Effect of Alcohols on the cmc and Micelle Ionization Degree of Alkanediyl-α,ω-bis(Dimethyldodecylammonium Bromide) Surfactants

2005 ◽  
Vol 42 (3) ◽  
pp. 175-179 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Benrraou ◽  
R. Zana
Keyword(s):  
Ionization Degree ◽  
Micelle Ionization Degree

Influence of Inlet Ionization Degree on Performance of Seed-free MHD Generator

2018 ◽  
Vol 138 (3) ◽  
pp. 236-241 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mio Tsuruoka ◽  
Manabu Tanaka ◽  
Yoshihiro Okuno
Keyword(s):  
Ionization Degree ◽  
Mhd Generator ◽  
Inlet Ionization

scholarly journals Ionization degree for strong evaporation of metals

2005 ◽  
Vol 12 (8) ◽  
pp. 083503 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrey V. Gusarov ◽  
Kazuo Aoki
Keyword(s):  
Ionization Degree ◽  
Strong Evaporation

scholarly journals Thermodynamic of Liquid Iron Ore Reduction by Hydrogen Thermal Plasma

Metals ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (12) ◽  
pp. 1051 ◽  
Author(s):  
Masab Naseri Seftejani ◽  
Johannes Schenk
Keyword(s):  
Iron Oxide ◽  
Liquid Iron ◽  
Thermal Plasma ◽  
Iron Ore ◽  
Hydrogen Plasma ◽  
Reduction Rate ◽  
Plasma Arc ◽  
Ionization Degree ◽  
Reduction Reactions ◽  
Plasma State

The production of iron using hydrogen as a reducing agent is an alternative to conventional iron- and steel-making processes, with an associated decrease in CO2 emissions. Hydrogen plasma smelting reduction (HPSR) of iron ore is the process of using hydrogen in a plasma state to reduce iron oxides. A hydrogen plasma arc is generated between a hollow graphite electrode and liquid iron oxide. In the present study, the thermodynamics of hydrogen thermal plasma and the reduction of iron oxide using hydrogen at plasma temperatures were studied. Thermodynamics calculations show that hydrogen at high temperatures is atomized, ionized, or excited. The Gibbs free energy changes of iron oxide reductions indicate that activated hydrogen particles are stronger reducing agents than molecular hydrogen. Temperature is the main influencing parameter on the atomization and ionization degree of hydrogen particles. Therefore, to increase the hydrogen ionization degree and, consequently, increase of the reduction rate of iron ore particles, the reduction reactions should take place in the plasma arc zone due to the high temperature of the plasma arc in HPSR. Moreover, the solubility of hydrogen in slag and molten metal are studied and the sequence of hematite reduction reactions is presented.

scholarly journals Effect of constant collision mean free time on the boundary layer of the active collisional warm plasma

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mansour Khoram ◽  
S. Farhad Masoudi
Keyword(s):  
Boundary Layer ◽  
Electrical Potential ◽  
Plasma Boundary ◽  
Plasma Pressure ◽  
Ion Temperature ◽  
Ionization Degree ◽  
Solution Approach ◽  
Warm Plasma ◽  
Full Solution ◽  
Model Equations

AbstractThe plasma boundary layer is analyzed for a plasma in contact with a conducting plain surface where the ion temperature is comparable with the electron temperature and the plasma pressure is sufficiently high. The variations of electrical potential from the plasma-presheath boundary to the wall is studied using the fluidal formalism of plasma in three approaches; plasma and sheath asymptotic solutions and full solution. In the full solution approach, fluidal equations lead to a singularity when the ion velocity reaches the ion thermal speed. It is shown that removing the singularity causes a well-defined eigenvalue problem and leads to smooth solutions for the model equations. Some of the applicable aspects such as the floating velocity and density of ions, the floating electrical potential and an estimation of the floating thickness of the boundary layer are obtained. The dependency of these quantities on the ionization degree, the ion temperature and ion-neutral collision is examined too.

scholarly journals Influence of NOM on the Stability of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles in Ecotoxicity Tests

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (18) ◽  
pp. 6431
Author(s):  
Byoung-cheun Lee ◽  
Gilsang Hong ◽  
Hyejin Lee ◽  
Pyeongsoon Kim ◽  
Do-Yeon Seo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Zinc Oxide ◽  
Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles ◽  
Aquatic Organisms ◽  
Test Method ◽  
Oxide Nanoparticles ◽  
Zno Nps ◽  
Ionization Degree ◽  
Toxicological Effect ◽  
Ecotoxicity Tests ◽  
Repulsive Forces

Nanomaterials are known to aggregate in the presence of ions. Similarly, the aggregation of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) exposed to various ions such as sodium chloride and calcium chloride in water systems increases with the ionic strength. Therefore, for accurate toxicity studies, it is necessary to conduct a test using natural organic matters (NOMs) as additional dispersants that strengthen stability with increased repulsive forces. The three types of ecotoxicity tests based on the dispersion stability test using NOM showed that the toxicities of the three test samples decreased in the presence of NOM. To determine how NOM improved dispersion and reduced toxicities, we analyzed the ionization degree of ZnO NPs with and without NOM and found that the solubility was below 2 mg/L with a negligible change over time, implying that the ionization effect was low. The absolute value of the surface charge of particles increased in the presence of NOM, resulting in increased repulsive electrostatic forces and steric hindrance, causing less aggregation and more dispersion. Additionally, although the NOM used in the test is considered an effective dispersant that does not have a toxicological effect on aquatic organisms, the presence of NOM resulted in reduced toxicities and should be further investigated to establish it as a standard test method.

scholarly journals Dissolution rate of ciprofloxacin and its cocrystal with resorcinol

ADMET & DMPK ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 61 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clara Ràfols ◽  
Hanan Fael ◽  
Elisabet Fuguet ◽  
Breeze Outhwaite ◽  
Samuel Lee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dissolution Rate ◽  
Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients ◽  
Ionization Degree ◽  
Pharmaceutical Ingredients ◽  
Ph Values ◽  
Fluoroquinolone Antibiotic

<p class="PaperKeywordTitle">The synthesis of cocrystals is presented as an alternative to improve the properties of active pharmaceutical ingredients, especially those related to solubility and dissolution rate. In this work the dissolution rate of ciprofloxacin, a zwitterionic fluoroquinolone antibiotic, has been compared to its cocrystal with resorcinol. To this end, dissolution rate has been determined at several biorelevant pH values, and also in two simulated gastrointestinal fluids (FeSSIF and FaSSIF). Results show that both, ciprofloxacin and the cocrystal, dissolve more slowly as pH increases (from 2.0 to 7.4), as ionization degree of ciprofloxacin decreases. In addition, dissolution is not enhanced by the components of the gastrointestinal fluids.</p>

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