Preliminary integrated geologic map databases for the United States : Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Mississippi, North Carolina, and South Carolina

First Report of Tobacco ringspot virus in Blackberry (Rubus sp.) in Alabama

Plant Disease ◽

10.1094/pdis-92-12-1708c ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 92 (12) ◽

pp. 1708-1708 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

E. Coneva ◽

J. F. Murphy ◽

R. Boozer ◽

N. Velásquez

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

North Carolina ◽

South Carolina ◽

Virus Infection ◽

The United States ◽

Negative Control ◽

Ringspot Virus ◽

First Report ◽

Tobacco Ringspot Virus ◽

Control Samples

In 2006, primocane stunted growth and crumbly berry development were observed on 4-year-old Kiowa and Apache blackberry cultivars grown at the Chilton Research and Extension Center, Clanton, AL. Samples from affected plants were tested for virus infection by ELISA kits (Agdia, Inc., Elkhart, IN) specific to each of 14 different viruses. Most samples tested positive for Tobacco ringspot virus (TRSV). TRSV was detected in blackberry samples from North Carolina and South Carolina (2). Bray et al. (1) studied the incidence of viruses in blackberry nursery stock in the United States and reported that 9% of the tested samples contained TRSV. Thus, a survey was conducted for TRSV incidence among commercial blackberry stands in eight counties in Alabama during July 2007. Blackberry plants were observed to express virus-like symptoms including chlorotic spots on leaves, leaf veinal chlorosis, stunting, and combinations thereof. Fruit-bearing plants sometimes had crumbly fruit symptoms characteristic of virus infection. Leaf samples that were collected from symptomatic and nonsymptomatic plants representing 14 cultivars were tested by TRSV ELISA (Agdia, Inc.). Of 180 blackberry samples, 68 tested positive for TRSV. Positive ELISA reactions for TRSV were on average 28 times greater than the reactions of known negative control samples considered negative for TRSV. Blackberry plants shown to be infected with TRSV during the 2007 survey were tested in July 2008 in an effort to confirm the presence of TRSV. Fifty-four percent of the samples tested positive by ELISA with the average positive ELISA value being 21 times higher than the average negative ELISA value for known negative control samples. To further confirm the occurrence of TRSV in Alabama-grown blackberry plants, leaf samples were tested by reverse transcription (RT)-PCR to amplify a 329-bp fragment of the viral coat protein gene (TRSV RNA 2 sequence accession no. NC_005096; primers TRSCP-F (5′-TCTGGCACTATAAGCGGAAG-3′) and TRSCP-R (5′-GAAAACATGGGAGGATGCAC-3′). A single band of the anticipated size was amplified (analyzed by agarose gel electorphoresis and visualized by ethidium bromide staining) from RNA samples extracted with a RNeasy Mini kit (Qiagen, Valencia, CA) from blackberry samples that tested positive for TRSV by ELISA and a known positive control. No amplified product resulted from a blackberry sample that tested negative for TRSV by ELISA. These results illustrate and confirm the presence of TRSV in blackberry leaf tissues grown in Alabama. To our knowledge, this is the first report of TRSV infection of blackberry plants in Alabama. References: (1) M. M. Bray et al. HortScience 40:874, 2005. (2) T. L. Guzmán-Baeny. Incidence, distribution, and symptom description of viruses in cultivated blackberry (Rubus subgenus Eubatus) in the southeastern United States. M.S. thesis, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, 2003.

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Survey for Aflatoxin B1 in Chicken Eggs

Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL ◽

10.1093/jaoac/61.4.995 ◽

1978 ◽

Vol 61 (4) ◽

pp. 995-996

Author(s):

Leonard Stoloff ◽

Mary W Trucksess

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

North Carolina ◽

South Carolina ◽

Aflatoxin B1 ◽

The United States ◽

Egg White ◽

Shell Eggs ◽

Late Fall ◽

Egg Products ◽

Chicken Eggs

Abstract Samples of egg products were obtained during January and July 1977 from 35 establishments located in the southern part of the United States. Of the 112 samples analyzed, aflatoxin B1 was found in 1 sample of liquid egg white at a level of 0.06 ng/g. No aflatoxin was found in 101 samples of shell eggs offered for sale to consumers in Alabama, Georgia, South Carolina, and North Carolina in the late fall of 1977.

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Sensitivity of Isolates of Phytophthora capsici from the Eastern United States to Fluopicolide

Plant Disease ◽

10.1094/pdis-03-11-0242 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 95 (11) ◽

pp. 1414-1419 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

Anthony P. Keinath ◽

Chandrasekar S. Kousik

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

North Carolina ◽

South Carolina ◽

Mycelial Growth ◽

Phytophthora Capsici ◽

The United States ◽

Eastern United States ◽

Baseline Sensitivity ◽

First Report ◽

Zoospore Production

Fluopicolide, a pyridinylmethyl-benzamide fungicide, was registered in the United States in 2008 to control diseases caused by Oomycete pathogens, such as Phytophthora capsici, on cucurbit and solanaceous vegetables. The main objective of this study was to determine baseline sensitivity to fluopicolide in isolates of P. capsici from the southeastern and midwestern United States. A total of 69 isolates from Florida (14 isolates), Georgia (14 isolates), Michigan (24 isolates), North Carolina (3 isolates), and South Carolina (17 isolates) that had not been previously exposed to fluopicolide were grown on fungicide-amended medium to determine sensitivity of mycelia, sporangia, and zoospores to the fungicide. All isolates of P. capsici tested (range of 54 to 69 isolates per assay) were sensitive to fluopicolide in all four assays. The median EC50 fluopicolide concentration was 0.22, 2.08, 0.048, and 0.10 mg/liter in the mycelial growth, zoospore germination, sporangia production, and zoospore production assays, respectively. For mycelial growth and zoospore germination, isolates from Michigan had a higher mean EC50 value than isolates from the four southeastern states. This is the first report of variation in baseline sensitivity to a fungicide by P. capsici isolates from different regions of the United States. In the sporangia production and zoospore production assays, isolates from different states did not differ in sensitivity. Single rates of fluopicolide were tested with additional isolates to validate discriminatory rates for monitoring sensitivity. A concentration of 0.3 or 1.0 mg/liter is recommended for mycelial growth, and 0.1 mg/liter is recommended for sporangia and zoospore production.

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Early Cultural Horizons in the Southeastern United States

American Antiquity ◽

10.2307/276285 ◽

1950 ◽

Vol 15 (4Part1) ◽

pp. 273-288

Author(s):

Carl F. Miller

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

North Carolina ◽

South Carolina ◽

Mississippi River ◽

The United States ◽

Ohio River ◽

Cultural Conditions ◽

Northern Portion ◽

Southern Half ◽

Eastern Half

Since Haag's article “Early Horizons in the Southeast” appeared some time ago, considerable data have accumulated which further delimit the southeastern archaeological area. Instead of covering the area south of the Ohio River and east of the Mississippi River, as noted by Haag, it more nearly approximates that region covered by the eastern half of the state of Tennessee; the southern half of North Carolina; all of Mississippi, Alabama, Georgia, South Carolina, and Florida; and the eastern portion of Louisiana—most of which lie in the Coastal Plain and in the northern portion of the Piedmont section. Climatic as well as physiographic and cultural conditions were determinants of the type and kind of aboriginal sites found in this geographical section of the United States.

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Early Survey Work and the Roots of Geological Education in the Carolinas

Earth Sciences History ◽

10.17704/eshi.4.1.rw7718871p778878 ◽

1985 ◽

Vol 4 (1) ◽

pp. 3-9 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Markes Johnson

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

North Carolina ◽

South Carolina ◽

General Pattern ◽

Field Research ◽

The United States ◽

College Level ◽

Southern States ◽

School Year ◽

The University

Since the birth of the first state geological survey in 1823, all fifty of the United States have funded projects related to geology at one time or another. Most states operate vigorous geological surveys today. The first state-sponsored survey in the United States was conducted in North Carolina from 1823 to 1825 by Denison Olmsted and from 1825 to 1827 by Elisha Mitchell. Both were on the faculty of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. The second state survey was carried out by Lardner Vanuxem in South Carolina from 1824 to 1826. At the same time, Vanuxem was professor of geology at the College of South Carolina in Columbia. These individuals were among the first to teach college-level courses related to geology anywhere in the southern states. Indeed, Vanuxem occupied the first chair in geology to be created at a state school in the United States. Summer involvement with state survey work opened new opportunities for active field research, student associates, and the enrichment of the school-year curriculum. Although the initial Carolina surveys were modest, unsophisticated efforts by comparison with projects only a few years later, the general pattern was clearly set for the close, mutually beneficial association of state survey agencies and universities commonly found today.

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Fungicide Resistance in Botrytis fragariae and Species Prevalence in the Mid-Atlantic United States

Plant Disease ◽

10.1094/pdis-10-17-1615-re ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 102 (5) ◽

pp. 964-969 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Madeline E. Dowling ◽

Meng-Jun Hu ◽

Guido Schnabel

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

North Carolina ◽

South Carolina ◽

Fungicide Resistance ◽

The United States ◽

Gray Mold ◽

Thiophanate Methyl ◽

Entire Collection ◽

Field Samples ◽

Fruit Samples

Botrytis fragariae was recently described causing gray mold of strawberry in Germany and the United States. The goal of the present study was to determine its prevalence, distribution, and sensitivity to fungicides in strawberry fields of five states. In total, 188 Botrytis isolates were obtained from flowers and fruit collected from the states of Maryland (n = 35), Virginia (n = 38), North Carolina (n = 46), South Carolina (n = 41), and Georgia (n = 28). Only 13 of these were fruit samples and came from South Carolina (n = 5) and Georgia (n = 8). B. fragariae made up 35.1% of the entire collection, and composed close to half of the Botrytis population in North Carolina (43.4%), South Carolina (61.0%), and Georgia (42.9%). One isolate of B. mali was also found, and the rest of the isolates were B. cinerea (sensu lato). B. fragariae and B. cinerea were found coexisting in 11 fields, while other field samples consisted of only B. fragariae (n = 3) or only B. cinerea (n = 10) isolates. B. fragariae isolates with resistance to one or more fungicides were found, and resistance profiles differed from those of B. cinerea, in that no resistance to cyprodinil (FRAC 8) or boscalid and other FRAC 7 botryticides was detected. We detected B. fragariae resistance to the active ingredients thiophanate-methyl, iprodione, fludioxonil, and fenhexamid. We also detected B. fragariae isolates with resistance to up to four chemical classes of fungicides, though most isolates were resistant to one or two chemical classes. In conclusion, isolates of the newly detected species B. fragariae were commonly found on strawberry flowers in the Mid-Atlantic United States, and have developed resistance to many of the most commonly used botryticides. Though the relevance of this species to pre- and postharvest fruit infections is unknown, fludioxonil applications may give this species a competitive advantage over B. cinerea. Controlling this fungus with FRAC 7 fungicides may be an effective way of limiting its spread in strawberry fields.

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