survey showed that the attitudes of the phlebotomists were diverse in the preanalytical processes according to the levels of education and their practices. By providing training to all staff on a regular basis, their information about preanalytical phase could be updated and hence, it may possible to significantly reduce the preanalytical errors in health practice and nursing science.

scholarly journals Association between Crash Attributes and Drivers’ Crash Involvement: A Study Based on Police-Reported Crash Data

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (23) ◽  
pp. 9020
Author(s):  
Guofa Li ◽  
Weijian Lai ◽  
Xingda Qu
Keyword(s):  
Logistic Regression ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Nearest Neighbors ◽  
Older Drivers ◽  
Driving Safety ◽  
Crash Data ◽  
Imbalance Problem ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Crash Types ◽  
Safety Enhancement

Understanding the association between crash attributes and drivers’ crash involvement in different types of crashes can help figure out the causation of crashes. The aim of this study was to examine the involvement in different types of crashes for drivers from different age groups, by using the police-reported crash data from 2014 to 2016 in Shenzhen, China. A synthetic minority oversampling technique (SMOTE) together with edited nearest neighbors (ENN) were used to solve the data imbalance problem caused by the lack of crash records of older drivers. Logistic regression was utilized to estimate the probability of a certain type of crashes, and odds ratios that were calculated based on the logistic regression results were used to quantify the association between crash attributes and drivers’ crash involvement in different types of crashes. Results showed that drivers’ involvement patterns in different crash types were affected by different factors, and the involvement patterns differed among the examined age groups. Knowledge generated from the present study could help improve the development of countermeasures for driving safety enhancement.

scholarly journals Association of Photopic and Mesopic Contrast Sensitivity in older drivers with risk of motor vehicle collision using naturalistic driving data

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Cynthia Owsley ◽  
Thomas Swain ◽  
Rong Liu ◽  
Gerald McGwin ◽  
Mi Young Kwon
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Contrast Sensitivity ◽  
Motor Vehicle ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Time Of Day ◽  
Motor Vehicle Crash ◽  
Older Drivers ◽  
Crash Risk ◽  
Sensitivity Testing ◽  
Naturalistic Driving

Abstract Background Older drivers have a crash rate nearly equal to that of young drivers whose crash rate is the highest among all age groups. Contrast sensitivity impairment is common in older adults. The purpose of this study is to examine whether parameters from the photopic and mesopic contrast sensitivity functions (CSF) are associated with incident motor vehicle crash involvement by older drivers. Methods This study utilized data from older drivers (ages ≥60 years) who participated in the Strategic Highway Research Program Naturalistic Driving Study, a prospective, population-based study. At baseline participants underwent photopic and mesopic contrast sensitivity testing for targets from 1.5–18 cycles per degree. Model fitting generated area under the log CSF (AULCSF) and peak log sensitivity. Participant vehicles were instrumented with sensors that captured continuous driving data when the vehicle was operating (accelerometers, global positioning system, forward radar, 4-channel video). They participated for 1–2 years. Crashes were coded from the video and other data streams by trained analysts. Results The photopic analysis was based on 844 drivers, and the mesopic on 854 drivers. Photopic AULCSF and peak log contrast sensitivity were not associated with crash rate, whether defined as all crashes or at-fault crashes only (all p > 0.05). Mesopic AULCSF and peak log sensitivity were associated with an increased crash rate when considered for all crashes (rate ratio (RR): 1.36, 95% CI: 1.06–1.72; RR: 1.28, 95% CI: 1.01–1.63, respectively) and at-fault crashes only (RR: 1.50, 95% CI: 1.16–1.93; RR: 1.38, 95% CI: 1.07–1.78, respectively). Conclusions Results suggest that photopic contrast sensitivity testing may not help us understand future crash risk at the older-driver population level. Results highlight a previously unappreciated association between older adults’ mesopic contrast sensitivity deficits and crash involvement regardless of the time of day. Given the wide variability of light levels encountered in both day and night driving, mesopic vision tests, with their reliance on both cone and rod vision, may be a more comprehensive assessment of the visual system’s ability to process the roadway environment.

scholarly journals Older Drivers’ Differential Performance across Hazardous Scenarios

2019 ◽  
Vol 63 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-31
Author(s):  
Jonathan Kasko ◽  
HeeSun Choi ◽  
Jing Feng
Keyword(s):  
Interface Design ◽  
Individual Performance ◽  
Older Drivers ◽  
Group Differences ◽  
Attentional Processing ◽  
Left Turn ◽  
Older Driver ◽  
Differential Performance ◽  
Driver Performance ◽  
Age Related

With age-related changes in cognitive functioning including attention, older drivers experience increased crash risks and are particularly overrepresented in vehicle crashes in driving situations such as making a left turn and merging with traffic. Effective remedies via assessment, training, and interface design require understanding of individual performance in specific scenarios. In this study, we investigated older driver performance characteristics in eight distinct hazard scenarios. Participants completed a task measuring their attentional processing of information and decision at intersections. The findings revealed sizable heteroge-neity in performance across scenarios, with older drivers being more conservative or liberal in certain situa-tions. Some group differences were also observed. These findings suggest the importance of examining individual performance in unique driving scenarios in addition to an aggregated accuracy across all scenar-ios.

Age and Driver Time Requirements at Intersections

1994 ◽  
Vol 38 (14) ◽  
pp. 842-846 ◽  
Author(s):  
Neil Lerner
Keyword(s):  
Age Groups ◽  
Older Drivers ◽  
Forward Movement ◽  
Highway Design ◽  
Sight Distance ◽  
Stop Sign ◽  
Objective Evidence ◽  
Time Requirements ◽  
Computer Controlled ◽  
Older Subjects

Current highway design models for required sight distance at stop-sign controlled intersections assume that the perception-reaction time (PRT) required is 2.0 seconds. That is, a 2.0 second interval to perceive, evaluate, decide, and initiate a response, is adequate to cover the range of time it takes real drivers to do this. This experiment evaluated the adequacy of the 2.0 second PRT assumption, including specific consideration of older drivers, who are known to experience relatively greater difficulty at intersections. Subjects in three age groups (20–40; 65–69; and 70+ years old) drove their own vehicles (fitted with a computer-controlled video-based data collection system) over a route that included 14 stop-controlled intersections. At each stop sign, they were required to make ratings of “road quality;” this broke visual search, and provided an opportunity for the experimenter to precisely define the initiation of search and the initiation of forward movement (thus defining PRT). The 2.0 second PRT assumption was found to work reasonably well for all age groups, and corresponded to roughly the 85th percentile PRT for all subjects. PRTs for older subjects were slightly (but significantly) briefer than for younger drivers. Reasons for not observing a slowing of intersection PRT with advancing age are discussed. The findings are also compared to gap acceptance data from another experiment. Even though the present experiment did not find objective evidence of older drivers requiring longer decision times, older subjects nonetheless demanded longer gaps in traffic in order to judge it safe to enter traffic.

scholarly journals The Relationship between in-Vehicle Technologies and Self-Regulation among Older Drivers

Geriatrics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 23
Author(s):  
Austin M. Svancara ◽  
Leon Villavicencio ◽  
Tara Kelley-Baker ◽  
William J. Horrey ◽  
Lisa J. Molnar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mobile Phone ◽  
Self Regulation ◽  
Older Drivers ◽  
Left Turn ◽  
Driving Behaviors ◽  
Regulatory Behavior ◽  
Vehicle Technologies ◽  
Bad Weather ◽  
Reported Data ◽  
The Relationship

The study sought to understand the relationship between in-vehicle technologies (IVTs) and self-regulatory behaviors among older drivers. In a large multi-site study of 2990 older drivers, self-reported data on the presence of IVTs and avoidance of various driving behaviors (talking on a mobile phone while driving, driving at night, driving in bad weather, and making left turns when there is no left turn arrow) were recorded. Self-reports were used to identify whether avoidance was due to self-regulation. Hierarchical logistic regressions were used to determine whether the presence of a particular IVT predicted the likelihood of a given self-regulatory behavior after controlling for other factors. Results suggest that the presence of Integrated Bluetooth/Voice Control systems are related to a reduced likelihood of avoiding talking on a mobile phone while driving due to self-regulation (OR = 0.37, 95% CI = 0.29–0.47). The presence of a Navigation Assistance system was related to a reduced likelihood of avoiding talking on a mobile phone while driving (OR= 0.65, 95% CI = 0.50–0.84) and avoiding driving at night due to self-regulation (OR = 0.80, 95% CI = 0.64–1.00). Present findings suggest in-vehicle technologies may differently influence the self-regulatory behaviors of older drivers.

scholarly journals USEFUL FIELD OF VIEW AND DRIVING SIMULATION ACROSS TWO AGE GROUPS

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S968-S969
Author(s):  
Rebecca A Dunterman ◽  
Robert C Intrieri ◽  
Marisa Guernsey
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Digit Span ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Community Dwelling ◽  
Older Drivers ◽  
Field Of View ◽  
Driving Simulation ◽  
Risk Scores ◽  
Useful Field Of View

Abstract The Insurance Information Institute (2017) reports that drivers aged 65 and older have the second highest rate of fatal car crashes. Research with the useful field of view (UFOV) assessment has predicted crashes in older drivers (Ball, 2006). “UFOV is defined as the area from which an individual can extract information quickly without head or eye movement” (Posit Science, 2019). Research demonstrates that older drivers are limited by poorer vision, divided attention and the inability to ignore distractions, and slower reaction time to critical stimuli (Owsley et al. 1998). As a result UFOV is an effective variable in assessing driver safety. We hypothesized that older compared to younger drivers would be less likely to inhibit attention to task irrelevant visual stimuli while engaged in a simulated driving task. Participants were community dwelling older adults and students recruited from a research pool and through word of mouth. Participants completed a series of demographic and health questions, Snellen visual acuity test a series of cognitive measures (e. g., Trails 1 and 2, digit symbol, digit span) and the UFOV assessment. Participants completed a driving simulation task while information on driving performance: number of collisions, speed limit deviations, turn signal use, time spent tailgating another vehicle, and braking reaction times. ANOVA demonstrated that as hypothesized, younger participants had significantly lower UFOV risk scores (p = .000). Older adults’ (M = 2.15, SD = .945) and younger adults’ (M = 1, SD = 0).

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