scholarly journals An assessment of volcanic threat and monitoring capabilities in the United States: Framework for a National Volcano Early Warning System

2005 ◽  
Author(s):  
John W. Ewert ◽  
Marianne Guffanti ◽  
Thomas L. Murray
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Early Warning ◽  
Early Warning System ◽  
Warning System ◽  
The United States

The U.S. Involvement in Sinai: 1975 as a Legal-Political Turning Point

1985 ◽  
Vol 20 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 299-340
Author(s):  
Michla Pomerance
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Early Warning ◽  
Early Warning System ◽  
Turning Point ◽  
Peace Process ◽  
Warning System ◽  
The United States ◽  
Un Peacekeeping ◽  
The U.S

The role of the United States as midwife in the Israeli-Egyptian peace process has become a familiar one in recent years. Indeed, the local protagonists have all but taken for granted that their own peacemaking efforts would be catalyzed and reenforced by the United States. The pattern of American involvement has since 1975–76 had a dual aspect: American personnel have been permanently stationed in Sinai, and U.S. assurances have been extended to the parties (especially to Israel) as inducements to the acceptance of painful concessions.The American presence in Sinai, when initiated in 1975–76, was minimal both in terms of its numbers and its functions. Fewer than 200 U.S. civilians operated the Sinai Field Mission, an early warning system in the strategic Giddi and Mitla mountain passes, whose purpose was to complement the functions of the UN peacekeeping force in the Sinai (the UN Emergency Force or UNEF II).

scholarly journals Earthquake Early Warning ShakeAlert 2.0: Public Rollout

2020 ◽  
Vol 91 (3) ◽  
pp. 1763-1775 ◽  
Author(s):  
Monica D. Kohler ◽  
Deborah E. Smith ◽  
Jennifer Andrews ◽  
Angela I. Chung ◽  
Renate Hartog ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Early Warning ◽  
Performance Metrics ◽  
Warning System ◽  
The United States ◽  
Earthquake Early Warning ◽  
Earthquake Risk ◽  
Waveform Data ◽  
Ground Shaking ◽  
Event Rates

Abstract The ShakeAlert earthquake early warning system is designed to automatically identify and characterize the initiation and rupture evolution of large earthquakes, estimate the intensity of ground shaking that will result, and deliver alerts to people and systems that may experience shaking, prior to the occurrence of shaking at their location. It is configured to issue alerts to locations within the West Coast of the United States. In 2018, ShakeAlert 2.0 went live in a regional public test in the first phase of a general public rollout. The ShakeAlert system is now providing alerts to more than 60 institutional partners in the three states of the western United States where most of the nation’s earthquake risk is concentrated: California, Oregon, and Washington. The ShakeAlert 2.0 product for public alerting is a message containing a polygon enclosing a region predicted to experience modified Mercalli intensity (MMI) threshold levels that depend on the delivery method. Wireless Emergency Alerts are delivered for M 5+ earthquakes with expected shaking of MMI≥IV. For cell phone apps, the thresholds are M 4.5+ and MMI≥III. A polygon format alert is the easiest description for selective rebroadcasting mechanisms (e.g., cell towers) and is a requirement for some mass notification systems such as the Federal Emergency Management Agency’s Integrated Public Alert and Warning System. ShakeAlert 2.0 was tested using historic waveform data consisting of 60 M 3.5+ and 25 M 5.0+ earthquakes, in addition to other anomalous waveforms such as calibration signals. For the historic event test, the average M 5+ false alert and missed event rates for ShakeAlert 2.0 are 8% and 16%. The M 3.5+ false alert and missed event rates are 10% and 36.7%. Real-time performance metrics are also presented to assess how the system behaves in regions that are well-instrumented, sparsely instrumented, and for offshore earthquakes.

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