Cracking of a Weld That Joined the Head to the Shell of a Steam Preheater Because of Poor Root Penetration

2019 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Root Penetration

scholarly journals Carbon Stock of Seagrass Community in Barranglompo Island, Makassar (Stok Karbon pada Komunitas Lamun di Pulau Barranglompo, Makassar)

2014 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
Supriadi Supriadi ◽  
Richardus F Kaswadji ◽  
Dietrich G Bengen ◽  
Malikusworo Hutomo
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Stock ◽  
Carbon Stocks ◽  
Blue Carbon ◽  
Total Carbon ◽  
Root Penetration ◽  
Enhalus Acoroides ◽  
Seagrass Community ◽  
Seagrass Biomass ◽  
Depth Relationship ◽  
Seagrass Density

Konsep blue carbon yang diperkenalkan oleh UNEP, FAO dan UNESCO pada tahun 2009 memasukkan padang lamun sebagai salah satu ekosistem yang mempunyai peran dalam penyerapan karbon global. Karbon yang diserap disimpan dan dialirkan dalam beberapa kompartemen, antara lain di sedimen, herbivora, kolom air, ekosistem lain dan dalam bentuk biomassa. Penelitian dilakukan di Pulau Barranglompo, Makassar, untuk melihat potensi stok karbon yang tersimpan dalam biomassa lamun. Kepadatan lamun diukur dengan melakukan sampling menggunakan metode transek kuadrat dengan ukuran 50cm x 50cm. Sedangkan untuk biomassa dilakukan dengan transek 20cm x 20cm. Hubungan antara kepadatan, biomassa dan kandungan karbon dari lamun digunakan untuk menentukan jumlah stok karbon. Kepadatan lamun disurvei pada 236 titik, sedangkan untuk pengambilan sampel biomassa dilakukan pada 30 titik. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa komunitas lamun mempunyai total stok karbon sebesar 73,86 ton dari total luas padang lamun 64,3 ha. Karbon di bawah substrat sebesar 56,55 ton (76,3%), lebih tinggi dibanding karbon di atas substrat yang hanya 17,57 ton (23,7%). Jenis lamun Enhalus acoroides menyumbang lebih dari 70% terhadap total stok karbon. Berdasarkan kelas karbon, kontribusi terbesar ditemukan pada kelas 100-200 gC.m-2 sebesar 29,41 ton (39,7%). Hasil ini menunjukkan bahwa ekosistem lamun berperan sangat penting dalam menjaga stok karbon di laut sehingga perlu mendapatkan perhatian untuk konservasinya. Kata kunci: konsep blue karbon, lamun, Barranglompo   Blue carbon concept as introduced by UNEP, FAO and UNESCO in 2009 included seagrass beds as one ecosystem having a significant role in global carbon absorption. Absorbed carbon was stored and distributed in various compartments such as in sediments, herbivores, water column, other ecosystems and in form of biomass. The research was conducted in Barranglompo Island, Makassar City to analyze the potency of carbon stock that stored within seagrass biomass. Seagrass density was sampled using quadrat transect method with size of 50cm x 50cm. While for biomass was done by harvesting seagrass at transect of 20cm x 20cm in root penetration depth. Relationship between density, biomass and carbon content of seagrass were used to determine total carbon stock. Seagrass density was surveyed at 236 points, while for biomass sampling was conducted in 30 points. The results showed that seagrass community had total carbon stocks as much as 73.86 tonnes from overall 64.3 ha of seagrass bed areas.  Below ground carbon had 56.55 tonnes (76.3%), higher compared to that aboveground which only 17.57 tonnes (23.7%). Seagrass species Enhalus acoroides contributed more than 70% to the total carbon stocks, whereas, based on the carbon classes, the highest contribution was found at class 100-200 gC.m-2 i.e. 29.41 tonnes (39.7%). These results suggest that seagrass ecosystem plays an important role in maintaining the carbon stock in the ocean and should receive good attention for its conservation. Keywords: blue carbon concept, seagrass, Barranglompo

scholarly journals Specific Difference in Root Penetration into the Compacted Soil Cakes in Crop Plants.

1998 ◽  
Vol 67 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-69 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shigemi TANAKAMARU ◽  
Shinichi HAYASHIDA ◽  
Toshihiro MOCHIZUKI ◽  
Tadahiko FURUYA
Keyword(s):  
Crop Plants ◽  
Root Penetration ◽  
Specific Difference ◽  
Compacted Soil

Genetic Variation in the Effects of Root Impedance on Growth and Transpiration Rates of Wheat and Barley

1992 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 109 ◽  
Author(s):  
J Masle
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Relative Growth Rate ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Net Assimilation Rate ◽  
Root Penetration ◽  
Lower Sensitivity ◽  
Soil Resistance ◽  
Assimilation Rate ◽  
Relative Growth ◽  
Net Assimilation

Genotypes of wheat and barley, including modern and landrace lines, were compared in their response to soil resistance to root penetration during the early vegetative phase (up to 5 leaf stage). All genotypes exhibited reduced growth and transpiration rates at high soil resistance, but there was large variation in the magnitude and time course of these effects and in the mechanisms underlying the growth reduction (changes in net assimilation rate, carbon partitioning within the plant, relative effects of leaf primordia development, versus growth of expanding leaves). Similar wide ranges of responses were observed among landrace and modern wheats. In both wheat and barley, the genotypes with lower sensitivity to soil resistance, in terms of relative growth rate, were those with the slowest net assimilation rate and root growth rate at low soil resistance, and those for which carbon allocation to the impeded roots, relative to the shoot, was significantly increased, to the extent that root relative growth rate even became greater (in terms of mass, not of length) than on loose soil. For a number of genotypes, growth was slowed down throughout the experiment whereas for others it was reduced only during the first few days following germination. In contrast, transpiration rate was at all stages lower at high than at low soil resistance. This indicates that the effects of soil resistance to root penetration on stomatal conductance involve different controls - or different sensitivities to a common signal - from those operating on cell division and expansion.

scholarly journals Detection of Oil Palm Root Penetration by Agrobacterium-Mediated Transformed Ganoderma boninense, Expressing Green Fluorescent Protein

2017 ◽  
Vol 107 (4) ◽  
pp. 483-490 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nisha Govender ◽  
Mui-Yun Wong
Keyword(s):  
Oil Palm ◽  
Fluorescent Protein ◽  
Fusion Gene ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Marker Gene ◽  
Induction Medium ◽  
Root Penetration ◽  
Ganoderma Boninense ◽  
Agrobacterium Strain ◽  
Green Fluorescent

A highly efficient and reproducible Agrobacterium-mediated transformation protocol for Ganoderma boninense was developed to facilitate observation of the early stage infection of basal stem rot (BSR). The method was proven amenable to different explants (basidiospore, protoplast, and mycelium) of G. boninense. The transformation efficiency was highest (62%) under a treatment combination of protoplast explant and Agrobacterium strain LBA4404, with successful expression of an hyg marker gene and gus-gfp fusion gene under the control of heterologous p416 glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase promoter. Optimal transformation conditions included a 1:100 Agrobacterium/explant ratio, induction of Agrobacterium virulence genes in the presence of 250 μm acetosyringone, co-cultivation at 22°C for 2 days on nitrocellulose membrane overlaid on an induction medium, and regeneration of transformants on potato glucose agar prepared with 0.6 M sucrose and 20 mM phosphate buffer. Evaluated transformants were able to infect root tissues of oil palm plantlets with needle-like microhyphae during the penetration event. The availability of this model pathogen system for BSR may lead to a better understanding of the pathogenicity factors associated with G. boninense penetration into oil palm roots.

Nature of Soils and Soil Development

2007 ◽  
Author(s):  
Earl B. Alexander ◽  
Roger G. Coleman ◽  
Todd Keeler-Wolfe ◽  
Susan P. Harrison
Keyword(s):  
Lower Limit ◽  
Total Mass ◽  
Ground Surface ◽  
Root Penetration ◽  
Unconsolidated Material ◽  
Below Ground ◽  
Porous Soil ◽  
Living Organisms ◽  
Bacteria And Fungi ◽  
The Many

We walk on soils frequently, but we seldom observe them. Soils are massive, even though they are porous. Soil 1m (40 inches) deep over an area of 1 hectare (2.5 acres) might weigh 10,000–15,000 metric tons. It is teeming with life. There are trillions, or quadrillions, of living organisms (mostly microorganisms), representing thousands of species, in each square meter of soil (Metting 1993). In fact, species diversity, or number of species, may be greater below ground than above ground. We seldom see these organisms because we seldom look below ground or dig into it. The many worms and insects one finds digging in a garden are a small fraction of the species in soils because the greatest diversity of soil-dwelling species exists among microscopic insects, mites, roundworms (or nematodes), and fungi. Even though individual organisms in soils are mostly very small or microscopic, the total mass of living organisms in a hectare of soil, excluding plant roots, may be 1–5 or 10 metric tons. More than one-half of that biomass is bacteria and fungi. Living microorganism biomass generally accounts for about 1%–5% of the organic carbon and about 2%–6% of the nitrogen in soils (Lavelle and Spain 2001). The upper limit of soil is the ground surface of the earth. The lower limit is bedrock for engineers, or the depth of root penetration for edaphologists. Unconsolidated material that engineers call soil can be called “regolith” (Merrill 1897, Jackson 1997) to distinguish it from the soil of pedologists and edaphologists. Regolith may consist of disintegrated bedrock, gravel, sand, clay, or other materials that have not been consolidated to form rock. Pedologists investigate the upper part of regolith, where changes are effected by exchanges of gases between soil and aboveground atmosphere and by biological activity. This soil of pedologists may coincide with that of edaphologists or include more regolith. In fact, the lower limit of soil that pedologists investigate is arbitrary, unless this limit is a contact with bedrock that is practically impenetrable with pick and shovel.

scholarly journals Effect of subsoiling on tillers, root density and nitrogen use efficiency of winter wheat in loessal soil

2019 ◽  
Vol 65 (No. 9) ◽  
pp. 456-462
Author(s):  
Guohua Lv ◽  
Wei Han ◽  
Hanbo Wang ◽  
Wenbo Bai ◽  
Jiqing Song
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Nitrogen Use Efficiency ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Root Penetration ◽  
Deep Soil ◽  
Humid Climate ◽  
Nitrogen Use ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Plough Pan

A 2-year field experiment was carried out in loessal soil in a semi-humid climate to research winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) growth and nitrogen use efficiency. The result showed that subsoiling increased root penetration and promoted deep soil water absorption, which resulted in high resilience to the adverse dry climate. Soil NO<sub>3</sub><sup>–</sup>-N residue throughout the profile was decreased but increased in rotary tillage. Grain yield was significantly increased by 21.9% and 11.3% in 2016 and 2017, respectively, mainly due to the significantly larger spikes per hectare and grains per spike. Nitrogen use efficiency was significantly improved by 26.7% in 2016 and 13.8% in 2017. For loessal soil in semi-humid climate, breaking the plough pan was necessary, and it was useful for the increase of grain yield and nitrogen use efficiency.

scholarly journals Effect of Biochar Application Depth on Crop Productivity Under Tropical Rainfed Conditions

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (13) ◽  
pp. 2602 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juana P. Moiwo ◽  
Alusine Wahab ◽  
Emmanuel Kangoma ◽  
Mohamed M. Blango ◽  
Mohamed P. Ngegba ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Upland Rice ◽  
Tropical Soils ◽  
Rice Cultivar ◽  
Crop Productivity ◽  
Mineral Fertilizers ◽  
Root Penetration ◽  
Food Ration ◽  
Sustainable Food ◽  
Rainfed Conditions ◽  
Application Depth

Although inherently fertile, tropical soils rapidly degrade soon after cultivation. The period of time for which crops, mulch, compost, and manure provide nutrients and maintain mineral fertilizers in the soil is relatively short. Biochar, on the other hand, has the potential to maintain soil fertility and sequester carbon for hundreds or even thousands of years. This study determined the effect of biochar application depth on the productivity of NERICA-4 upland rice cultivar under tropical rainfed conditions. A fixed biochar–soil ratio of 1:20 (5% biochar) was applied in three depths—10 cm (TA), 20 cm (TB), and 30 cm (TC) with a non-biochar treatment (CK) as the control. The study showed that while crop productivity increased, root penetration depth decreased with increasing biochar application depth. Soil moisture was highest under TA (probably due to water logging in sunken-bed plots that formed after treatment) and lowest under TC (due to runoff over the raised-bed plots that formed too). Grain yield for the biochar treatments was 391.01–570.45 kg/ha (average of 480.21 kg/ha), with the potential to reach 576.47–780.57 kg/ha (average of 695.73 kg/ha) if contingent field conditions including pest damage and runoff can be prevented. By quantifying the effect of externalities on the field experiment, the study showed that biochar can enhance crop productivity. This was good for sustainable food production and for taking hungry Africa off the donor-driven food ration the nation barely survives on.

scholarly journals Genotypic variations in the plasticity of nodal root penetration through the hardpan during soil moisture fluctuations among four rice varieties

2018 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 93-105 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dinh Thi Ngoc Nguyen ◽  
Roel Rodriguez Suralta ◽  
Mana Kano-Nakata ◽  
Shiro Mitsuya ◽  
Stella Owusu-Nketia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Root Penetration ◽  
Rice Varieties ◽  
Nodal Root
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