scholarly journals Assessing the risks posed by SARS-CoV-2 in and via North American bats—Decision framing and rapid risk assessment

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael C. Runge ◽  
Evan H. Campbell Grant ◽  
Jeremy T. H. Coleman ◽  
Jonathan D. Reichard ◽  
Samantha E. J. Gibbs ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
North American ◽  
Decision Framing

Ecological risk assessment of atrazine in North American surface waters

2012 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 10-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keith R. Solomon ◽  
John P. Giesy ◽  
Thomas W. LaPoint ◽  
Jeffrey M. Giddings ◽  
R. Peter Richards
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Ecological Risk ◽  
Ecological Risk Assessment ◽  
Surface Waters ◽  
North American

scholarly journals Evaluating the risk of SARS-CoV-2 transmission to bats using a decision analytical framework

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan D Cook ◽  
Evan H. Cambell Grant ◽  
Jeremy T. H. Coleman ◽  
Jonathan M. Sleeman ◽  
Michael C. Runge
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Decision Analysis ◽  
Natural Resource ◽  
North American ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Scientific Information ◽  
Expert Judgment ◽  
Analytical Framework ◽  
Median Number ◽  
Myotis Lucifugus

Preventing wildlife disease outbreaks is a priority issue for natural resource agencies, and management decisions can be urgent, especially in epidemic circumstances. With the emergence of SARS-CoV-2, wildlife agencies were concerned whether the activities they authorize might increase the risk of viral transmission from humans to North American bats but had a limited amount of time in which to make decisions. We provide a description of how decision analysis provides a powerful framework to analyze and re-analyze complex natural resource management problems as knowledge evolves. Coupled with expert judgment and avenues for the rapid release of information, risk assessment can provide timely scientific information for evolving decisions. In April 2020, the first rapid risk assessment was conducted to evaluate the risk of transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from humans to North American bats. Based on the best available information, and relying heavily on formal expert judgment, the risk assessment found a small possibility of transmission during summer work activities. Following that assessment, additional knowledge and data emerged, such as bat viral challenge studies, that further elucidated the risks of human-to-bat transmission and culminated in a second risk assessment in the fall of 2020. We update the first SARS-CoV-2 risk assessment with new estimates of little brown bat (Myotis lucifugus) susceptibility and new management alternatives, using findings from the prior two risk assessments and other empirical studies. We highlight the strengths of decision analysis and expert judgment not only to frame decisions and produce useful science in a timely manner, but also to serve as a framework to reassess risk as understanding improves. For SARS-CoV-2 risk, new knowledge led to an 88% decrease in the median number of bats estimated to be infected per 1000 encountered when compared to earlier results. The use of facemasks during, or a negative COVID-19 test prior to, bat encounters further reduced those risks. Using a combination of decision analysis, expert judgment, rapid risk assessment, and efficient modes of information distribution, we provide timely science support to decision makers for summer bat work in North America.

Pre-invasion assessment of exotic bark beetle-vectored fungi to detect tree-killing pathogens

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
You Li ◽  
Craig Bateman ◽  
James Skelton ◽  
Bo Wang ◽  
Adam Black ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
North American ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
Test Dataset ◽  
Continental Scale ◽  
Empirical Risk ◽  
Invasive Organisms ◽  
Bark And Ambrosia Beetles ◽  
Exotic Pathogens ◽  
Imminent Threat

Exotic diseases and pests of trees have caused continental-scale disturbances in forest ecosystems and industries, and their invasions are considered largely unpredictable. We tested the concept of pre-invasion assessment of not-yet invasive organisms, which enables empirical risk assessment of potential invasion and impact. Our example assesses fungi associated with Old World bark and ambrosia beetles and their potential to impact North American trees. We selected 55 Asian and European scolytine beetle species using host-use, economic, and regulatory criteria. We isolated 111 of their most consistent fungal associates and tested their effect on four important Southeastern American pine and oak species. Our test dataset found no highly virulent pathogens that should be classified as an imminent threat. Twenty-two fungal species were minor pathogens, which may require context-dependent response for their vectors at North American borders, while most of the tested fungi displayed no significant impact. Our results are significant in three ways: they ease the concerns over multiple overseas pests suspected of heightened potential risk; they provide basis for focus on the prevention of introduction and establishment of species that may be of consequence; and they demonstrate that pre-invasion assessment, if scaled up, can support practical risk assessment of exotic pathogens.

scholarly journals Ecological risk assessment of atrazine in North American surface waters

1996 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-76 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keith R. Solomon ◽  
David B. Baker ◽  
R. Peter Richards ◽  
Kenneth R. Dixon ◽  
Stephen J. Klaine ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Ecological Risk ◽  
Ecological Risk Assessment ◽  
Surface Waters ◽  
North American

A risk assessment of selected phthalate esters in North American and Western European surface waters

Chemosphere ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 40 (8) ◽  
pp. 885-891 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles A Staples ◽  
Thomas F Parkerton ◽  
Dennis R Peterson
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Surface Waters ◽  
North American ◽  
Phthalate Esters ◽  
Western European

scholarly journals Teste tuberculínico na estimativa da prevalência de infecção por Mycobacterium tuberculosis em populações indígenas do continente americano: uma revisão da literatura

2006 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 245-254 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paulo Cesar Basta ◽  
Luiz Antonio Bastos Camacho
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Mycobacterium Tuberculosis ◽  
Tuberculin Skin Test ◽  
Skin Test ◽  
American Indians ◽  
North American ◽  
Bcg Vaccine ◽  
South American ◽  
North American Indians ◽  
South American Indians

Realizou-se revisão sistemática da literatura sobre trabalhos que utilizaram PPD para estimar a prevalência e o risco de infecção tuberculosa entre os povos indígenas do continente americano. Foram consultadas as bases de dados MEDLINE e LILACS, utilizando-se a combinação dos seguintes descritores: "tuberculosis", "south american indians", "north american indians", "tuberculin skin test", "PPD", "risk assessment" e "BCG vaccine", para o período de 1974/2004. Foram incluídos estudos longitudinais e seccionais que consideraram como desfecho a prevalência de infecção por M. tuberculosis definida por reações > 5mm e > 10mm. Foi possível localizar 54 artigos, dos quais 16 foram incluídos nesta revisão. Com base nos artigos selecionados, foram contabilizadas 13.186 pessoas, sendo 50% menores de 15 anos. A prevalência oscilou de 0 a 93,4% e o risco de infecção de 0 a 35,4%. A análise da heterogeneidade nas condições ambientais e nos métodos utilizados para estimar a infecção entre os estudos revisados demonstrou que o teste tuberculínico foi oportuno em decisões clínicas (p.ex., início da quimioprofilaxia), e que os inquéritos tuberculínicos são úteis para avaliar as medidas de controle da tuberculose entre os povos indígenas.

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