Chain of custody; recommendations for acceptance and analysis of evidentiary geochemical samples

Circular ◽  
1997 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christine M. Murphy ◽  
Paul H. Briggs ◽  
Betty M. Adrian ◽  
Steve A. Wilson ◽  
Phil L. Hageman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chain Of Custody

Digital Chain of Custody

2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (7) ◽  
pp. 117
Author(s):  
Matthew N.O. Sadiku ◽  
Adebowale E. Shadare ◽  
Sarhan M. Musa
Keyword(s):  
Digital Evidence ◽  
Chain Of Custody ◽  
Digital Investigation ◽  
A Chain ◽  
Admissible Evidence ◽  
Investigation Process

Digital chain of custody is the record of preservation of digital evidence from collection to presentation in the court of law. This is an essential part of digital investigation process.  Its key objective is to ensure that the digital evidence presented to the court remains as originally collected, without tampering. The chain of custody is important for admissible evidence in court. Without a chain of custody, the opposing attorney can challenge or dismiss the evidence presented. The aim of this paper is to provide a brief introduction to the concept of digital chain custody.

scholarly journals An Annotated Corpus of Crime-Related Portuguese Documents for NLP and Machine Learning Processing

Data ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (7) ◽  
pp. 71
Author(s):  
Gonçalo Carnaz ◽  
Mário Antunes ◽  
Vitor Beires Nogueira
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Language Processing ◽  
Named Entity Recognition ◽  
Entity Recognition ◽  
Automatic Identification ◽  
Named Entities ◽  
Related Data ◽  
Named Entity ◽  
Chain Of Custody ◽  
Evidence Collection

Criminal investigations collect and analyze the facts related to a crime, from which the investigators can deduce evidence to be used in court. It is a multidisciplinary and applied science, which includes interviews, interrogations, evidence collection, preservation of the chain of custody, and other methods and techniques of investigation. These techniques produce both digital and paper documents that have to be carefully analyzed to identify correlations and interactions among suspects, places, license plates, and other entities that are mentioned in the investigation. The computerized processing of these documents is a helping hand to the criminal investigation, as it allows the automatic identification of entities and their relations, being some of which difficult to identify manually. There exists a wide set of dedicated tools, but they have a major limitation: they are unable to process criminal reports in the Portuguese language, as an annotated corpus for that purpose does not exist. This paper presents an annotated corpus, composed of a collection of anonymized crime-related documents, which were extracted from official and open sources. The dataset was produced as the result of an exploratory initiative to collect crime-related data from websites and conditioned-access police reports. The dataset was evaluated and a mean precision of 0.808, recall of 0.722, and F1-score of 0.733 were obtained with the classification of the annotated named-entities present in the crime-related documents. This corpus can be employed to benchmark Machine Learning (ML) and Natural Language Processing (NLP) methods and tools to detect and correlate entities in the documents. Some examples are sentence detection, named-entity recognition, and identification of terms related to the criminal domain.

Chain of custody certification: an assessment of the North American solid wood sector

2005 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 345-355 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natalia Vidal ◽  
Robert Kozak ◽  
David Cohen
Keyword(s):  
North American ◽  
Solid Wood ◽  
The North ◽  
Chain Of Custody ◽  
Wood Sector

scholarly journals A Mobile-Oriented System for Integrity Preserving in Audio Forensics

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (15) ◽  
pp. 3097 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diego Renza ◽  
Jaime Andres Arango ◽  
Dora Maria Ballesteros
Keyword(s):  
Computational Cost ◽  
Digital Evidence ◽  
Audio Signals ◽  
Audio Forensics ◽  
Audio Recordings ◽  
Hash Code ◽  
Chain Of Custody ◽  
Code Changes ◽  
Hash Codes

This paper addresses a problem in the field of audio forensics. With the aim of providing a solution that helps Chain of Custody (CoC) processes, we propose an integrity verification system that includes capture (mobile based), hash code calculation and cloud storage. When the audio is recorded, a hash code is generated in situ by the capture module (an application), and it is sent immediately to the cloud. Later, the integrity of the audio recording given as evidence can be verified according to the information stored in the cloud. To validate the properties of the proposed scheme, we conducted several tests to evaluate if two different inputs could generate the same hash code (collision resistance), and to evaluate how much the hash code changes when small changes occur in the input (sensitivity analysis). According to the results, all selected audio signals provide different hash codes, and these values are very sensitive to small changes over the recorded audio. On the other hand, in terms of computational cost, less than 2 s per minute of recording are required to calculate the hash code. With the above results, our system is useful to verify the integrity of audio recordings that may be relied on as digital evidence.

Recovery of forensic traces with use of state-of-the-art. imaging techniques – system for marking, tracing and maintaining chain of custody

2018 ◽  
Vol 299 ◽  
pp. 52-56
Author(s):  
Adam Frankowski ◽  
◽  
Artur Dębski ◽  
Keyword(s):  
State Of The Art ◽  
Imaging Techniques ◽  
Crime Scene ◽  
Rfid Tags ◽  
Chain Of Custody

The article describes the possibility of using modern techniques for crime scene imaging and a perspective of creating a system for denominating, tracing and maintaining the chain of custody of evidence. In particular, it presents the possibility of reproducing a crime scene based on recorded images and measurements performed with use of special markings. The Authors describe the chain of custody over the evidence and automation of procedures thanks to use of RFiD tags.

The “Magnificent Seven Errors” in Forensic Autopsy Practice: The Italian Context

2021 ◽  
pp. 192536212110561
Author(s):  
Roberto Scendoni ◽  
Piergiorgio Fedeli ◽  
Nunzia Cannovo ◽  
Mariano Cingolani
Keyword(s):  
Medical Doctor ◽  
Forensic Autopsy ◽  
Criminal Investigation ◽  
Innocent Person ◽  
Judicial Investigation ◽  
Chain Of Custody ◽  
Italian Context ◽  
First Time ◽  
Video Material

According to the Italian legal system, forensic autopsies are performed by a medical doctor specialized in legal medicine, otherwise known as a medicolegal expert (MLE), who has a range of very complex responsibilities. Indeed, the quality of forensic autopsy activity is always questioned in courts of law; incorrect assessments are dangerous because they can jeopardize the validity of a criminal investigation and thus affect the outcome so that a real culprit may be acquitted or an innocent person convicted. Nonconformities also discredit the professionalism of the specialist who performs the autopsy. The work of a MLE implies a series of assignments and duties that should be given constant consideration, but when certain aspects of this activity are underestimated or overlooked, this can lead the expert to make mistakes with irreparable consequences for the judicial investigation. In this article, for the first time, we present a summary of seven known errors related to autopsy activity following death by unnatural causes, with the purpose of alerting MLEs who work under the Italian judicial system to the potential dangers of such errors. These relate to: oversights in autopsy technique, incorrect collection of photographic and video material, unauthorized attendance at the autopsy, missing/mistaken reporting at any stage of the forensic activity, failure to notify the party forensic consultant, using histological or toxicological nonaccredited laboratories for forensic activities, and lack of observance of the chain of custody.

scholarly journals Environmental Performance Enters Construction Materials

MRS Bulletin ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 33 (4) ◽  
pp. 454-456 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Bonfield
Keyword(s):  
United Kingdom ◽  
Environmental Sustainability ◽  
Construction Materials ◽  
Energy Performance ◽  
The European Union ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Legal Term ◽  
Chain Of Custody ◽  
Materials Used ◽  
Impact Cost

The environmental sustainability of materials used in construction applications is driving a requirement for the quanti-fcation of performance attributes of such materials. For example, the European Union (EU) Energy Performance in Buildings Directive will give commercial buildings an energy rating when rented or sold. The Code for Sustainable Homes launched by the U.K. Government's Department for Communities and Local Government (CLG) in January 2007 sets out the requirement for all new homes to be carbonneutral by 2016. In addition, homes in the United Kingdom will need to signifcantly reduce water consumption from today's average 160 liters (1) per person per day to less than 801 per person per day. Similarly stringent targets are required for waste, materials, and other factors. Such environmental and energy standards are complementing characteristics such as strength, stiffness, durability, impact, cost, and expected life with factors such as “environmental profle,” “ecopoints” (a single unit measurement of environmental impact arising from a product throughout its lifecycle that is used in the United Kingdom), “carbon footprint” (amount of CO2 produced for the lifecycle of the item), “recycled content,” and “chain of custody” (a legal term that refers to the ability to guarantee the identity and integrity of a specimen from collection through to reporting of test results).

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