Average annual runoff and large surface reservoirs

10.3133/32524 ◽  
1990 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Annual Runoff ◽  
Average Annual Runoff

Average Annual Runoff in the United States, 1951-80

1985 ◽  
Author(s):  
W.A. Gebert ◽  
David J. Graczyk ◽  
William R. Krug
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Annual Runoff ◽  
Average Annual Runoff

To the problem of uncertainty in interpolation of annual runoff

2012 ◽  
Vol 43 (6) ◽  
pp. 833-850 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ziqi Yan ◽  
Lars Gottschalk ◽  
Irina Krasovskaia ◽  
Jun Xia
Keyword(s):  
Cross Validation ◽  
Drainage Basin ◽  
Annual Runoff ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Regular Grid ◽  
Main River ◽  
Average Annual Runoff ◽  
The One ◽  
Better Than

The long-term mean value of runoff is the basic descriptor of available water resources. This paper focuses on the accuracy that can be achieved when mapping this variable across space and along main rivers for a given stream gauging network. Three stochastic interpolation schemes for estimating average annual runoff across space are evaluated and compared. Two of the schemes firstly interpolate runoff to a regular grid net and then integrate the grid values along rivers. One of these schemes includes a constraint to account for the lateral water balance along the rivers. The third scheme interpolates runoff directly to points along rivers. A drainage basin in China with 20 gauging sites is used as a test area. In general, all three approaches reproduce the sample discharges along rivers with postdiction errors along main river branches around 10%. Using more objective cross-validation results, it was found that the two schemes based on basin integration, and especially the one with a constraint, performed significantly better than the one with direct interpolation to points along rivers. The analysis did not allow identification of possible influence of surface water use.

scholarly journals Impacts of climate change on runoff in the source area of the Yellow River

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dongying Yi ◽  
Yue Xu ◽  
Nan Wang ◽  
Xiaoyi Ma
Keyword(s):  
General Circulation ◽  
Yellow River ◽  
Swat Model ◽  
Circulation Model ◽  
Source Area ◽  
Annual Runoff ◽  
The Yellow River ◽  
Runoff Simulation ◽  
Climate System Model ◽  
Average Annual Runoff

The primary approach to realizing long-term runoff prediction involves combining a hydrological model with general circulation model. Previous studies on the Source area of the Yellow River were all based on the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5) data sets with defects in physical mechanisms. In this paper, the Beijing Climate Center Climate System Model (BCC-CSM2-MR) of CMIP6, which proved to perform well in arid and semi-arid regions, will be used to drive the Soil & Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model and evaluate its applicability in runoff simulation at Tang Nahai Hydrological Station from 2011 to 2019. The occurrence of the extreme value of runoff, its change trend, and the year of abrupt change of runoff in the four Shared Socio-economic Pathway (SSP) scenarios (SSP1-2.6, 2-4.5, 3-7.0, and 5-8.5) during 2021-2100 were analyzed. The results show that: (1) the runoff simulation evaluation index of SWAT driven by BCC-CSM2-MR in the research area from 2011 to 2019 is excellent, and the runoff simulation in the future is reliable and effective. (2) only the average annual runoff in scenario 5-8.5 (708.5m /s) from 2021 to 2100 was significantly higher than that in 2011-2019. Other scenarios are close to or less than the annual runoff observed. Most importantly, the maximum and minimum annual runoff values under the four scenarios all occurred during 2060-2080, so the attribution analysis of runoff extremum during 2060-2080 is worth further study. (3) it is necessary to evaluate whether the existing reservoirs and hydropower stations in the Yellow River basin can reasonably regulate and utilize the annual runoff under scenario 5-8.5.

The Effect of Climate Change on River Flow and Snow Cover in the NOPEX Area Simulated by a Simple Water Balance Model

1997 ◽  
Vol 28 (4-5) ◽  
pp. 273-282 ◽  
Author(s):  
C-Y Xu ◽  
Sven Halldin
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Water Balance ◽  
Snow Cover ◽  
Annual Runoff ◽  
Snow Accumulation ◽  
Water Balance Model ◽  
Annual Precipitation ◽  
Balance Model ◽  
Climate Change Scenarios ◽  
Average Annual Runoff

Within the next few decades, changes in global temperature and precipitation patterns may appear, especially at high latitudes. A simple monthly water-balance model of the NOPEX basins was developed and used for the purposes of investigating the effects on water availability of changes in climate. Eleven case study catchments were used together with a number of climate change scenarios. The effects of climate change on average annual runoff depended on the ratio of average annual runoff to average annual precipitation, with the greatest sensitivity in the catchments with lowest runoff coefficients. A 20% increase in annual precipitation resulted in an increase in annual runoff ranging from 31% to 51%. The greatest changes in monthly runoff were in winter (from December to March) whereas the smallest changes were found in summer. The time of the highest spring flow changed from April to March. An increase in temperature by 4°C greatly shortened the time of snow cover and the snow accumulation period. The maximum amount of snow during these short winters diminished by 50% for the NOPEX area even with an assumed increase of total precipitation by 20%.

Modeling of Low Impact Development Nutrient Reduction Performance in the Lake Simcoe Watershed

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
James Li
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Low Impact Development ◽  
Annual Runoff ◽  
Unit Response ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Response Functions ◽  
Nutrient Reduction ◽  
Average Annual Runoff ◽  
Us Epa ◽  
Lake Simcoe

<p>Stormwater quality management has evolved from traditional centralized downstream control devices (e.g. ponds and wetlands) to distributed low impact development practices (LID) at the source (e.g. bioretention, porous pavement, greenroof).  In order to develop master LID plans for municipalities in the Lake Simcoe watershed (3576 km<sup>2</sup>), a new modeling approach was developed.  The challenge of modeling small scale LID practices over a watershed scale was resolved using unit response functions (URF) of different types of LID.  The concept of URF is based on the linear assumption of LID performance on a watershed level where routing is not important.  Detailed URF of runoff and nutrient reduction were developed on a lot level using US EPA SWMM models and linked with lot level characteristics such as imperviousness percentage.  The process of modeling include: (1) screening of appropriate LID across the watershed based on identification of unsuitable areas (e.g. wellhead protection area, NaCl concentration, industrial land use) and prioritization suitable lots which maximize environmental benefits and demonstration potential; (2) development of hydrological unit response functions of each type of LID (i.e. average annual runoff and nutrient loading reduction) using US EPA SWMM models; (3) aggregation of the cumulative runoff and nutrient reduction of all appropriate LID at each municipalities; (4) cost-effective analysis of different combinations of LID (i.e. Pareto front); (5) recommendation of the preferred LID combinations for each municipal within the watershed .  Results of the modeling indicate that (1) the average annual runoff volume reduction of implementing LID for the uncontrolled urban areas in Lake Simcoe watershed is estimated to be between 20% and 33%; and (2) the average annual phosphorus reduction of implementing LID for the uncontrolled urban areas in Lake Simcoe watershed is estimated to be between 2.0 to 2.7 tonnes per year.  This study has demonstrated a new modeling approach of small scale LID over watershed scales. </p>

scholarly journals Runoff sensitivity to climate and land-use changes: A case study in the Longtan basin, Southwestern China

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guiyan Mo ◽  
Ya Huang ◽  
Qing Yang ◽  
Dayang Wang ◽  
Chongxun Mo
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Water Conservation ◽  
Assessment Tool ◽  
Land Use Changes ◽  
Annual Runoff ◽  
Vegetation Coverage ◽  
Average Annual Runoff ◽  
Annual Evaporation ◽  
Water Assessment

Abstract Based on the scenario hypothesis method, this paper applied a Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) to analyze the sensitivity of runoff to climate and land-use changes in the Longtan basin, China. Results indicated that (1) for every 1 °C increase in temperature, the average annual runoff decreased by 9.9 mm, and the average annual evaporation increased by 9.3 mm. However, for every 10% increase in rainfall, the average annual runoff and evapotranspiration increased by 96.3 mm and 11.53 mm, respectively. Obviously, runoff was more sensitive to the change in rainfall than temperature in the Longtan basin. Meanwhile, (2) forestland could conserve water resources, but its water consumption was larger. Although grassland played a relatively small role in water conservation, it consumed less water. At the same time, increasing the area of forestland and grassland could weaken peak floods, and the water retention function of vegetation could prevent runoff from increasing and decreasing steeply. Therefore, it is worth improving vegetation coverage.

scholarly journals Assessment of changes in the Viliya River runoff in the territory of Belarus

2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 185-196 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander A. Volchak ◽  
Sergey I. Parfomuk
Keyword(s):  
River Runoff ◽  
Nuclear Power ◽  
Regional Climate ◽  
Annual Runoff ◽  
Anthropogenic Factors ◽  
Climate Projections ◽  
Spring Runoff ◽  
Winter Runoff ◽  
Average Annual Runoff ◽  
Runoff Changes

AbstractThe research results of runoff changes in the River Viliya at 3 stations (Steshitsy Village, Vileyka Town and Mihalishki village) during the period 1946–2014 for the average annual, maximum, minimum summer-autumn and winter runoff are presented. It has been concluded that heterogeneity in the time series of the river runoff is caused by natural-climatic and anthropogenic factors. At Mihalishki Village the average annual runoff is about 59.7 m3 s–1, the maximum 1570 m3 s–1, minimum summer–autumn is 22.0 m3 s–1, the minimum winter runoff is 17.3 m3 s–1, and the environmental runoff is 21.1 m3 s–1. A forecast of runoff changes for the River Viliya, depending on forecasted climate change using the “Atlas of Global and Regional Climate Projections” was made on the basis of four scenarios RCP8.5, RCP6.0, RCP4.5, RCP2.6. The results of research indicate that significant changes in runoff will not occur as the forecasted climatic parameters did not change significantly. A forecasted decrease in spring runoff was investigated, thus reducing the minimum runoff is not essential. In the event of possible low water periods the Vileyka reservoir resources, involving the Olkhovskoye and the Snigyanskoye water reservoirs, can be used for compensation measures, which may be considered as the most reliable backup source of industrial water supply for the Belarusian Nuclear Power Plant.

Finding strategies to reduce soil erosion using modelling tools: a case study in olive orchards of Cordoba (Spain) including sheet and rill erosion, ephemeral and permanent gullies

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Iker Hernández-García ◽  
Eduardo Luquin ◽  
Rakel Gastesi ◽  
José Alfonso Gómez-Calero ◽  
José Javier López-Rodríguez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Erosion ◽  
Simulation Models ◽  
Annual Runoff ◽  
Agricultural Activity ◽  
Rill Erosion ◽  
Management Scenarios ◽  
Sediment Yields ◽  
Average Annual Runoff ◽  
Olive Groves ◽  
Made In

<p>Agricultural activity can have a significant effect on the environment. Often, the lack of experimental data leaves simulation models as the only alternative for understanding and assessing such effects and they can be useful for exploring the response of agricultural systems to different scenarios, in order, for example, to minimize soil erosion or the pollution of watercourses by agrochemicals.</p><p>In this work we present a simulation exercise of the runoff and erosion in two typical olive groves of the Cordoba countryside with contrasting characteristics during the 2009-19 period. The model used is AnnAGNPS, widely tested and very well suited for use in agricultural environments. The specific objectives are: to analyze the applicability of the model confronting its results with data from other nearby areas; to determine the controlling factors of runoff and erosion, such as seasonality; to quantify the importance of the main types of erosion; to explore the response to two different management scenarios.</p><p>The study areas were two, Matasanos (189.4 ha of intensive olive groves on vertisols) and Morente (4.2 ha of traditional olive groves on degraded and poor vertisols). The first scenario (TC) consists of maintaining the soil bare by means of continuous conventional tillage. The second (CC) considers a temporary vegetation cover (around 70 %) on the lanes. All the possible types of erosion in those areas are considered: sheet and rill, ephemeral gullies (EG) and permanent gullies (PG). For the purposes of the simulations, the EGs are tilled while the PGs are not. The latter show more constant characteristics over time (although they also evolve), and are larger in size (i.e., they were assigned a greater depth).</p><p>The results show a significant decrease in average annual runoff in CC with respect to TC (38% in Matasanos and 55% in Morente), which is concentrated in the late autumn and winter months. Thus, according to our simulations, still preliminary, the implementation of covers would have achieved one of its objectives, which is to reduce the runoff generated in the watersheds.</p><p>The sediment yields in both watershed outlets also suffered a significant decrease in CC with respect to TC, going from 4.75 to 1.66 Mg/ha/year and from 16.2 to 6.9 Mg/ha/year in Matasanos and Morente respectively. The simulated erosion rates are consistent with observations made in the area and with other previous simulation exercises. Both sediment export and runoff show a marked seasonality, although erosion occurs somewhat more distributed throughout the year. The different types of erosion take on different importance in each watershed. For example, permanent gullies play a very important role in Morente (46% in TC and 44% in CC), despite they are active at very specific times, probably with extreme events, which is reasonable according to the observations made in the area. The results show that the model is apparently useful with respect to the proposed objectives, allowing the effect of different uses and management on the environment to be contrasted in the medium and long term.</p>

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