O użyciu operatorów kwantyfikacji ogólnej w zdaniach przeczących

Język Polski ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 100 (3) ◽  
pp. 5-19
Author(s):  
Sebastian Przybyszewski
Keyword(s):  
Noun Phrase ◽  
The Third

In the article, the issue of Polish sentences with general quantifiers in the noun phrase and predicates (both verbs and multi-word expressions) containing the negating lexeme nie is discussed. The author points out that the combinations of the type "wszyscy nie" (all not), e.g. Wszyscy nie słodzili kawy (All didn’t add suger to tea) may be interpreted as particular affirmative propositions, i.e. in the same way as "nie wszyscy" (not all) strings. On the basis of relations between Polish verbal units and general quantification operators, three groups are indicated: the first group of predicates can be used with operators of the type "wszyscy" (all) and "żaden" (none), the second only with "żaden", and the third only with "wszyscy".

Ordering patterns

2020 ◽  
pp. 387-394
Author(s):  
Gerjan van Schaaik
Keyword(s):  
Noun Phrase ◽  
Final Section ◽  
Phrase Structure ◽  
Noun Phrases ◽  
Tabular Form ◽  
Fourth Section ◽  
The Third ◽  
Constituent Order ◽  
Constituent Ordering

After an extensive account of the basics of Turkish grammar, this chapter offers nothing but ordering principles: the first two sections are about the morphotactics of nouns and verbs, and noun phrase structure. All this is represented in tabular form. The ordering principles for noun phrases (including adverbial and postpositional phrases) in a clause is dealt with next, and thus, constituent order in nominal, existential, and verbal sentences is discussed in the third section. Dependent clauses are the topic of the fourth section, which also gives an overview of verbal linking suffixes to form such clauses. The final section shows that constituent ordering in verbal sentences can better be understood in terms of the pragmatic notions Topic and Focus than in terms of traditional distribution of Subject and Objects (SOV).

The Problem of the Missing Article in the Use of ‘God’

1994 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-27
Author(s):  
Rien Op Den Brouw
Keyword(s):  
Noun Phrase ◽  
Definite Description ◽  
Prepositional Phrase ◽  
Definite Article ◽  
Third Place ◽  
The Third ◽  
Proper Nouns ◽  
Proper Name ◽  
Christian Discourse

This article is concerned with the use of ‘God’ in Judaeo-Christian discourse. The debate over ‘God’ has mainly centred on the puzzling issue of whether ‘God’ is a proper name with no descriptive connotation at all or whether it is a descriptive term with unique reference. In my view four things have to be taken into account in analysing the use of this term. In the first place, the term ‘God’ is a speech or communication phenomenon. Any treatment of this term should therefore consider the intentions, purposes, beliefs that a speaker has in using this word. In the second place, in Christian theistic discourse this term occurs both with and without modification. ‘The God of Israel’ is an example of ‘God’ with modification. It can be analysed as a noun phrase in which ‘God’ fulfils the function of HEAD, ‘the’ is a definite article filling the DETERMINER slot, and ‘of Israel’ is a prepositional phrase functioning as POSTMODIFIER. The use of only the term ‘God’ is an example without modification. In the third place, when Christians use ‘God’, either with or without modification, they use it to refer to, to describe or address one particular being. In the fourth place, when they use ‘God’ without modification, they do not use this term with an (in-) definite article. In this article three accounts of the term ‘God’ will be discussed: the proper name analysis, the definite description analysis, and the title-phrase analysis. Grammatically speaking, among the defenders of any of these analyses there is an agreed consensus on the classification of ‘God’ as a noun, but there is a disagreement about whether ‘God’ belongs to the category of proper nouns or to that of common nouns. Those adopting one of the last two analyses assume that ‘God’ is a common noun. This article presents an inquiry into the strengths and weaknesses of each of the three analyses. In brief, the question we are seeking to answer is the following: what kind of term is ‘God’ and what is a Christian saying when he says ‘God’?

scholarly journals Microvariation in Verbal and Nominal Agreement: An Analysis of Two Lombard Alpine Dialects

Probus ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Diego Pescarini
Keyword(s):  
Noun Phrase ◽  
Definite Article ◽  
Gender Agreement ◽  
Person Plural ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Feminine ◽  
Third Person ◽  
Nominal Agreement ◽  
Plural Subject ◽  
The Third Person

Abstract In Bregagliotto and Mesolcinese, two Lombard Alpine dialects, feminine plural agreement/concord is marked by the formative -n, a reflex of the third person plural verbal ending. In Bregagliotto, plural -n triggers mesoclisis of the feminine subject clitic in contexts of inversion, whereas in the noun phrase -n behaves as a second-position element marking plural feminine concord. Mesolcinese exhibits verbal gender agreement as the formative -n occurs on the inflected verb whenever a feminine plural subject or the feminine plural object clitic occurs; in feminine plural DPs, -n is attached to any element except the definite article. I argue that the Bregagliotto system emerged when -n was reanalysed as an adjunct pluraliser, whereas in Mesolcinese -n has been turned into a marker of morphophonological concord/agreement.

scholarly journals An Error Analysis of Using Phrases in Writing Recount Text at Tenth Grade in SMA Parulian 2 Medan

2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 74
Author(s):  
Gadis Selvia Sitorus ◽  
Kammer Sipayung
Keyword(s):  
Error Analysis ◽  
Noun Phrase ◽  
Research Result ◽  
Answer Sheet ◽  
Common Error ◽  
Writing Test ◽  
The Third ◽  
Tenth Grade ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Types Of Error

This thesis is the study about an error analysis of using phrases in writing recount text at tenth grader in SMA Parulian 2 Medan. The objective of the study is to identify the types of common phrases’ error made by the students of tenth grader in SMA Parulian 2 Medan in writing recount text. This study used descriptive qualitative research. The subject of this study is the tenth grade students of SMA Parulian 2 Medan which consists of three classes. The object of this study is class of X-A. The instrument of collecting data used writing test, writing recount text. The data were analyzed by identifying the students’ phrases errors by underlining each error from students’ answer sheet, after that classifying the types of error based on five types of phrases. Finally, the research result showed that there are 145 phrases errors made by the students X-A in writing recount text. The types of phrases which indicate common error is on noun phrase. The number of noun phrase error are 83 with percentage 57,24%, followed by verb phrase has 28 with percentage 19,31%, the third is prepositional phrase which has 22 with percentage 15,17%, the fourth is adjective phrase which has 10 with percentage 6,90%, the last is adverb phrase has 2 with percentage 1,38%.  It was caused the students constructed or arranged the words or sentences based on Indonesian meaning. English has different rules in constructing phrases. The students also were lack of knowledge about phrases. Therefore, English teachers are expected to focus on types of phrases in learning English.

scholarly journals Microvariation in Verbal and Nominal Agreement: An Analysis of Two Lombard Alpine Dialects

Probus ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 227-248
Author(s):  
Diego Pescarini
Keyword(s):  
Noun Phrase ◽  
Definite Article ◽  
Gender Agreement ◽  
Person Plural ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Feminine ◽  
Third Person ◽  
Nominal Agreement ◽  
Plural Subject ◽  
The Third Person

Abstract In Bregagliotto and Mesolcinese, two Lombard Alpine dialects, feminine plural agreement/concord is marked by the formative -n, a reflex of the third person plural verbal ending. In Bregagliotto, plural -n triggers mesoclisis of the feminine subject clitic in contexts of inversion, whereas in the noun phrase -n behaves as a second-position element marking plural feminine concord. Mesolcinese exhibits verbal gender agreement as the formative -n occurs on the inflected verb whenever a feminine plural subject or the feminine plural object clitic occurs; in feminine plural DPs, -n is attached to any element except the definite article. I argue that the Bregagliotto system emerged when -n was reanalysed as an adjunct pluraliser, whereas in Mesolcinese -n has been turned into a marker of morphophonological concord/agreement.

The syntax of PP-adverbs within English determiner phrases

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-21
Author(s):  
MUTEB ALQARNI
Keyword(s):  
Noun Phrase ◽  
Movement Analysis ◽  
Head Noun ◽  
Determiner Phrases ◽  
The Third ◽  
Current Article ◽  
Rightward Movement ◽  
Female President

The current article explores the distribution of PP-adverbs, such as this month, this year etc., within English determiner phrases. Examples extracted from English newspapers show that PP-adverbs surprisingly separate head nouns from their PP-complements (i.e. of-phrases), e.g. the election this month of the first female president. At other times, PP-adverbs follow PP-complements, e.g. the election of the first female president this month. Assuming that these PP-adverbs have a null preposition (Larson 1985; McCawley 1988; Caponigro & Pearl 2008, 2009; Shun'ichiro 2013), I put forward three possible syntactic analyses to account for the examples above: (i) adjunction of both the PP-complement and the PP-adverb; (ii) leftward movement of the head noun or the noun phrase; and (iii) rightward movement of the PP-complement. Following Stowell (1981), Higginbotham (1983) and Anderson (1984), the adjunction proposal argues that both PP-adverbs and of-phrases are adjuncts, thus being freely ordered in the nominal hierarchy (Bresnan 1982; Svenonius 1994; Stroik & Putnam 2013). In contrast, the leftward movement analysis respects Kayne's (1994) Antisymmetric Theory of Linearization and argues that the of-phrase in the examples above is still a genuine complement, but the head noun, or sometimes the noun phrase, moves leftwards to a position higher than spec,FP where PP-adverbs are situated. As for the rightward movement account, it follows the leftward movement in treating the of-phrase as a complement but differs in that it extraposes the PP-complement outside PP-adverbs and right-adjoins it inside the DP. The article shows that the first two proposals are untenable, and sometimes cannot derive the wanted data. The third account is superior in that it accounts for the required data as well as other island-sensitive facts.

scholarly journals The Big Mess Construction

2007 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frank Van Eynde
Keyword(s):  
Internal Structure ◽  
Noun Phrase ◽  
Indefinite Article ◽  
The Third ◽  
The One

There is a construction in English, exemplified by 'how long a bridge', which is so irregular that it has been named the Big Mess Construction (Berman 1974). This paper first sketches its main characteristics and a treatment of the internal structure of the noun phrase which serves as a background for the analysis. It then presents three ways in which the Big Mess Construction can be analysed; two of them are lexicalist and are shown to be implausible; the third is constructivist and is argued to be superior. In a next step, the discussion is extended to two other types of constructions. The first concerns the English adnominal reflexives, as in 'the children themselves', and is shown to require a constructivist analysis which is similar but not identical to the one for the Big Mess Construction. The second concerns the combination of 'such' and 'what' with the indefinite article, as in 'such a pleasure'. In spite of its obvious resemblance with the Big Mess Construction this combination does not require a constructivist analysis; instead, it fits the lexicalist mould of most of the rest of HPSG.

Progress report on 21-cm observations at low latitude between longitudes (l 11) 0° and 66°

1967 ◽  
Vol 31 ◽  
pp. 177-179
Author(s):  
W. W. Shane
Keyword(s):  
Preliminary Report ◽  
Progress Report ◽  
Galactic Centre ◽  
Low Latitude ◽  
The Third ◽  
Introductory Lecture ◽  
Centre Region

In the course of several 21-cm observing programmes being carried out by the Leiden Observatory with the 25-meter telescope at Dwingeloo, a fairly complete, though inhomogeneous, survey of the regionl11= 0° to 66° at low galactic latitudes is becoming available. The essential data on this survey are presented in Table 1. Oort (1967) has given a preliminary report on the first and third investigations. The third is discussed briefly by Kerr in his introductory lecture on the galactic centre region (Paper 42). Burton (1966) has published provisional results of the fifth investigation, and I have discussed the sixth in Paper 19. All of the observations listed in the table have been completed, but we plan to extend investigation 3 to a much finer grid of positions.

The orbit of Pluto over a long interval of time

1966 ◽  
Vol 25 ◽  
pp. 227-229 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Brouwer
Keyword(s):  
Periodic Orbit ◽  
Numerical Integration ◽  
Restricted Problem ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
The Third ◽  
Circular Restricted Problem ◽  
Resonance Relation

The paper presents a summary of the results obtained by C. J. Cohen and E. C. Hubbard, who established by numerical integration that a resonance relation exists between the orbits of Neptune and Pluto. The problem may be explored further by approximating the motion of Pluto by that of a particle with negligible mass in the three-dimensional (circular) restricted problem. The mass of Pluto and the eccentricity of Neptune's orbit are ignored in this approximation. Significant features of the problem appear to be the presence of two critical arguments and the possibility that the orbit may be related to a periodic orbit of the third kind.

Monte Carlo Algorithms for Moments of Transition Arrays

1988 ◽  
Vol 102 ◽  
pp. 79-81
Author(s):  
A. Goldberg ◽  
S.D. Bloom
Keyword(s):  
Monte Carlo ◽  
State Vector ◽  
Basis Vector ◽  
Collective State ◽  
Dispersion Characteristics ◽  
Dipole Strength ◽  
The Third ◽  
Monte Carlo Algorithms ◽  
Third Moment ◽  
Very High

AbstractClosed expressions for the first, second, and (in some cases) the third moment of atomic transition arrays now exist. Recently a method has been developed for getting to very high moments (up to the 12th and beyond) in cases where a “collective” state-vector (i.e. a state-vector containing the entire electric dipole strength) can be created from each eigenstate in the parent configuration. Both of these approaches give exact results. Herein we describe astatistical(or Monte Carlo) approach which requires onlyonerepresentative state-vector |RV> for the entire parent manifold to get estimates of transition moments of high order. The representation is achieved through the random amplitudes associated with each basis vector making up |RV>. This also gives rise to the dispersion characterizing the method, which has been applied to a system (in the M shell) with≈250,000 lines where we have calculated up to the 5th moment. It turns out that the dispersion in the moments decreases with the size of the manifold, making its application to very big systems statistically advantageous. A discussion of the method and these dispersion characteristics will be presented.

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